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Ecotoxicology and Human Environmental Health
Arsenic concentrations, speciation, and localization in 141 cultivated market mushrooms: implications for arsenic exposure to humans Mengya Li, Ping Wang, Jueyang Wang, Xiaoqiang Chen, Di Zhao, Daixia Yin, Jun Luo, Albert L. Juhasz, Hong-bo Li, and Lena Q. Ma Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05206 • Publication Date (Web): 06 Dec 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 8, 2018
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Environmental Science & Technology
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Arsenic concentrations, speciation, and localization in 141 cultivated market
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mushrooms: implications for arsenic exposure to humans
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Meng-Ya Li,† Ping Wang,‡ Jue-Yang Wang,† Xiao-Qiang Chen,† Di Zhao,† Dai-Xia Yin,†
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Jun Luo,† Albert L. Juhasz,‖ Hong-Bo Li†,* and Lena Q. Ma†,§,*
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†State
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Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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‡School
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment,
of Geographic Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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‖Future
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5095, Australia
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§Soil
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United States
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia
and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611,
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*Corresponding
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School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Tel./fax: +86 025
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8968 0637, E-mails:
[email protected];
[email protected] author, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,
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TABLE OF CONTENT
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ABSTRACT: Mushrooms accumulate arsenic (As), yet As concentrations, speciation, and
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localization in cultivated mushrooms across a large geographic distribution are unknown. We
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characterized 141 samples of 9 species from markets in 9 capital cities in China, with samples
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of Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Agaricus bisporus being analyzed for As
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speciation and localization. Total As concentrations ranged 0.01–8.31 mg kg−1 dw, with A.
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bisporus (0.27–2.79 mg kg−1) containing the highest As followed by P. ostreatus and L.
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edodes (0.04–8.31 and 0.12–2.58 mg kg−1). However, As in A. bisporus was mostly organic
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including non-toxic arsenobetaine, while P. ostreatus and L. edodes contained mainly
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inorganic As (iAs). Based on in situ imaging using LA-ICP-MS, As in L. edodes was
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localized to the surface coat of the cap, while As in P. ostreatus was localized to the junction
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of the pileus and stipe. When As speciation and daily mushroom consumption (1.37 g d–1 dw)
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were considered, daily mushroom consumption may result in elevated iAs exposure, with
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bladder and lung cancer rates being up to 387 cases per 100,000. Our study showed market
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mushrooms could be a health risk to the general public and its production should be
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regulated.
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Introduction Arsenic (As) is a group I human carcinogen,1,2 causing lung, bladder, and skin cancers
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even at low As dose.3-5 Exposure to As may occur via consumption of As-containing food as
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exemplified by many market basket surveys.6-9 Being rich in beneficial antioxidants and
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minerals, mushrooms are important in Asian and European cuisines.10,11 As a consequence,
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mushrooms are cultivated and consumed worldwide.12 From 1994 to 2016, the world
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production of mushrooms has increased sharply from 2.68 to 10.8 million tons, with Europe
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and China being the largest producers, contributing 18 and 72% of world total production in
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2016.13 In China, L. edodes is the most commonly cultivated species, followed by P. ostreatus
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and A. bisporus, contributing to 25, 15, and 9.3% of national mushroom and fungi production
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in 2016.14
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However, studies showed that mushrooms are efficient in taking up metal(loid)s from
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growing substrates.15-17 Raw materials including gypsum, manure, cottonseed hulls, corn cobs,
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and wheat straw have been used for mushroom cultivation in the US, which may contain As up
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to 0.70 mg kg–1.18 Similarly, As concentrations of 0.01–1.35 mg kg–1 have been reported in
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substrates used for mushroom production in China.19 While attention has been paid to As
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concentrations in wild mushrooms around the world including Turkey,20 Greece,21 Slovakia,22
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Poland,23 Spain,24 Germany,25 and China,26 market basket surveys on cultivated mushrooms are
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limited. Seyfferth et al.18 reported As concentrations of 0.1–1.0 mg kg–1 dw in market
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mushrooms from the US (n=40), while As concentrations
