Article Cite This: J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 6858−6868
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Atropisomerism by Design: Discovery of a Selective and Stable Phosphoinositide 3‑Kinase (PI3K) β Inhibitor Jayaraman Chandrasekhar,† Ryan Dick,‡ Joshua Van Veldhuizen,† David Koditek,‡ Eve-Irene Lepist,§ Mary E. McGrath,‡ Leena Patel,† Gary Phillips,† Kassandra Sedillo,† John R. Somoza,‡ Joseph Therrien,† Nicholas A. Till,∥ Jennifer Treiberg,† Armando G. Villaseñor,‡ Yelena Zherebina,‡ and Stephane Perreault*,† †
Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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ABSTRACT: Atropisomerism is a type of axial chirality in which enantiomers or diastereoisomers arise due to hindered rotation around a bond axis. In this manuscript, we report a case in which torsional scan studies guided the thoughtful creation of a restricted axis of rotation between two heteroaromatic systems of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) β inhibitor, generating a pair of atropisomeric compounds with significantly different pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles. Emblematic of these differences, the metabolism of inactive (M)-28 is primarily due to the cytosolic enzyme aldehyde oxidase, while active (P)-28 has lower affinity for aldehyde oxidase, resulting in substantially better metabolic stability. Additionally, we report torsional scan and experimental studies used to determine the barriers of rotation of this novel PI3Kβ inhibitor.
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INTRODUCTION Chirality exists in different forms. Although central or point chirality (a central atom bearing different substituents) is by far the most commonly encountered, other forms of chirality, such as axial chirality, helical chirality, and planar chirality, have been investigated over the years.1 Atropisomerism is a type of axial chirality in which enantiomers or diastereoisomers arise due to restricted or hindered rotation around a bond axis.2 Atropisomer interconversion occurs via an intramolecular dynamic process that only involves bond rotation. This timedependent event is primarily affected by steric hindrance, stereoelectronic effects, solvent, and temperature. Similar to central stereoisomers, atropisomeric drug molecules have been shown to exhibit distinct biological activity on- and off-target.3,4 Differences in toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties are also encountered. The presence of an axis of atropisomerism can complicate several aspects of drug discovery, including synthesis, analytical characterization, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetics. Strategically, these potential issues can be alleviated by introducing symmetry to remove the axis of chirality or reducing steric hindrance to allow free rotation. Alternatively, © 2018 American Chemical Society
purposely increasing steric hindrance around atropisomeric axes to prevent interconversion can potentially result in improved potency, selectivity, safety, and chemical stability.5 The rate of interconversion of an atropisomeric drug molecule is an important parameter to consider.6 Many compounds with atropisomeric centers advance into development, but the majority of them have low rotational barriers (ΔErot) and are classified as class 1 atropisomers, meaning they are rapidly equilibrating mixtures with all ΔErot < 20 kcal/ mol.6a It has been recommended that an atropisomeric compound containing one or more atropisomeric axes with ΔErot > 30 kcal/mol (class 3) should be developed as a single atropisomer. Compounds in class 2 (20 kcal/mol < ΔErot < 30 kcal/mol) can be challenging to develop given that stereochemical integrity can be compromised over the time course of drug production and administration to patients. We are interested in the development of selective inhibitors of the Class I PI3Kβ lipid kinase for the treatment of various malignancies.7 Class I PI3Ks comprise four different isoforms Received: May 18, 2018 Published: July 17, 2018 6858
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00797 J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 6858−6868
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Article
1064, pdb: 4BFR).7c Compound 1 is likely to bind to the ATP binding site of the kinase domain of p110β with the 2aminopyridine moiety acting as a two-point hinge binder with Val848. The quinoline adopts an orthogonal conformation relative to the benzimidazole to partially fill the specificity pocket between Met773 and Trp781. The triazole is oriented toward the affinity pocket, and Lys799 potentially interacts with both the triazole and the benzimidazole nitrogen atoms. On the basis of this modeled orthogonal binding mode of compound 1 in PI3Kβ, we envisioned restricting the free rotation around the C−N bond connecting the two bicyclic systems by generating an axis of atropisomerism. The general idea behind this strategy was to minimize the loss in entropy to reach the preferred binding conformation, ultimately resulting in a gain in binding free energy. Additionally, in the context of kinase inhibitor research, this approach can possibly lead to improved kinome selectivity resulting from a limitation of accessible conformations.5d Consequently, we computationally explored the rotational barriers (ΔErot) of a large set of 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1yl)quinolines with different substitution patterns that could impact the rate of interconversion between atropisomers (Table 1). In the torsional scan studies using molecular mechanics (MMFFs force field), the rotation around the C−N bond connecting the quinoline and the benzimidazole was driven in both directions (clockwise and counterclockwise) for both possible transition states (TSin and TSout).11 As the bond torsion approaches coplanarity, the strain energy increases. The best estimates for the barriers via TSin and TSout were obtained from the lowest energy pathway in either direction. For compounds with extremely hindered rotation, the truly coplanar states could never be achieved, revealing significant hysteresis due to high energy penalties.12 The rotational barriers of those compounds are reported as >40 kcal/mol. For all monosubstituted compounds (2−9), bond rotation via TSout is consistently predicted to have the lowest energy pathway. The analogs are all indicated to be class 1 or 2 in terms of the magnitude of the barrier for atropisomer interconversion according to Laplante et al.6a The 2-methyl substituent on the benzimidazole (9) leads to the highest TSout rotational barrier of this group with a ΔErot = 28.3 kcal/mol. Disubstitution appears to be needed to shift the analogs to class 3 category. With a few exceptions, the lowest energy pathway for the disubstituted compounds 10−27 is also TSout. Among those compounds, ten have ΔErot > 30 kcal/mol, putting them in the class 3 atropisomer category. The combination of a 2-substituted benzimidazole with a 3- or 5substituted quinoline appears to be a consistently reliable way to create noninterconverting, class 3 atropisomerism. According to the previous estimated rotational barriers, compound 1, which is closely related to compound 3, is predicted to have a low rotational barrier (ΔErot < 20 kcal/ mol). Applying the findings of compound 10, we envisaged restricting free rotation around the C−N bond of 1 by introducing a methyl group at the C2-position of the benzimidazole in combination with the 5,8-difluoroquinoline ((rac)-28, Table 2). This modification results in enhanced PI3Kβ biochemical potency, presumably by minimizing entropic loss to reach the preferred binding conformation; it also affords improved selectivity over the other three Class I PI3K isoforms.13 Chiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) analysis of (rac)-28 revealed the presence of atropisomers, which were not
(PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ) and catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce the second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which propagates intracellular signaling.8 The most common genetic alteration of the PI3Kβ signaling pathway found in human cancer is the inactivation of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene. Inactivation of PTEN leads to loss of its lipid phosphatase activity, causing accumulation of PIP3 and aberrant downstream signaling.9 Preclinical studies have shown that down-regulation of PI3Kβ in PTEN-deficient cancer cells results in pathway inactivation and subsequent inhibition of growth in both cell-based and in vivo settings.10 In this manuscript, we describe the utility of atropisomerism in the discovery of a potent, selective, and metabolically stable PI3Kβ inhibitor. Torsional scan studies guided the strategic design of a restricted axis of rotation around a carbon− nitrogen bond between two heteroaromatic systems, generating a pair of atropisomeric compounds with differential pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, we report torsional scan and experimental studies used to determine the rotational barriers of this novel PI3Kβ inhibitor.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A compound arising from our PI3K program is the ATP competitive PI3Kβ inhibitor 1 (Figure 1). The binding mode of 1 has not been characterized crystallographically in PI3Kβ. However, it can be modeled in a published cocrystal structure of mouse p110β (catalytic subunit of PI3Kβ, residues 114−
Figure 1. Docked pose of 1 in the cocrystal structure of mouse p110β (catalytic subunit of PI3Kβ, residues 114−1064, pdb: 4BFR, coordinates included in the SI). The quinoline adopts an orthogonal conformation relative to the benzimidazole. For clarity, some residues have been removed. Blue dashed lines show hydrogen bond contacts between the inhibitor and the protein. 6859
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00797 J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 6858−6868
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Article
Table 2. Potency Profiles against Class I PI3Ksa
Table 1. Rotational Barriers of Related 4-(1HBenzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)quinolinesa
PI3Kα IC50 (nM) PI3Kβ IC50 (nM) PI3Kδ IC50 (nM) PI3Kγ IC50 (nM)
1
(rac)-28
(M)-28
(P)-28
233 11 67 440
264 3 43 4156
>10 000 1423 >10 000 >10 000
188 2 42 4269
a
The activity against each Class I PI3K was evaluated in in vitro kinase assays containing 2*Km steady state concentrations of ATP (average of ≥2 determinations; see SI for more details).
(Table 2). Upon evaluation in our Class I PI3K biochemical assays, the single atropisomers (M)-28 and (P)-28 exhibit substantially different potency profiles in all four isoforms. (P)28 displays an IC50 of 2 nM against PI3Kβ with good selectivity over the other three isoforms, while (M)-28 is significantly less active.14 The absolute configurations of the single atropisomers were unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography of (P)-28 bound in the PI3Kδ ATP binding site (Figure 2, pdb: 6DGT).15 The axial configurations were determined by analysis of Newman projections and assignment of atom priority according to the CIP-system.2b,16 As predicted, the 2aminopyridine moiety acts as a two-point hinge binder, making two hydrogen-bond interactions with Val828. The quinoline occupies the specificity pocket between Met752 and Trp760, a closed pocket in the apo structure of the enzyme.16,17 The dihedral angle of the quinoline and benzimidazole C−N bond is 85°. The triazole is directed toward the affinity pocket, making hydrogen bond contacts with Lys779, Asp787, and Tyr813. The limited number of accessible conformations of (P)-28 may impart improved selectivity over other protein and lipid kinases that show reduced conformational flexibility of their ATP pocket. Profiling of the freely rotating compound 1 and the locked single atropisomer (P)-28 against more than 400 human kinases using the DiscoveRx KINOMEscan platform at a compound concentration of 10 μM revealed superior selectivity of the atropisomeric compound (P)-28 (Figure 3a for 1 and Figure 3b for (P)-28).18 In this active site-directed competition assay, (P)-28 has higher affinity binding for PI3Kβ (lager blue circle) and still shows considerably less off-kinase activity (fewer and smaller red circles).
a Using MMFFs force field, the best estimates for the rotational barriers ΔErot via TSin and TSout were obtained from the lowest energy pathway in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise). The lowest energy pathway is highlighted in blue. Because of significant distortion, all values above 40 kcal/mol are reported as >40 kcal/mol.
observed for compound 1. The C2-methyl group likely hinders rotation around the C−N bond due to a larger steric clash with the C5-fluorine of the quinoline moiety. This observation encouraged us to separate both atropisomers by chiral preparative SFC to provide enantiopure (M)-28 and (P)-28 6860
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00797 J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 6858−6868
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Article
Table 3. Intrinsic Clearances and Fraction Metabolized by AO hHep CLint (L/h/kg)a HLM CLint (L/h/kg)b fm,AO (%)c
(M)-28
(P)-28
1.97 0.15 69
0.08 99% ee). (M)-28 may be completely devoid of activity, but a 0.1% impurity of (P)-28 would result in single digit micromolar activity (
