Battery-Free Electronic Smart Toys: A Step toward the

Subscriber access provided by Kaohsiung Medical University

Battery-free Electronic Smart Toys: A Step toward the Commercialization of Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Gaurav Khandelwal, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, and Sang-Jae Kim ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.7b04769 • Publication Date (Web): 04 Apr 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 4, 2018

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Battery-free Electronic Smart Toys: A Step toward the Commercialization of Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Arunkumar Chandrasekhar,a Gaurav Khandelwal,a Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri,b a

Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Sang-Jae Kim a

ab*

Nanomaterials and System Lab, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea

b

Faculty of Applied Energy System, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea

*

Corresponding Author,

Prof. Sang-Jae Kim (S-J. Kim), Fax: 0082-64-756-3886; Tel: 0082–64-754-3715. E-mail: [email protected]

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Abstract Next generation toys are designed to entertain and interact with children. Such toys need a power source, generally, a battery that must be replaced frequently leading to increased maintenance costs. Recently, an innovative biomechanical energy harvester called a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) was introduced as an eco-friendly generator that scavenges waste energy. Here, in a step toward the commercialization of TENG devices, we present a novel approach that uses TENG technology to develop battery-free electronic smart toys. This robust, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for harnessing biomechanical energy can transform a traditional toy into a smart toy. With this innovative idea, we developed a smart clapping toy (SCT-TENG) and a smart duck toy (SDT-TENG) using biocompatible materials. We employed a simple inbuilt circuit with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are powered using biomechanical energy. The SCT-TENG and SDT-TENG exhibited an output voltage of 65 Vp-p and 260 Vp-p, respectively. We believe that the use of TENG technology for battery-free electronic smart toys opens up new possibilities for the commercialization of TENGs, and the field of battery-free smart toys.

Keywords: Eco-friendly, polymer interfaces, biomechanical energy, self-powered toys


Page 2 of 24

Page 3 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Introduction

The invention of smartphones, video games, and virtual games has been a turning point in various sectors. Children are increasingly exposed to modern technology; according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, in the United States, 97 percent of children under the age of 4 have used a mobile device. Interactive toys are gaining popularity, but they require a power source to operate. One of the most significant problems with interactive toys is the need for frequent replacement of batteries. Researchers across the globe in fields such as energy harnessing1–6 and energy storage,3,7–11 are working to find a solution to this problem, while some researchers are focusing on factors such as stability, reliability, and eco-friendliness. Instead of battery-operated toys, one feasible alternative is that of toys that harvest biomechanical energy,12 via technologies such as electromagnetic generators,13,14 piezoelectric nanogenerators,15–17 and TENGs.18–20 Recently TENG technology has captivated the attention of researchers due to its effective biomechanical energy-scavenging applications. Z. L. Wang discussed the potential of TENGs to harvest energy from different sources such as vibration,21 wind,22 water,23 and human activity, and their possible applications in day-to-day activities. Z. H. Lin,24 Y. Zhang25 and S. W. Kim26 demonstrated novel approaches in the field of TENGs and their self-powered applications. TENGs have been investigated extensively for various types of applications. Yet still, commercialization of TENGs remains a dream for researchers.27–31 The lack of success regarding TENG commercialization may be due to various factors such as device packaging, environmental aspects, energy conversion efficiency, energy storage, and so on. In our research, we aim for direct utilization of harnessed energy to develop smart interactive self-powered toys, which we believe to be a key step toward the successful commercialization of TENGs.



Herein, we present a simple and novel approach to commercialize TENGs by incorporating them with traditional toys such as clapping toys and rubber ducks. The proposed SCT-TENG and SDT-TENG devices are eco-friendly and safe for children. They work in contact-separation mode, utilizing triboelectrification and electrostatic induction to harness biomechanical energy. These devices exhibit excellent bio-mechanical energy harvesting performance with long-term stability. Furthermore, the results show that TENG devices can be successfully used to create smart self-powered toys. This work opens up possibilities for the commercialization of TENGs by developing battery-free TENG-powered toys.

Experimental Methods Surface treatment of the polymer Petri dish: A recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer Petri dish was cleaned with deionized water and ethanol, followed by drying in a hot air oven at 50ºC for half an hour. The cleaned petri dish was dipped in an acetone-filled beaker for 120 s, and then washed with deionized water and ethanol. To remove excess surface moisture, the petri dish was dried at 60ºC for one hour in a hot air oven.32

PDMS film fabrication: A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) monomer with crosslinking (10:1, Dow Corning USA) was mixed with a stirrer for 15 min and then spin-coated at 700 rpm for 20 s on the surface of the Petri dish. The Petri dish was cured in the oven for 40 min at 70ºC.

SCT-TENG fabrication: A small piece of PDMS film was cut to fit the clapping toy, and backed with an aluminum (Al) electrode, which acts as a negative triboelectric material. Another Al electrode layer, which acts as a positive triboelectric material, was applied on the upper side of the PDMS film. Thin copper wires were used to create an electrical connection.


Page 4 of 24

Page 5 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


SDT-TENG fabrication: The surface-modified PDMS film (30 mm × 50 mm) was tailored to fit the toy. An Al electrode layer was attached to the bottom side of the film, with the surfacemodified film facing upwards. Another Al electrode layer was attached to the topside of the film. Electrical connections were made using a thin copper wire.

Self-powered SCT and SDT TENG fabrication: The electrical output from the SCT-TENG and SDT-TENG was connected to a bridge rectifier to obtain a Direct Current (DC) signal. Then this output was connected to an LED circuit.

TENG characterization and electrical measurements: A field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; JEOL, JSM 6700F, Japan) was used to analyze the surface roughness of the PDMS layer. To study the electrical responses, a controlled motion was applied using a linear motor (LinMot, Inc.). An electrometer (Keithley 6514) was used to measure the output voltage and current of the SCT-TENG and SDT-TENG. Before taking the electrical measurements, the devices were placed in a hot air oven at 70ºC for 30 min to remove moisture. To avoid external interference, a homemade Faraday cage was used to isolate the devices.

Results and Discussion The material selected for TENGs used in children's toys should be biocompatible, ecofriendly and easy to manufacture. Hence, the TENGs for the SCT-TENG and SDT-TENG were fabricated with PDMS film and an Al electrode to scavenge biomechanical energy for these selfpowered toys. Figure 1 shows digital photographs of (a) the TENG embedded in the clapping toy, (b) the surface-modified PDMS film adhered to the Al electrode (bottom layer) (the zoomed inset shows the FE-SEM image of the surface-modified PDMS film), and (c) the Al electrode



(top layer). The PDMS film and Al electrodes were designed and fabricated so that the TENG device fits inside the toy. A schematic illustration of the SCT-TENG is shown in Figure 1(d); here the PDMS film acts as an active layer and the Al acts both as a contact material as well as an electrode to collect electrons. To systematically study the electrical performance of the SCTTENG, a computer-controlled linear motor was used. This external motion creates contact and separation between the top and bottom electrodes. Figure 2 (a, b) shows the electrical response of the SCT-TENG; the output voltage and short-circuit current reached 30 V and 600 nA, respectively, during the 1 m/s external motion. For commercial application, it is essential to check the durability of the SCT-TENG over an extended period of operation; hence, a cyclic stability test was performed for 100 cycles. Figure 2(c) shows the voltage signal obtained during the stability test; it proves that the performance of the SCT-TENG remained steady. Figure S1 shows an FE-SEM image of the PDMS film after the durability test, indicating a physically stable polymer film even after long-term operation. To investigate the real-time energy harvesting capability of the SCT-TENG, the device was shaken by hand. Figure 2(d) shows the output voltage and current of the real-time energy-harvesting device. The voltage profile reached 30 V, and the current profile reached 1 µA. This study shows that the SCT-TENG has potential to scavenge biomechanical energy and develop commercial toys (a comparative electrical analysis of the proposed device with other reports is listed in Table S1). The main aim of this work was to promote TENG commercialization, so it is necessary to determine the optimum load resistance via connection of the energy-harvesting device to an external circuit. We performed a load resistance analysis to find the optimum load and peak power. Figure 2(e) shows the voltage with the external load resistance. A maximum peak power of 175 µW was obtained at a 100 kΩ load resistance.


Page 6 of 24

Page 7 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


The energy harvesting mechanism of the SCT-TENG is shown in Figure 3. This mechanism involves interaction between the surface-modified PDMS film and Al electrode, with a combination of the triboelectric effect33 and electrostatic induction. Initially, the top Al electrode layer is in contact with the PDMS layer as shown in Figure 3(a). Next, due to the influence of mechanical motion, the top layer separates from the PDMS layer, and a charge difference occurs across the electrodes. This process induces a flow of electrons from the top electrode to the bottom electrode through an externally connected circuit as shown in Figure 3(b), until an equilibrium state is reached (Figure 3(c)). This action contributes to the first half-cycle of the AC signal; the second half-cycle is achieved when the top electrode layer approaches the PDMS film, inducing a flow of electrons in the opposite direction, as shown in Figure 3(d). To determine the charging ability of the SCT-TENG, the AC signal was converted to a DC signal with a rectifier circuit (DF06G) and connected to a commercial capacitor (Figure S2 shows the capacitor charging circuit used for the SCT-TENG). Figure 4(a) shows the charging voltage curve measured across the capacitor at various capacitance values (0.1 µF to 0.3 µF). These voltage curves demonstrate the efficiency of the SCT-TENG as a simple DC power source. The energy stored in each capacitor is shown in Figure 4(b); this confirms the efficiency of the SCTTENG for real-time applications.

Current demands for smart toys and smart gadgets such as mini-drones, remote-controlled cars, mini robots, and other entertainment gadgets motivated us to fabricate a novel, selfpowered SCT-TENG. Six LEDs were attached to the moving part of the clapping toy as shown in Figure 4(c). The AC signal from the SCT-TENG was converted into a DC signal using a bridge rectifier circuit and used to power the LEDs (Figure S3 shows the circuit diagram for the SCT-TENG). When the SCT-TENG is shaken, biomechanical energy is converted into electrical



energy which is used to power the LEDs as shown in Figure 4(d) (a demonstration is also shown in the Supporting Information Video S1) and photograph of a kid playing with SCT-TENG is shown Figure 4 (e, f). This experiment shows that the SCT-TENG successfully functions as a self-powered toy.

Next, we converted a simple duck toy into a smart toy by embedding a TENG. Hence, the traditional toy was converted into a smart duck, which scavenges biomechanical energy to power LEDs. Figure 5(a) shows a photograph of the SDT-TENG, and Figure 5(b) is a schematic illustration of the SDT-TENG. To make the SDT-TENG, PDMS film (the zoomed inset shows the FE-SEM image of the surface-modified PDMS film) was adhered to the Al electrode and then attached to a supporting substrate; here, the supporting layers are at the top and bottom layers of the toy. To study the electrical performance of the SDT-TENG, a computer-controlled linear motor was used to create external motion. Figure 6 (a, b) shows the electrical response of the SDT-TENG; the output voltage reached 130 V, and the short-circuit current reached 1 µA during a 1 m/s external motion (here this motion generates a continuous clapping effect between the active layer and aluminum electrode). It is essential to test the durability of the SDT-TENG before commercialization; hence, an extended period of operation was carried out for 700 cycles. Figure 6(c) shows the voltage signal obtained during the cyclic stability test; it shows that the performance of the SDT-TENG remains stable with negligible fluctuations. As with the SCTTENG, the energy harvesting mechanism of the SDT-TENG (Figure S4) involves interaction between the PDMS film and Al electrode, with a combination of contact electrification and electrostatic induction.


Page 8 of 24

Page 9 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


We performed a load resistance analysis to find the load matching and peak power of the SDT-TENG. Figure 7(a) shows the voltage with the external load resistance; a maximum peak power of 245 µW was obtained with a 10 kΩ load resistance. To investigate the charging ability of the SDT-TENG, the rectified DC signal was connected to a commercial capacitor (0.1 µF to 0.33 µF). Figure 7(b) shows the charging voltage curve measured across the capacitor (Figure S5 shows the capacitor charging circuit used for the SDT-TENG). This result demonstrates the potential of the SDT-TENG device as a power source and its proficiency in powering low-power electronic gadgets.

To complete the fabrication of the self-powered SDT-TENG, two LEDs were attached in the location of the duck's eyes as shown in Figure 7(c). Then the rectified DC signal from the SDTTENG was connected to the LEDs via a simple circuit (Figure S6 shows the circuit diagram of the SDT-TENG). When the duck is pressed, the SDT-TENG converts biomechanical energy into electrical energy, and the LEDs light up as shown in Figure 7(d) (a demonstration is also shown in the Supporting Information Video S2). Photograph of a kid playing with SDT-TENG is shown Figure 7 (e, f). Also kids playing with the smart toy-TENG are shown in the Supporting Information Video S3. This experiment shows that the SDT-TENG successfully functions as a self-powered toy. We strongly believe that this research opens up possibilities for the future commercialization of TENGs.



Conclusions In this work, we developed an innovative approach for harvesting biomechanical energy and demonstrated its effective utilization for entertainment applications. The SCT-TENG and SDTTENG were fabricated using eco-friendly materials. Both the devices work on the same principle with different mechanical activation methods (shaking and pressing). The TENG devices were shown to have long-term operational stability and were able to rapidly charge a commercial capacitor. Through these experiments, both the SCT-TENG and SDT-TENG were demonstrated to function as real-time self-powered toys. This approach transforms a traditional toy into a battery-free interactive smart toy, and it also creates an opportunity to commercialize TENGbased smart gadgets.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and funded by a South Korean government grant (2016R1A2B2013831).

Supporting Information Table S1 presents a comparison of the proposed Smart toy-TENG with other reports. Figure S1 shows a top-view FE-SEM image of the PDMS film after a few thousand cycles of operation. Figure S2 presents a capacitor charging circuit for the SCT-TENG. Figure S3 presents a circuit diagram of the SCT-TENG. Figure S4 presents a mechanism diagram of the SDT-TENG during vertical contact and separation motion. Figure S5 presents a capacitor charging circuit for the SDT-TENG. Figure S6 presents a circuit diagram for the SDT-TENG with LEDs. Video S1:


Page 10 of 24

Page 11 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Demonstration of the self-powered SCT-TENG. Video S2: Demonstration of the self-powered SDT-TENG. Video S3: Kids playing with the smart toy-TENG.

References (1)

Tian, B.; Zheng, X.; Kempa, T. J.; Fang, Y.; Yu, N.; Yu, G.; Huang, J.; Lieber, C. M. Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources. Nature 2007, 449 (7164), 885–889, DOI 10.1038/nature06181.

(2)

Balasingam, S. K.; Lee, M.; Kang, M. G.; Jun, Y. Improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells toward the broader light harvesting of the solar spectrum. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49 (15), 1471–1487, DOI 10.1039/C2CC37616D.

(3)

Balamuralitharan, B.; Karthick, S. N.; Balasingam, S. K.; Hemalatha, K. V.; Selvam, S.; Raj, J. A.; Prabakar, K.; Jun, Y.; Kim, H.-J. Hybrid Reduced Graphene Oxide/Manganese Diselenide Cubes: A New Electrode Material for Supercapacitors. Energy Technol. 2017, 5 (11), 1953–1962, DOI 10.1002/ente.201700097.

(4)

Balasingam, S. K.; Jun, Y. Recent Progress on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Counter Electrodes for Cost-Effective Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Isr. J. Chem. 2015, 55 (9), 955– 965, DOI 10.1002/ijch.201400213.

(5)

Ko, K.-W.; Lee, M.; Sekhon, S. S.; Balasingam, S. K.; Han, C.-H.; Jun, Y. Efficiency Enhancement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by the Addition of an Oxidizing Agent to the TiO 2 Paste. ChemSusChem 2013, 6 (11), 2117–2123, DOI 10.1002/cssc.201300280.



(6)

Page 12 of 24

Minoh Lee, Suresh Kannan Balasingam, Yohan Ko, Hu Young Jeong, Byoung Koun Min, Yong Ju Yun, Y. seok J. Graphene modified vanadium pentoxide nanobelts as an efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Synth. Met. 2016, 215, 110–115, DOI 10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.12.015

(7)

Ramadoss, A.; Saravanakumar, B.; Lee, S. W.; Kim, Y.-S.; Kim, S. J.; Wang, Z. L. Piezoelectric-driven self-charging supercapacitor power cell. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (4), 4337–4345, DOI 10.1021/acsnano.5b00759.

(8)

Balasingam, S. K.; Lee, M.; Kim, B. H.; Lee, J. S.; Jun, Y. Freeze-dried MoS

2

sponge

electrodes for enhanced electrochemical energy storage. Dalt. Trans. 2017, 46 (7), 2122– 2128, DOI 10.1039/C6DT04466B.

(9)

Balasingam, S. K.; Thirumurugan, A.; Lee, J. S.; Jun, Y. Amorphous MoS

x

thin-film-

coated carbon fiber paper as a 3D electrode for long cycle life symmetric supercapacitors. Nanoscale 2016, 8 (23), 11787–11791, DOI 10.1039/C6NR01200K.

(10)

Ramadoss, A.; Kim, S. J. Facile preparation and electrochemical characterization of graphene/ZnO nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2013, 140 (1), 405–411, DOI 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.03.057.

(11)

Ramadoss, A.; Saravanakumar, B.; Kim, S. J. Vanadium Pentoxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide

Composite

as

an

Efficient

Electrode

Material

for

High-Performance

Supercapacitors and Self-Powered Systems. Energy Technol. 2015, 3 (9), 913–924, DOI 10.1002/ente.201500059.


Page 13 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(12)

Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Lin, Z. H.; Zhou, Y. S.; Jing, Q.; Su, Y.; Yang, J.; Chen, J.; Hu, C.; Wang, Z. L. Human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy and as self-powered active tactile sensor system. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (10), 9213– 9222, DOI 10.1021/nn403838y.

(13)

Aw, K. C.; Praneeth, S. V. Low frequency vibration energy harvesting from human motion using IPMC cantilever with electromagnectic transduction. 8th Annu. IEEE Int. Conf. Nano/Micro Eng. Mol. Syst. 2013, 1, 645–648, DOI 10.1109/NEMS.2013.6559812.

(14)

Guo, H.; Wen, Z.; Zi, Y.; Yeh, M.-H.; Wang, J.; Zhu, L.; Hu, C.; Wang, Z. L. A WaterProof Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator for Energy Harvesting in Harsh Environments. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6 (6), 1501593, DOI 10.1002/aenm.201501593.

(15)

Saravanakumar, B.; Soyoon, S.; Kim, S.-J. Self-powered pH sensor based on a flexible organic-inorganic hybrid composite nanogenerator. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6 (16), 13716–13723, DOI 10.1021/am5031648.

(16)

Alluri, N. R.; Selvarajan, S.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Balasubramaniam, S.; Jeong, J. H.; Kim, S. J. Self powered pH sensor using piezoelectric composite worm structures derived by ionotropic gelation approach. Sensors Actuators, B Chem. 2016, (237), 534-544, DOI 10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.134.

(17)

Vivekananthan, V.; Alluri, N. R.; Purusothaman, Y.; Chandrasekhar, A.; Kim, S.-J. A flexible, planar energy harvesting device for scavenging road side waste mechanical



Page 14 of 24

energy: Via the synergistic piezoelectric response of K0.5Na0.5NbO3-BaTiO3/PVDF composite

films.

Nanoscale

2017,

9

(39),

DOI

10.1039/C7NR04115B

(18)

Bai, P.; Zhu, G.; Lin, Z. H.; Jing, Q.; Chen, J.; Zhang, G.; Ma, J.; Wang, Z. L. Integrated multilayered triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting biomechanical energy from human motions. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (4), 3713–3719, DOI 10.1021/nn4007708.

(19)

Chandrasekhar, A.; Alluri, N. R.; Saravanakumar, B.; Selvarajan, S.; Kim, S.-J. Human Interactive Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Self-Powered Smart Seat. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8 (15), 9692–9699, DOI 10.1021/acsami.6b00548.

(20)

Chandrasekhar, A.; Alluri, N. R.; Sudhakaran, M. S. P.; Mok, Y. S.; Kim, S.-J. A smart mobile pouch as a biomechanical energy harvester towards self-powered smart wireless power

transfer

applications.

Nanoscale

2017,

9,

9818-9824,

DOI

10.1039/C7NR00110J.

(21)

Wang, S.; Niu, S.; Yang, J.; Lin, L.; Wang, Z. L. Quantitative Measurments of Vibration Amplitude Using a Contact-Mode Freestanding Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS Nano 2014, 8 (12), 12004–12013, DOI 10.1021/nn5054365.

(22)

Wang, Z. L.; Chen, J.; Lin, L.; Ha, J.; Lee, B.-S.; Park, Y.; Choong, C.; Kim, J.-B.; Wang, Z. L.; Kim, H.-Y.; et al. Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8 (8), 2250–2282, DOI 10.1039/C5EE01532D.


Page 15 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(23)

Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors - principles, problems and perspectives. Faraday Discuss. 2014, 176, 447–458, DOI 10.1039/C4FD00159A.

(24)

Chang, T.-H.; Peng, Y.-W.; Chen, C.-H.; Chang, T.-W.; Wu, J.-M.; Hwang, J.-C.; Gan, J.Y.; Lin, Z.-H. Protein-based contact electrification and its uses for mechanical energy harvesting

and

humidity

detecting;

2016;

Vol.

2,

238-246,

DOI

0.1016/j.nanoen.2016.01.017.

(25)

Liang, Q.; Yan, X.; Liao, X.; Cao, S.; Zheng, X.; Si, H.; Lu, S.; Zhang, Y. Multi-unit hydroelectric generator based on contact electrification and its service behavior. Nano Energy 2015, 16, 329–338, DOI 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.07.004.

(26)

Seung, W.; Gupta, M. K.; Lee, K. Y.; Shin, K.-S.; Lee, J.-H.; Kim, T. Y.; Kim, S.; Lin, J.; Kim, J. H.; Kim, S.-W. Nanopatterned Textile-Based Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (4), 3501–3509, DOI 10.1021/nn507221f.

(27)

Chen, B. D.; Tang, W.; Zhang, C.; Xu, L.; Zhu, L. P.; Yang, L. J.; He, C.; Chen, J.; Liu, L.; Zhou, T.; et al. Au nanocomposite enhanced electret film for triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Res. 2017, 1–10, DOI 10.1007/s12274-017-1716-y.

(28)

Chen, J.; Wang, Z. L. Reviving Vibration Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing by

a

Triboelectric

Nanogenerator.

Joule

2017,

10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.004.


1

(3),

480–521,

DOI


(29)

Page 16 of 24

Wang, Z. L.; Jiang, T.; Xu, L. Toward the blue energy dream by triboelectric nanogenerator

networks.

Nano

Energy

2017,

39,

9–23,

DOI

10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.06.035

(30)

Chen, B. D.; Tang, W.; He, C.; Jiang, T.; Xu, L.; Zhu, L. P.; Gu, G. Q.; Chen, J.; Shao, J. J.; Luo, J. J.; et al. Ultrafine Capillary-Tube Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Active Sensor for Microliquid Biological and Chemical Sensing. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2018, 3 (1), 1700229, DOI doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700229.

(31)

Chen, B. D.; Tang, W.; He, C.; Deng, C. R.; Yang, L. J.; Zhu, L. P.; Chen, J.; Shao, J. J.; Liu, L.; Wang, Z. L. Water wave energy harvesting and self-powered liquid-surface fluctuation sensing based on bionic-jellyfish triboelectric nanogenerator. 2017, 21, 88–97, DOI 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.10.006.

(32)

Chandrasekhar, A.; Alluri, N. R.; Vivekananthan, V.; Park, J. H.; Kim, S.-J. Sustainable Biomechanical Energy Scavenger toward Self-Reliant Kids' Interactive Battery-Free Smart

Puzzle.

ACS

Sustain.

Chem.

Eng.

2017,

5

(8),

7310–7316,

DOI

10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00117.

(33)

Zhang, L.; Jin, L.; Zhang, B.; Deng, W.; Pan, H.; Tang, J.; Zhu, M.; Yang, W. Multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator based on porous micro-nickel foam to harvest mechanical energy. Nano Energy 2015, 16, 516–523, DOI 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.06.012.


Page 17 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 1. Digital photographs of (a) the SCT-TENG, (b) the surface modified PDMS film with the Al bottom electrode (the inset shows an FE-SEM image of surface-modified PDMS film), and (c) the surface modified PDMS film with the Al top electrode. (d) Schematic illustration of the SCT-TENG.



Figure 2. The electrical response of SCT-TENG. (a) Output voltage, (b) short-circuit current and (c) cyclic stability during applied external motion. Inset: zoomed view of the voltage signal at the end of the durability test. (d) The voltage obtained during the real-time shaking by hand. (e) Relationship between voltage (red) and instantaneous peak power (blue) with external load resistance.


Page 18 of 24

Page 19 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 3. Diagrams of the SCT-TENG mechanism during contact and separation motion. (a) The initial position of the PDMS film with the lower and upper Al electrodes in contact. (b) Separation of the upper electrode and flow of electrons toward the lower electrode. (c) Equilibrium state. (d) Electrons flowing toward the upper electrode as the upper electrode approaches the lower electrode.



Figure 4. Energy storage performance of the self-powered SCT-TENG. a) A voltage curve for the charging of the commercial capacitor (0.1 µF to 0.3 µF). (b) The charge stored by the capacitor. (c) A photograph of the fully fabricated self-powered smart clapping toy. (d) A digital photograph of the LEDs glowing during shaking of the SCT-TENG. (e, f) Photograph of kid playing with SCT-TENG.


Page 20 of 24

Page 21 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 5. (a) A digital photograph and (b) schematic illustration of the SDT-TENG (the inset shows an FE-SEM image of surface-modified PDMS film).



Figure 6. The electrical response of the SDT-TENG. (a) Output voltage and (b) short-circuit current of the SDT-TENG during controlled external motion. (c) Cyclic stability during applied external motion. Inset: zoomed view of the voltage signal at the end of the durability test.


Page 22 of 24

Page 23 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 7. Electrical response and application of the SDT-TENG. (a) The relationship between voltage (red) and instantaneous peak power (blue) with an external load resistance. (b) The voltage curve for the charging of the commercial capacitor (0.1 µF to 0.33 µF). (c) Photograph of the fully fabricated self-powered smart duck toy. (d) Digital photograph of the LED eyes of the smart duck glowing during pressing of the SDT-TENG. (e, f) Photograph of kid playing with SDT-TENG.



TOC

Introduction of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) based battery-free electronic smart toy as an innovative approach toward the commercialization of TENG technology.


Page 24 of 24

Battery-Free Electronic Smart Toys: A Step toward the

Recommend Documents