Biochemical Analysis Paul
B. Hamilton,
Alfred
1. du Pont Institute of the Nemours Foundation, Wilmington, Del.
T
HIS REVIEW CONTINUES from the close of the previous review on Biochemical Analysis (1:?1)to December 31, 1963. T h e same philosophy also prevails, namely t h a t developments, trends, and potentialities will be emphasized rather than routinc applications and minor variations of recognized procedures. Such arbitrary and discriminating practice therefore overlooks many fine contributions that are concerned with the consolidation of information in their field of intere'it. This is not to disarm criticism in advance, which is futile, but to give some rational explanation for omissions t h a t otherwise would seem to be mere caprice. It is also highly probable t h a t serious omissions here have been cokered in a comprehensive annual revic w of clinical chemistry (179) and in the many pertinent topics in the 1962 annual review issue of ANALYTICAL C H E M I S T R Y , devoted to fundamental developments in analysis ( 129). Speculation that attempts to penetrate the future is likely to be wrong, but unless the effort is made, future problems that have their roots in t h e present may be met less intelligently. T o speculate then, this review considers a recent publication on the application of quantum mechanics to biochemistry (267) as prophetic. Prophetic also is the work employing the sophisticated methods of perturbrition and relaxation methods (97). These sign posts of mathematical and physico-chemical sophistication, taken together with the revolution in analytical chemistry that is being forced by instrumental and technological developments, lead through present crisis, to a new type of student and scholar. It would seem that ultimately scientists, well qualified in the fundamentals of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, must be produced and t h a t present arbitrary, disciplinary walls must dissolve. Such barriers have in fact ceased to have much validity; i t is time their dissolution was acknowled,-ingO R D is n.ell exemplified by such studies as the O R D of nitrate and nitro chromophores ( g o ) , the changes observed during the denaturation of catalase and peroxidase (15d), ORD of soluble feather keratin (351), and the ORTI of native and oxidized pancreatic ribonuclease (362) in the far ultraviolet. S e w cotton effects in polypeptide and proteins have also been described (32) as well as studies on bovine plasma albumin and insulin (217 ) . Spectro1,olarinieters of new types which give promise of wider application are being developed and these were discussed recently ( 4 8 ) . Reference \vas made in the previous review (131) to a nen- methodology, magneto optical rotation ( l 1 0 R ) . Papers describing this fundamental analytical tool are anticil)ated during 1984, but no reports were found during the period of this review; instrumentation is still being developed and is not yet commercially available. ELECTRONICS
Hecause of the increasing role of electronic techniques in iiistrunimtation for analytical chemistry and biocheniistl~y, it seems pertinent to draw :Ittcntion to new books; Physican1 1'lcrtimic.s (141) Electronic Circuits and Instrumentation S\-stems (32,9),Elecatronics for Scicntists (212),and an Introduction t o C'hcmiral Instrumentation, Electroiiic Sigwls and Operations ( 1 2 ) . One note.q a h the increasing frequency of discwsions on oscillators (1.W) and ain\)lificrs (15'7) in analJ,tiral eheniicd litrratiire? while in the elertronir litcr:iturc, n 0 1 v itre found ai,ticIes (202, 203, 20.4, 205) on the alil)lication of this art t o thc life sciences. 1'resumsl)ly in thc futuw this sort of esehangc \vi11 I)ccomc the rille rather than t h r t w q ) t i o n .
OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION
INSTRUMENTATION, DATA PROCESSING
A new journal entitled Applied Optics (155) has rommenred pulilicxtion under the auipiccs of t h r Optirnl Soriety of Amcric~ain c.ool)cr:ition with the American Institutc of I'hysic>. 'The increasin% U J of ~ oI)t.ical 5tel)s integrated into
Attention is again directed to the pul)lieation on aiialytical chemistry and inr;tt.umentation (i'X')>ninny article,s of which have been referred to individually. For an excellent critical review, t.he render is rlirccted to the last year funtlaVOL. 36, NO. 5, APRIL 1964
b
9R
mental review issue of .IN.-ILYTIC.IL C H E M I S T R Y (256). Instruments for automatic operation and for obtaining permanent records of transient phenomena was also reviewed (107‘). In a special report (61), instruments for clinical chemistry laboratories were discussed. The range and extent of instrumentation employed leaves little doubt that specialists in t h a t field are needed and that the down-the-cellarbehind-the-back-stairs location of modern clinical laboratories should be a thing of the past for all hospitals. This reviewer also feels that it is time the medical profession recognizes that two lifetimes are needed to develop really good judgment, one in clinical medicine and one in clinical chemistry. The new development of differential thermal analysis has not yet been applied to biochemical problems, but presumably it will; it is interesting to recall the important use that the English school of physiologists made of heat production in muscle physiology some decades ago. h comprehensive thermal analysis apparatus u as described (149). An interesting use of heat has been made in a new technique called thermography. High speed infrared radiometers ( 8 ) were used to scan the heat production of the human body (14, 1 5 ) , which was portrayed graphically on photographic films. This technique was used to explore the heat production in disease states. An electronic blood cell scanner was described which was considered useful in identifying rare cell types (159). An apparatus for the complete automation of the microdetermination of carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds was noted (309). The rapid development of lasers for laboratory use has not yet given rise to the application of this new instrument to problems where it surely will be of value. The use of a laser beam to produce retinal burns in the eye to affix a detached retina were described (130) and the use of a focused laser beam for spectroscopic ultramicroanalysis was noted (287). In the field of microchemistry, specifications for the T’anSlyke manometric apparatus were recommended in a report by the committee on microchemical apparatus, Division of Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society (328). A method for the rapid automatic microdetermination of nitrogen was published (91). A rather ingenious rotary buret based on the periitaltic principle was described (67). .kitomation, data proceising, and d a t a retrieval are becoming of interest to biochemical fields. For example, a rerent tevt (286) described punch cai-d methods in reyearch and documentation with special reference to biology. The &electionand utilization of data process10 R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
ing equipment was discussed (548) and problems connected with the conversion of laboratory data for computer analysis were considered (336). Information retrieval in the analytical laboratory was also reviewed (80). .is a n aid to understanding terms, a six-language dictionary of automation, electronics, and scientific instruments was prepared (92). Reference should be made again here to computer analysis of gas chromatography data (60). Finally, the reviewer would like to exonerate h X h L Y T I C h L CHEMISTRY from duplicity in philosophy. Comments that may be construed as such may have made the reader stop to gather mental brickbats for the annihilation of the writer. I t is the pause that refreshes during the assimilation of dull and heavy fare. Grateful thanks are tended Miss Edith M.Talley for unflagging patience and persistence in the preparation of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED
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