Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Medical Terminology in French

Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Medical Terminology in French and German Chemical Literature HENRY

FISCHBACH

Downloaded by UNIV LAVAL on July 11, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 1, 1956 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1956-0016.ch014

The Language Service, 141 East 44th St., New York 17, Ν. Y.

As a guide to the literature chemist who may be called upon to translate or abstract biochemical, pharmacological, and medical literature, the following subjects are discussed: phar maceuticals of chemical origin; a basic anatomical and path ological vocabulary in French and German; "aliases" under which many chemical substances are known in pharmacology and medicine; words whose literal meaning differs from their pharmacological, biochemical, and medical connotations; and a general method of approach to such literature. Listed are frequently used therapeutic preparations with their French and German equivalents, helpful English and foreign-language reference works, and the Latin and Greek prefixes and suffixes most prevalent in medical terminology.

T h e purpose of this paper is to present suggestions to the literature chemist who has a reading knowledge of chemical F r e n c h and German and who may be called upon to translate or abstract biochemical, pharmacological, or medical material i n these languages. M a n y chemical substances have been and are being widely used i n medicine. I n fact, chemotherapeutic agents have come to occupy an increasingly important place i n modern medicine. Their physiological action and the therapeutic benefits derived from them are of more than theoretical interest to the manufacturing chemist. A n y description of their physical and chemical properties is likely to be accompanied by a discussion of their effects on the human organism. The litera ture chemist may consequently have to translate or abstract reports of experi mental investigations and clinical trials i n which the therapeutic applicability of both old and new chemical substances has been tested. Chemical companies are concerned w i t h the toxicity of many of the chemicals they manufacture, even i f these are not used i n human medicine, because these substances may be responsible f o r occupational diseases and consequently affect the health of those handling them. The approach to medical material is essentially the same as the approach to other scientific texts. The p r i m a r y nonlinguistic prerequisite for translating sci entific material is some knowledge of the subject matter involved (1). Because all cannot be expected to have specialized knowledge i n the fields of medicine and pharmacology, the question arises as to where the necessary basic information can be found i n ready reference form. Reference Works

In addition to a large number of excellent medical dictionaries, many of which are listed i n Table I, reference should also be made to English-language textbooks and manuals intended for the physician. Before translating a given medical text, i t may be well to consult such works i n order to acquire some background knowl edge of the physiological, bacteriological, or pathological concepts discussed. 94

A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.


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A n excellent all-purpose reference i n E n g l i s h is " T h e Merck M a n u a l of D i a g nosis and T h e r a p y " which, when used i n conjunction w i t h a foreign-language hand book, such as the " F o r m u l a i r e A s t i e r " i n F r e n c h , w i l l answer most terminological problems. Another useful reference, particularly for clinical bacteriology and histology, is the Department of the A r m y ' s technical manual entitled "Methods f o r Laboratory Technicians," prepared under the direction of the Surgeon General. A m o n g the pharmacological references frequently worth consulting is " T h e Merck Index of Chemicals and D r u g s , " which also lists some foreign pharmaceutical prepa rations, although perhaps not enough, and contains many valuable tables for con verting measures and weights, p H determinations, radioactive isotopes, coal-tar dyes for drugs, boiling temperatures of liquids, and melting points. Incidentally, body weights and temperatures should, as a rule, be converted from the metric and centigrade systems, but measurements i n laboratory data should not. Other i n dispensable source references for French, Belgian, Swiss, German, A u s t r i a n , and other foreign proprietary drugs are the " U n i t e d States Pharmacopeia," " N e w and Nonofficial Remedies," and similar treatises on drugs, their formulas, and methods of preparation published abroad. The names of some chemotherapeutic agents, proprietary or otherwise, may not be readily recognizable i n F r e n c h or German be cause of their orthographic adaptation to these languages. Table II is a list of some of the major types and categories of therapeutic agents i n use today, w i t h French and German equivalents, and a necessarily brief identification of the physiological action involved. This tabulation does not include those categories of therapeutic agents which are used i n the treatment of a specific disease (antisyphilitics, antimalarials, antitetanics, etc.), or those belonging to a family of chemotherapeutic agents (barbiturates, arsenicals, sulfa drugs, etc.). Another problem frequently encountered i n translating or abstracting phar maceutical material is that many chemical substances known to the chemist by one nonproprietary name are known to the pharmacologist by another. However legiti mate these " a l i a s e s " may be, they make for confusion. To cite three from a list that would fill a fair-sized book : The anesthetic "cyclopropane" has also been called "trimethylene" ; the systematic name of " m e t h y l a l , " or " f o r m a l , " is "dimethoxymethane"; and "hyoscine" is a synonym of "scopolamine," the optically inactive variety of which is also called "atroscine." Most of the pharmaceutical reference works mentioned above list both the pharmacological and chemical names of these dual-name substances. A somewhat similar p l u r a l i t y of nomenclature also exists i n the field of path ology, i n view of the fact that most diseases have at least two names : the eponymic name—i.e., that of the physician or bacteriologist who first described the condition or isolated the etiological agent involved—and the descriptive name. N o t infre quently, a disease may even have several descriptive names. "Hodgkin's disease," for example, the French and German equivalents of which are maladie de Hodgkin and Hodgkins Krankheit, is also known as "infectious granuloma," "malignant granuloma," "malignant lymphoma," "lymphosarcoma," and "pseudoleukemia." In French medical texts, i t may be referred to as lymphogranulomas se maligne, granulomatose maligne, or adénie éosinophilique prurigène, and i n German i t can also be called Pseudoleukamie, malignes Granulom, or Lymphogranulomatose. The blame for this terminological confusion, or at least for what strikes the l a y translator as such, cannot i n a l l fairness be laid at the door of those who compile medical dic tionaries, some of whom—like Pierre Lépine of the Pasteur Institute—are eminent medical men, as they understandably and rightly wish to avoid being charged w i t h the sin of omission and consequently feel that they should include a l l known names (however obsolete or obsolescent). A desirable approach to this problem is to call the disease by the name under which i t is listed i n E n g l i s h reference works on path ology or i n such general medical references as the " M e r c k M a n u a l of Diagnosis a n d Therapy." A number of pathological conditions i n E n g l i s h have retained the original French, German, or other foreign name. Thus, the form of epilepsy i n which there are severe convulsions and loss of consciousness is known i n E n g l i s h as grand mal; the mild form, i n which vertiginous or other sensations take the place of convulA Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.


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sions, is called petit mal. Such designations should not be translated. A rather curious condition, to cite an example from German, is Witzelsucht, also known as such i n English. This is the designation for a psychopathological condition marked by the making of poor jokes and puns and the telling of pointless stories, at which the patient is himself intensely amused. A s i n E n g l i s h , a number of medical terms i n both German and F r e n c h have a chameleonlike quality; their meaning changes w i t h the context. Thus, Blase can refer to "bladder," "vesicle," or " b l i s t e r , " depending on whether the context sug gests anatomy, embryology, or pathology. Kreuzung means " h y b r i d i z a t i o n " i n biol ogy and "decussation" or " c h i a s m a " i n neurology. In surgery, Schnitt is an " i n c i sion," but i n histology it is a "section" or a " s l i d e . " When used i n an anatomical sense, Zàpfchen means " u v u l a , " but i n pharmacology it means "suppository." In the one field of anatomy alone certain terms w i l l have different E n g l i s h equivalents, depending on the part of the body involved. Kammer denotes both the " v e n t r i c l e " of the heart or b r a i n and the "chamber" of the eye. Bein is generally " l e g , " a l though i t frequently refers to "bone," especially i n combining forms. In derma tology, Lederhaut is the German word for the " c o r i u m , " or "true s k i n , " but i n ophthalmology it refers to the "sclerotic coat" of the eye. A n example from Ger man which has two almost antithetical meanings is Herzschlag. In physiology, it means "heartbeat," but i n pathology it refers to "cardioplegia," or paralysis of the heart—obviously a difference not to be taken lightly. The term Beschwerden, which is frequently used i n German clinical case his tories, w i l l only occasionally be correctly translatable as "complaints." In most i n stances it has the weight of what an E n g l i s h medical writer would call "subjective symptoms" or just "symptoms." A n d no matter how difficult or annoying a German text may be to decipher, Halsweh is nothing more than a "sore t h r o a t " and should not be rendered as " p a i n i n the neck." F r e n c h medical terminology also contains a number of terms which do double or even triple duty. Ampoule is an "ampoule" to the pharmacist or laboratory technician; but to the pathologist it is a " b l i s t e r " or a "vesicle." Loupe is a " m a g n i f y i n g g l a s s " i n the field of optics; i n pathology it denotes a "sebaceous c y s t " or "atheroma." In pharmacology, pilon is a "pestle" or " s t a m p e r " ; i n orthopedics, it is the F r e n c h term for an " a r t i f i c i a l leg." In a chemical text tampon is the equivalent of "buffer," but i n therapeutics it means "pledget," " t a m p o n , " or " s w a b . " F i n a l l y , tourniquet is the term for the instrument used for the compression of a blood vessel, and as such i t has the same meaning i n E n g l i s h . A s a pathological condition, however, it is one of the French names for what we call "Gerlier's disease" or "endemic paralytic vertigo." A general F r e n c h expression which is widely used i n case-history descriptions is au niveau de, as i n the phrase : " L e malade avait une inflammation au niveau des articulations." This should not be translated l i t e r a l l y as an "inflammation at the level of the joints," but simply as an "inflammation of the joints." In the preface to his " D i c t i o n a r y of New Medical Terms," first published at the t u r n of the century, George M . Gould wrote: Our modern language of medicine is unique i n that it is made up of the u n changed and undigested materials and relics used or contributed during its entire history. The persisting substratum is L a t i n , upon which has been placed a mass of pseudo-Greek words not physiologically created nor grown by n a t u r a l philologie methods, but springing Minerva-like from the brains of thousands of modern J u p i ters. These largely bear the marks of their parentage i n characteristics that do not, or should not, beget a spontaneous pride of lineage. Gould then says: F r o m a highly variegated medievalism that has, indeed, never ended, we have taken over another unassimilable conglomerate, and superadded are thousands of dissimilar terms derived from modern chemistry, biology, bacteriology, and many other sciences. . . . The result is before us : a huge and unassimilated philologie mass, many times greater than i t should be, the despair of medical students and of makers of dictionaries. A n d Gould might have added, especially of translators, who must grapple w i t h this "philologie m a s s " twice: first i n the foreign language and then i n E n g l i s h . R. J . E . Scott i n the preface to the first edition of this dictionary, suggested that A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.


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"scientists, when about to assume the role of parents of new words, should, when ever necessary, seek the aid of the man w i t h a knowledge of Greek, rather than undergo (without the help of a specialist) the pangs of etymologic labor, w i t h the resulting b i r t h of a linguistic monstrosity." This, therefore, is the problem we have inherited. The key to its solution— for those called upon to decipher foreign biochemical, pharmacological, and medical texts—lies i n the fact that about a t h i r d of the medical terminology i n German and well over half the medical vocabulary i n F r e n c h is of Greek or L a t i n derivation, this percentage being much higher for the strictly scientific element. There was a time, not so long ago, when the study of L a t i n , i f not also of Greek, was a prerequisite for the study of medicine. Today this is no longer universally the case, but some f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h these two f a r from dead languages w i l l obviously simplify the task of acquiring a basic biochemical, pharmacological, and medical vocabulary, not merely i n E n g l i s h but also i n German and especially i n French. B u t , to quote from L l o y d W . Daly's "Fundamentals of Medical E t y m o l o g y " (part of the " A m e r i c a n Illustrated Medical D i c t i o n a r y " ) , "since i t no longer seems economical to learn to read the two languages for this purpose, some short cut to the necessary informa tion is needed, and again experience has shown that certain fundamentals of vocab ulary and linguistic principle can easily be mastered and are of great assistance." Such a short cut is offered i n the analytical word lists included i n most medical dictionaries today. One of the most complete lists of L a t i n and Greek prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms entering into the composition of modern E n g l i s h med ical terminology w i l l be found i n the "Fundamentals of Medical Etymology." Table III is based on various source references, chiefly "Webster's N e w Interna tional D i c t i o n a r y , " 2nd éd., G. & C. M e r r i a m Co., Springfield, Mass., 1953; " A m e r i c a n Illustrated Medical D i c t i o n a r y " ; "Gould's Medical D i c t i o n a r y " ; E . Veillon, " M e d i c a l D i c t i o n a r y " , Hans Huber, B e r n , 1950; "Dictionnaire Polyglotte des Termes Médii»caux"; and others (see list of medical reference works cited). The de rivative Greek or L a t i n words themselves are not given following each entry, although their pertinent E n g l i s h meaning or meanings are provided, and i n some cases this is followed by an appropriate explanation of how the prefix or suffix is generally used i n biochemical and medical terms. F i n a l l y , an example is given to illustrate use of the combining form i n both a German and a F r e n c h compound derivative. In view of the fact that there is as yet no agreement on the use of the German consonants c, k, and ζ in the spelling of many foreign terms of Greek and L a t i n origin, many prefixes, combining forms, and suffixes normally w r i t t e n w i t h c i n E n g l i s h and F r e n c h are frequently w r i t t e n w i t h k or ζ i n German. Thus, Antibioticum is written w i t h either c or k and Leukocytose can be written w i t h either ζ or c. Gen erally speaking, Swiss and A u s t r i a n journals prefer the L a t i n c, i n both the singular and the p l u r a l ; German journals tend to favor the k. In Table III, however, these alternative spellings have not been entered. F o r German medical words of Greek or L a t i n origin written w i t h a k or z, therefore, the pertinent prefix, combining form, or suffix w i l l be found spelled w i t h c. M a n y of the more obvious medical pre fixes and combining forms, such as "pharmaco-," "psycho-," "sanguino-," "musculo-," and "pulmo-," have not been listed. M a n y related terms are derived from both the L a t i n and the Greek word for a given concept. Thus, cancérigène comes from the L a t i n word for cancer and carcinomateux from the Greek word for cancer; Ovogenese comes from the L a t i n word for egg and Oogenese from the Greek word for egg. Conclusion

When he undertook to prepare this paper, the author developed what i n retro spect he would diagnose as a m i l d case of mental onychophagia, not because of any latent lalophobia when addressing a select audience, but rather because of a con genital condition of periodic logagraphia and chronic ergophobia—a serious syn drome, and one which reflects the highly infectious nature of the subject matter. W h a t is meant is that when first faced w i t h the prospect of having to work out this paper he was mentally b i t i n g his fingernails (onychophagia), not because of any extreme dislike for public speaking (lalophobia), but because of a periodic i n a b i l i t y to express ideas i n w r i t i n g (logagraphia) and a morbid dread of work (ergophobia).


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However, i f he has succeeded i n assembling material that may be of some help i n translating or abstracting F r e n c h and German medical texts, he w i l l derive con siderable comfort from the fact that the above syndrome, serious as i t is, may yet allow a favorable prognosis. Literature Cited

(1) Fischbach, Henry, J. Chem. Educ, 30, 388 (1953). Suggestions for Translat i n g German, French, and Italian Chemical Literature. Table

I.

Medical and Pharmaceutical Dictionaries and Reference Works


English

(1) Fischbach, Henry, J. Chem. Educ., 30, 388 (1953). Suggestions for Translate Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1945. *(2) Dorland, W . A . N . , " A m e r i c a n Illustrated Medical Dictionary," 22nd ed., W. B . Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1951. . (3) Henderson, I. F., and Henderson, W . D., " D i c t i o n a r y of Scientific Terms (Biological Sciences)," 3rd ed., V a n Nostrand, New Y o r k , 1939. *(4) Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N . J . , " M e r c k Index of Chemicals and D r u g s , " 6th ed., 1952. *(5) Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N . J . , " M e r c k M a n u a l of Diagnosis and Therapy," 8th ed., 1950. (6) " N e w and Nonofficial Remedies." (7) Pharmacopeia of the U . S., Mack P r i n t i n g Co., Easton, P a . . (8) U . S. Government, Department of the A r m y , Washington, D . C , "Methods for Laboratory Technicians," 1941. French

(9) Dabout, E . , and Neveu, R., " P e t i t Dictionnaire de Médecine (Expressions Techniques de Médecine," 16th éd., L i b r a i r i e Maloine, P a r i s , 1953. 1949. *(10) Garnier, M . , Delamare, V . , and Delamare, J . , "Dictionnaire des Termes Techniques de Médecine," 16th éd., L i b r a i r i e Maloine, P a r i s 1953. *(11) Jones, J . Morgan, Publications, Montreal, Canada, "Guide Pharmaceutique," 1954. (12) Lovasy, E . , and Veillon, E . , "Dictionnaire des Termes d'Anatomie, d'Embry ologie, et d'Histologie," L i b r a i r i e Maloine, P a r i s , 1954. *(13) "Vade-mecum de Médecine Pratique. Formulaire A s t i e r , " 10th éd., Editions du Monde Médical, P a r i s , 1951. German

(14) Abderhalden, Rudolf, "Medizinische Terminologie (Wôrterbuch des gesamten Medizin und der verwandten Wissenschaften)," Benno Schwabe und Co., Basel, 1948. *(15) Brezina, E r n s t , "Medizinisches Wôrterbuch," U r b a n & Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 1948. Bilingual and

Multilingual

(16) Clairville, A . L., "Dictionnaire Polyglotte des Termes Médicaux," S.I.P.J.C.O., P a r i s , 1950. French w i t h German, E n g l i s h , and L a t i n cross indexes. (17) Lejeune, F r i t z , "Wôrterbuch f u r A r z t e , " Georg Thieme V e r l a g , Stuttgart, 1951. German-English, English-German. *(18) Lépine, Pierre, "Dictionnaire des Termes Médicaux et Biologiques," Editions Médicales F l a m m a r i o n , P a r i s , 1952. F r e n c h - E n g l i s h , English-French. *(19) Meyers, M . K., " L a n g ' s German-English Dictionary," 4th éd., Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1932. *(20) Peyser, A l f r e d , " P a r s pro T o t o — B r e v i a r i u m Medicum Internationale," A l m quist & W i k s e l l , Stockholm, 1950. Dictionary of medical abbreviations. (21) Schoenewald, F . S., " G e r m a n - E n g l i s h Medical Dictionary," Η. Κ. Lewis & Co., London, 1949. *(22) Veillon, Emmanuel, " M e d i c a l Dictionary," Grune & Stratton, N e w Y o r k , 1950. English^French-German, French-German-English, German-English-French. * These references are especially recommended because of their comprehen siveness, reliability, and general usefulness. A Key to PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1956.

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Major Categories and Types of Therapeutic Agents and Their French and German Equivalents

This list does not include categories of therapeutic agents which are used i n the treatment of a specific disease (antisyphilitics, antimalarials, antitetanics, etc.), or those belonging to a family of chemotherapeutic agents (barbiturates, arsenicals, sulfa drugs, etc.). F o r reasons of space, German compound words ending i n -mittel (agents) are here abbreviated to -m., and the noun Mittel, to M . Abortifacients Absorbents or absorbefacients Activators Adjuvants Adrenolytics


Alteratives Analeptics Analgesics Anaphrodisiacs Anesthetics Angiotonics Anhidrotics or antihidrotics Anodynes Antacids Antalgics or Antalgesics Antemetics Antibiotics Anticatalysts

abortif s ; Abtreibungsm. absorbants, résorbants ; Absorbentia, Resorbentia substances d'action; Aktionsstoffe ad 'uvants ; Adjuventen, Hilfsm. andrénolytiques ; adrenolytische M . modificateurs ; umstimmende M. analeptiques ; Analeptica analgésiques ; Analgetica, Schmerzstillungsm. anaphrodisiaques ; Anaphrodisiaca, geschlechtsvermindernde M . anesthésiques ; Anaesthetica, Betaubungsm. angiotoniques ; Blutdruckerhôhende M . anhidrotiques ; Anthidrotica

calmants; Linderungsm. antiacides; sâurebindende M . antalgiques ; Antalgica, Schmerzstillungsm. antiémétiques ; Antemetica antibiotiques ; Antibiotica anticatalysateurs ; Antikatalysatoren Anticoagulants anticoagulants ; A n t iko agulantien Anticonvulsants anticonvulsifs, anticon v u l s a n t s ; krampflosende M . Spasmolytica Antidiarrheals antidiarrhéiques ; Antidiarrhoica Antidiuretics antidiurétiques ; Antidiuretica Antidotes antidotes; Antidoten, Gegenm., Gegengifte Antiferments antiferments ; A n t i f ermente Antigens antigènes; Antigène A n t ( i ) helminthics antihelmintiques, anthelmintiques; W u r m m . , A n thelminthica Antihemolytics a-^tihémolytiques ; antihemolytische M . Antihemorrhagics antihémorragiques ; blutstillende M . Antihistaminics antihistaminiques ; Antihistamine, Antihistaminstoife Antiparasitics antiparasitaires ; Antiparasitica Antiphlogistics antiphlogistiques ; Antiphlogistica

causing abortion promoting absorption rendering another substance active assisting other remedies inhibiting action of adrenergic nerves re-establishing healthy functions stimulating central nervous system relieving pain repressing sexual desire causing insensibility increasing vascular tension checking sweat secretion relieving pain counteracting acidity relieving pain relieving nausea, vomiting destroying bacteria retarding catalyzer action delaying blood coagulation acting against convulsions counteracting

diarrhea

checking u r i n a r y

secretion

counteracting a poison preventing fermentation inciting antibody formation destroying worms preventing

hemolysis

stopping hemorrhage counteracting histaminic action destroying

parasites

reducing inflammation or fever


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Antipruritics Antipyretics Antiseptics Antispasmodics Antisudorifics Antithermics Antitoxins


Antitussives Antivenoms or antivenins Aperients Aperitives Aphrodisiacs Arcana Aromatics Astringents Bactericides Bacteriolytics Bacteriostatics Bechics Bronchodilators Cardiotonics Carminatives Catalytics Cathartics Caustics Cholagogues Choleretics Contraceptives Convulsants Cordials Cosmetics Decongestives Demulcents Deodorants Depilatories Depressants

antiprurigineux, a n t i p r u r i tiques; jucklindernde or juckstillende M . antipyrétiques ; Fieberm., Antipyretica antiseptiques, stérilisants ; Antiseptica antispasmodiques ; Spasmolytica, krampflosende M . antisudoraux; schweisslindernde M . antithermiques ; Antithermica antitoxiques, contrepoisons ; antitoxische M . See " B e c h i c s " antivenimeux, antivénéneux ; Gegengifte purgatifs légers; erôffnende M . apéritifs; A p e r i t i v a , appetitanregende M . aphrodisiaques; Aphrodisiaca arcanes; Geheimm. aromatiques; Aromatica, aromatische M . astringents ; Adstringentia bactéricides; bakterizide M . bactériolytiques ; bakteriolytische M . bactériostatiques ; bakteriostatische M . béchiques; Hustenm. bronchodilatateurs ; Luftwegeerweiternde M . cardiotoniques, tonicar diaques ; Cardiotonîca, Herzm. carminatifs; Carminativa, Blâhungsm., windtreibende M. catalysateurs, catalyseurs ; Katalysatoren, Kontaktstofïe cathartiques ; K a t h a r t i c a caustiques; A t z m . cholagogues; Cholagoga cholérétiques ; gallentreibende or gallensekretionsfôrdernde M . anticonceptionnels ; konzeptionsverhutende M . convulsifs; krampferregende M . cordiaux; herzstârkende M . cosmétiques; H a u t m . décongestionnants ; blutandrangverhindernde M . , schleimhautabschwellende M . adoucissants; mildernde or erweichende M . , Linderungsm. désodorisants : Desodorantia dépilateurs ; Enthaarungsm. dépresseurs ; depressorische or herabstimmende M .

relieving itching reducing fever inhibiting bacteria and preventing putrefaction relieving spasms or convulsions checking excessive sweating cooling agents counteracting toxins counteracting snake venom mild

purgatives

stimulating appetite exciting sexual impulse secret medicines, or nostrums stimulants with spicy odor causing contraction and arresting discharges destroying bacteria dissolving bacteria arresting bacteria growth or multiplication cough remedies expanding lung a i r passages strengthening heart action relieving

flatulence

causing catalysis causing purgation corroding, burning, destroying l i v i n g tissue stimulating bile flow See "Cholagogues" preventing

conception

causing convulsions stimulating heart action beautifying agents reducing congestion soothing i r r i t a t i o n or abraded surfaces removing offensive odors removing hair diminishing functional activity


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producing derivation or w i t h drawing blood from seat of disease depriving of sensation

Derivatives

dérivatifs, révulsifs; ableitende M .

Desensitizers

Digestives or digestants Disinfectants

désensibilisants ; Desensibilisierungsm. promoting dryness dessicatif s ; Desikationsm., Austrocknungsm., austrocknende M . détersifs; Detergentia cleansing agent diaphorétiques ; Diaphoretica, stimulating perspiration Schwitzm., schweisstreibende M . digestifs; verdauungsstimulating digestion fordernde M . désinfectants; Desinfektionsm. freeing from infection

Ecbolics

ecboliques ; Wehenm.

Emetics

émétiques, vomitifs; Emetica, Brechm. emmenagogues; Emmenagoga emollients; mildernde or erweichende M . émulgents; emulgierende M . épilatoires ; Enthaarungsm. épispastiques ; Hautreizm. sternutatoires ; Niesm.

Desiccants Detergents Diaphoretics


A N D GERMAN

Emmenagogues Emollients Emulgents Epilators Epispastics Errhines Escharotics Excipients

excipients; formgebende M .

Excitants

excitants ; Reizm.

Expectorants

expectorants ; Expektorantien

Febrifuges

fébrifuges; Febrifuga, Fieberm. fixateurs; Fixateure, Fixierungsm.

Fixatives Fungicides

fongicides; fungicide M .

Galactagogues

galactagogues ; Galactagoga, Lactagoga germicides; keimtotende M .

Germicides Hematopoietics Hemostatics Hydragogues Hypertensors Hypnagogues Hypnotics Hypotensors

producing uterine tions causing vomiting

contrac

stimulating menstrual flow softening, soothing agents stimulating bile/urine flow removing h a i r blistering agents promoting nasal discharge See " C a u s t i c s " conferring suitable prescrip tion consistency when added producing functional or cerebral excitation stimulating expulsion of mucus, etc., by spitting reducing fever fixing agents used i n histo logic or pathologic speci men preparation destroying fungi increasing milk secretion destroying germs

hématopoïétiques ; blutbildende promoting formation of blood or hâmatopoetische M . hémostatiques, hémostyparresting flow of blood tiques; Hâmostyptica hydragogues; Hydragoga producing watery discharge, especially from the bowels hypertenseurs ; blutincreasing blood pressure druckerhôhende M . hypnagogues ; Hypnagoga, inducing sleep or drowsiness einschlâfernde M . hypnotiques, somnifères, inducing sleep narcotiques ; Schlaf m., Betâubungsm. hypotenseurs ; blutdrucklowering blood pressure senkende M .

Inhalants Inhf itors

inhalants ; Inhalationsm. inhibiteurs ; Hemmstoff e

Insecticides Irritants

insecticides; insektizide M . i r r i t a n t s ; Reizm.

medicines to be inhaled suppressing or restraining an action destroying insects inducing i r r i t a t i o n


102

A D V A N C E S IN

Keratolyses

kératolytiques ; keratolytische M .

producing keratolysis

Lactifuges

produits antilaiteux; Milchabsonderung vermindernde M . laxatifs, p u r g a t i f s ; Laxative, Laxierm., A b f u h r m . lénitifs, calmants, sédatifs; Linderungsm.

checking m i l k secretion

Laxatives Lenitives


CHEMISTRY SERIES

loosening the bowels demulcent, mildly cathartic agents

Miotics or myotics Mydriatics

myotiques; Myotica, pupillenverengernde M . mydriatiques ; M y d r i a t i c a , pupillenerweiternde M .

causing pupil contraction

Narcotics

narcotiques, stupéfiants ; Narcotica, Rauschgifte, Betaubungsm. nervins, sédatifs; Nervenm.

producing sleep or stupor

Nervines or nerve tonics Obtundents Oxytocics Palliatives Panaceas Parasiticides Parasympath (ic) omimetics Parturifacients Patent medicines Pectorals Prophylactics Ptarmics Ptyalogogues Purgatives Pyretogens or pyrogenics Refrigerants Remedies Resolvents Restoratives Revulsives or révulsants Roborants Rubefacients Salivants Sedatives Sialagogues

oxytociques, ecboliques; Ocytocica, Wehenm. palliatifs; P a l l i a t i v m . panacées; A l l h e i l m . parasiticides; parasiticide M . parasympathicomimétiques, vagomimétiques ; parasympathikomimetische M . , p a r a sympathikuserregende M . agents provoquant l a p a r t u r i t i o n ; Entbindungsm. spécialités pharmaceutiques ; Patentmedizine calmants l a toux; hustenstillende M . préventifs, prophylactiques; Vorbeugungsm., Prâventivm., Schutzm. ptyalogogues ; Ptyalagoga purgatifs; A b f u h r m . pyrétogènes, pyrogènes ; fiebertreibende or fiebererregende M . réfrigérants ; Ref rigerantien, abkuhlende M . remèdes; Heilm. résolutifs, résolvants ; Resolventien, Lôsungsm. reconstituants ; Wiederherstellungsm. révulsifs; ableitende M . roboratifs, fortifiants; roborierende M . rubéfiants; hautrotende M . salivants ; speicheltreibende M . , Salivantia sédatifs; Beruhigungsm., Nervenm. sialagogues; Sialagoga

dilating the pupil

allaying nervous

excitement

See "Demulcents" hastening childbirth affording relief, but not cure cure-alls destroying parasites producing effect resembling stimulation of parasympa thetic nerves inducing or facilitating childbirth drugs protected by patent cough or chest disease remedies tending to ward off disease See " E r r h i n e s " See "Sialogogues" causing bowel evacuation inducing fever relieving fever, thirst curing or preventing disease promoting resolution or dis sipation of pathological growth promoting return to health or consciousness causing revulsion, or drawing of blood from one part of the body to another conferring strength reddening the skin provoking saliva allaying

excitement/activity

promoting salivary flow


FISCHBACH—FRENCH

Somnifacients Soporifics Specifics

See "Soporifics" inducing profound sleep medicines that have distinct curative influence on a par ticular disease promoting semen secretion

spermatopoïétiques ; samenbildende M . spirocheticides ; spirochâticide M .

Spirocheticides Sternutatories Stimulants Stomachics Styptics Sudorifics Surrogates Sympathicolytics Sympath(ic)omimetics

Teniacides Teniafuges Tonics

103

TERMINOLOGY

somnifères ; Schlafm. spécifiques, Specifica

Spermatopoietics


A N D GERMAN

destroying spirochetes

stimulants, excitants; Stimulantien, Reizm. stomachiques ; Magenm. styptiques ; Styptica, blutstillende M . sudorifiques ; Schwitzm., schweisstreibende M . succédanés; Ersatzm., Surrogate sympathicolytiques ; sympathikolytische M . sympathicomimétiques ; sympathikomimetische M .

See " E r r h i n e s " causing stimulation promoting stomach activity arresting hemorrhage by astringent action promoting sweating substances used as substitutes inhibiting autonomic nerve impulse transmission producing effect resembling that caused by stimulation of sympathetic nervous sys tem destroying tapeworms expelling tapeworms restoring normal tone

Topical agents

ténicides; Bandwurmm. ténifuges; Bandwurmm. toniques; Tonica, tonisierende M . topiques; Topica

Vaccines

vaccins; Vakzine, Impfstoffe

Vasoconstrictors

vasoconstricteurs ; Vasokonstriktoren, gefâssverengernde M . vasodilatateurs ; Vasodilatatoren, gefàsserweiternde M . véhicules; Vehikel vermicides; Vermicida

substances used for preventive inoculation causing blood vessel con striction

Vasodilators Vehicles Vermicides Vermifuges Vesicants Viru(li)cides Vomitants, -ives Vulneraries Table III.

vermifuges; W u r m m . , Vermifuga vesicants ; Vesicatoria, Vesicantia, blasenziehende M. virulicides; virustôtende M . vulnéraires; wundenheilende M .

causing blood vessel dilation excipients destroying intestinal animal parasites expelling worms or intestinal animal parasites causing blisters destroying viruses See " E m e t i c s " healing wounds

Latin and Greek Prefixes, Combining Forms, and Suffixes Used in French and German Biochemical and Medical Terms' 1.

aabacadafagamphianan(a)ant(i)ante-

medicines for local external application

negative away from, down See adto, at, toward See adSee adboth, doubly See apositive, up, through against, counter before

General Prefixes

apap(o)asatbicat(a)circumcocolcomcon-

See adaway from, detached, off See adSee adtwo, twice down, negative around See conSee conSee conwith, together ;



104


contracordedididiadi(s)eecefemenendoep(i)-

against, c o u n t e r See condown from two See diathrough, apart apart, away from out from out of See exSee eni n , on inside above, over, upon, after, in addition inside out of outside outside of, beyond half one seven six i n , on, negative i n , on, negative i n , on, negative beneath among inside i n , on, negative

esoexexoextrahemihenohepthexilimininfra interintrair-

II.

medimesomon(o)nonob-, ocparapent (a)perperipolypostpreproreretrosemiseptsub-, suf-, supsupersyn-, sy-, syl-, symteletetrtriun(i)-

Specific Prefixes and Combining

middle middle single, only, sole nine against, toward through, beside, near, a l so denoting abnormality five through around, near much, many after, behind i n time or place before i n time or place before i n time or place back, again backwards half seven under, below above, beyond, extreme with, together at a distance, f a r off four three one, single Forms''

acouacractinadenadipalballamylandrangiankylarachnarcharthrarticulâstheaurautoaux-

G G G G L L G G G G G G G G L

hear extremity, peak ray, radius gland fat white other, different starch man vessel crooked, looped spider beginning, origin joint joint See estheL ear G self G increase

acoumétrie, A k u s t i k acrocéphalie, Akrozyanose actinomycète, Aktinotherapie adénopathie, Adenom adipeux, Adiposurie albuginé, Alburnosen allélomorphe, Allergen amylacé, Amylose androgène, Andrologie angiologie, Angiom ankyloglosse, Ankylostomiasis arachnodactylie, A r a c h n i t i s archencéphale, archenteral arthrose, Arthropathie articulation, artikulâr Asthesiometer auriste, A u r i p u n k t u r autoséroréaction, Autotransfusion auxoflore, Auxokardie

babalneobarybioblast-

G L G G G

dysbasie, Abasie balnéologie, Balneotherapie barytron, Baryphonie biotype, Biopsie blastoderme, Blastophthorie

blepharbrachibrachybradybrombronch(o)-

G G G G G G

caccale-

G bad, abnormal L stone

go, walk, stand bath heavy, difficult life bud, child, a growing thing i n its early stages eyelid arm short slow stench windpipe

blépharospasme, Blepharostat brachiotomie, Brachialneuralgie brachycéphale, Brachyphalangie bradycardie, Bradykinesie bromoménorrhée, Bromidrosis bronchorrhée, Bronchektase cacophonie, Kachexie calculeux, k a l k i g



FISCHBACH—FRENCH A N D G E R M A N

L L L L L G G G G

calccalorcanc(r)capitcapscarcincardi(o)carycatcatacaudcavc(a)eccelcellc(o)encephalcerchancrcheilcheirochir(o)chlorcholchondrchrochroncilicine-cisclinocoel(i)ocolpcoprcor-^ corticcostcreatcrincrurcrycryptcunecutcyancystcyt-

L L L G L G G Lor G G G G G G G G L G L G G G G G L L G G L G G L L G G G

heel heat crab, cancer head container crab, cancer heart kernel, nucleus down, negative See cat tail hollow blind hollow room, cell common head wax See cancrlip hand See cheirogreen bile cartilage color time eyelid, eyelash move cut, k i l l bend, incline, lie down belly vagina dung image, pupil bark, r i n d rib meat, flesh distinguish, separate off shin, leg cold hide, conceal wedge skin blue bladder cell tear finger, toe tree tooth skin See dermband, ligament right twin, testis finger, toe double back hard force, power bad, difficult, faulty, defective, painful

dacrydactyldendrdentderm(at)dermodesmdextrdidymdigitdiplodorsdurdynamdys-

G G G L G

ectenter(o)erg-

Q out, outside G intestine G work, deed

G L G L G L L G G

TERMINOLOGY

105

calcanéoplantaire, Calcaneuswinkel calorimètre, kalorisch cancérigène, kankroid capiteux, Decapitator encapsulé, K a p s e l carcinomateux, Karzinose cardiotonique, kardiovaskulâr caryocinétique, Caryotheca catélectrotonus, Kathode catabolisme, katatonisch caudocéphalique, kaudal cavicole, kavernos cécité, Caecopexie céloscope, Coelophlebitis cellulite, zellenfôrmig cénesthésie, Coenobia céphalalgie, Kephalhâmatom cérome, Zerate chancroïde, f o r G m . cf. " s c h a n k r - " chéilite, Cheiloplastik cheiro-pompholyx, Cheirospasmus chiragre, Chiromegalie chlorose, Chlorom cholérèse, Cholangiographie chondrite, Chondriomiten chromatopsie, Chromosom chronique, Chronaxie ciliogénèse ; Ciliotomie, Z i l i a r n e r v cinésithérapie, Dyskinesie abscision, E x z i s i o n clinocéphalie, klinostatisch coelomique, Côliotomie colpite, Kolpokleisis coproculture, koprophag corémorphose, Koretomie cortico-surrénale, kortikospinal costo-vertébral, kostoklavikular créatotoxisme, Kreatoxikon endrocrinose, endokrin crural, K r u r a l i n d e x cryoscopie, Krymotherapie cryptorchidie, K r y p t e n cunéiforme, Cuneohysterektomie cutisation, subkutan cyanophil, zyanotisch cystite, Zystoskop cytotoxine, Zytolysin dacryocystite, Dakryorrhoe dactylite, Daktylogramm dendritique, Dendrit dentifrice, Dentikel dermatite, Dermatologe dermopathie, Dermographie desmopathie, Desmobakterien dextrogyre, Dextrokardie didyme, Epididymis digitation, Digitalis dinlocoque, Diplobazillus dorsoventral, dorsal durillon, Induration dynamomètre, dynamisch dyscrasie, Dysmenorrhoe ectoderme, ektopisch entérocèle, Enterokolitis ergographe, Ergometer




106

erythrestheeu-

G red G perceive, feel G good, normal

érythropsie, Erythrozytose esthésodique, f o r G m . cf. "âsth-" eupeptique, Eutokie

fascifebrflavfrontfund-, fus-

L L L L L

fascicule, Faszie fébrifuge, febril Flavoprotein front, nasofrontal infusion, Perfusion

galactgam-

G milk G marriage, reproductive union G stomach L freeze, congeal L twin, double G produce, originate G chin L bear, c a r r y G tongue G tongue, language G sweet See glucG Jaw G know, discern L walk L heavy G woman, wife

gastrgelâtgemgengeniogestglossglottglucglyc(y)gnathgnogradgravgyn-

band fever yellow forehead, front pour

flavisme,

gastrogène, Gastroileitis gélatinisation, gelatines gémellaire, gemmipar génétique, Genodermatose génioplastie, Geniospasmus gestation, Gestose glossite, Glossektomie épiglotte, glottisch glucose, Glukoproteid glycogénie, Glykogeusie gnathoschisis, Brachygnathie barognosie, Diagnose retrograde, digitigrad gravide, P r i m i g r a v i d a gynandrie, Gynàkologe

hâm(at)haplohapthelchem (at)hemohepatheredheterohisthom(o)hormhydathydrhyper-

G

hypnohypo-

G G

hyster-

G

iatridiile(o).

isoischi-

G physician iatrophysicien, Iatrochemiker G idiotrope, Idioplasma L l°wer abdomen, intestines, ileite, Ileostomie ileum See ileoiliothoracopage, Iliadelphus L island insuline, Insulom G rainbow, colored circle, iridocèle, Iridodialyse ref. to iris G equal, like isochrome, Isocytolysin G > haunch ischiocèle, Ischialgie

jactjectjejunjo(u)nct-

L throw See jactL empty, ref. to jejunum L yoke, join

i l i (o)insulirid(o)-

See hemsimple, single touch sore, ulcer blood See hemliver heir different, opposite web, tissue common, same impetus, impulse water See hydatabove, excess, extreme, abnormality i n amount, size, quality, etc. sleep d e r , below, diminution as to degree, amount, quality, etc. womb, uterus

galactagogues, Galaktosurie gamètes, agamisch

G G G G G L G G G G G

i m

o

w

Hâmolyse, hàmatopoietisch haploïde, Haplobakterien haptophobie, Haptotaxis helcologie, Helkoplastik hémangiectasie, hématogène hémothérapie, for G m . cf. " h a m - " hépatogène, hepatophlebitis hérédocellulaire, Herodotaxie hétérotropie, Heterovakzin histologie, Histophysiologie homogène, homolateral hormonal, Hormon hydatide, Hydatidenschwirren hydriatrie, Hydrarthrose hyperpnée, Hypertonie hyonolepsie, Hypnose hypohydrose, Hypocalcamie hystérocèle, Hysteriographie

n

nrD

jactation, Jactatio injection, Dejektion jéjunite, Jejunostomie conjonctivite, Conjunctiva



FISCHBACH—FRENCH

A N D GERMAN

TERMINOLOGY

karykatakeratkine-

See carySee catG horn See cine-

labilactlallaparlarynglaterleptoleuclien ( ο ) liglinguliplith(o)logl(o)umblutelyslymph-

L L G G G L G G L L L G G G L L G L

macr(o)-

metrmicromimet-

G long, large (often ab normally so) L bad, abnormal G soft L breast G breast G great, large G black G month G membrane L mind G denoting transition, change G womb G small G imitation

mnemorph(o)motmyel(o)-

G G L G

malmalacmammmastmegamelan(o)menmeningmentmeta-

lip milk talk, speech, babble flank windpipe side thin, narrow, weak white spleen tie, bind tongue fat stone speak, word loin yellow loose, dissolve water, ref. to lymph glands

107

karyogamie, Karyolyse Kataphorese kératite, Keratom kinesthésie, Kinâsthesie labiographe, Labiologie galactocèle, Lactobiose lalophobie, Laloplegie laparoscopic, Laparotomie laryngologiste, Laryngozentese latéroflexion, Laterognathie leptoproscopie, leptosom leucémique, Leukocyt liénographie, Lienomalcie ligamenteux, L i g a t u r linguocclusion, sublingual lipoblaste, Lipacidamie lithectomie, Hepatolith logasthénie, Logoklonie lombaire, sacrolumbal lutéine, Luteohormon lysines, Lyse lymphocytose, Lymphangitis macrocyte, Makrogamet malformation, M a l a r i a malacoplasie, Malakoplakie mamillaire, mammotrop mastopathie, Mastoptose mégastrie, Mégalomanie mélanosarcome, Melanodermie ménopause, Menarche méningite, meningovascular mentalité, Mentalsuggestion métastase, Metabolismus met rite, Metrektomie micro-organisme, Mikrospore sympathicomimétique, parasympathikomimetisch dysmnésie, Anamnese morphogénèse, morphotisch motricité, Motorik myélopoïèse, Myelocytose

myomyx-

remember form, shape move marrow, ref. to b r a i n or spinal cord G muscle G mucus

narc(o)necroneonephrneu(v)rnodnos-

G G G G G L G

stupor dead body new, young, recent kidney nerve knot disease

narcolepsie, Narkotismus nécropsie, Nekrose néoplasme, Neophilismus néphralgie, nephritisch névralgique, Neurasthénie nodosité, nodôs nosophobie, nosotrop

oc(k)uloedeodont(o)oieolig(o)omphalonc(o)onych(o)ooopht(h)alm-

L G G L G G G G G G

eye swell tooth oil few or lack of navel tumor claw, n a i l egg eye

oculocardique, okulâr oedème, ôdematôs odontogène, Odontoklast oleothorax, Oleinat oligodynamique, Oligophrenie omphalite, Omphalektomie oncologie, onkolytisch onychoïde, Onychophagist ooohorite, Oospore ophtalmoscope, Ophthalmoplastik

myoclonique, M y o k a r d myxome, Myxorrhoe



108

A D V A N C E S IN

CHEMISTRY SERIES

ororchiorthoossost(eo)ot(o)ovoxy-

L G G L G G L G

mouth testicle straight, right, normal bone bone ear egg sharp, quick or sour

peroral, oral orchiocèle, Orchiodynie orthopédie, Orthodontie ossification, Ossikulektomie ostéo-arthrite, Osteokarzinom otite, Otoblennorrhoe ovalbumine, Ovariocentese oxyopie, Oxytocicum

pachypanpar(t)path(o)-

G G L G

pachychéilie, panartérite, parturiente, pathogénèse,

pe(a)dpellpeps(t)phac(o)_ phagphakphilphlebphlegphosphotpht(h)iphyl(o)phylac(x)phys(o)pilplasplatypleurpnepneum(at)pneumo(n)podp (o)unctproctprosopopseudpubervurpyel(o)-

G L G G G

pédiatre, Pâdatrophie pellicule, pellagres pepsinogène, Dyspepsie phacosclérose, Phakoskop phagocyte, phagedânisch phakitis, Phakolyse philonéisme, Basophilie phléborragie, Phlebektasie phlegmasie, Phlegmone phosphène, Phosphor photobiologie, Photobakterie phtisique, Phthisiotherapie phylogénique, Phylogenie anaphylactique, Phylaxis physométrie, Physocephalus épilatoire, pilomotorisch néoplasme, Plastizitàt platypodie, Platykranie pleurosome, Pleurothotonus dyspnée, Pneograph pneumatoscope, Pneumatometrie pneumobacille, Pneumonozentese podalgie, Podobromidrose ponction, Renipunktur proctectomie, Proktocele prosopoplégie, Prosopospasmus pseudomyxome, Pseudomyopie puberté, Pubertât purulent, Suppuration pyélectase, Pyelographie

pyipyopyr(o)-

G G G

thicken all, every, universal bear, give b i r t h that which one undergoes. sickness child skin, hide digest lentil, lens eat See phaclike, have affinity for vein heat, inflammation light See phosdecay, waste away tiibe, k i n d guard air hair mold, shape broad, flat rib, side breathing breath, a i r lung foot prick, pierce anus face false, spurious adult pus trough, basin, ref. to pelvis door, orifice pus fire, heat

rachiradirenretrhin(o). rub(r)-

G L L L G L

spine ray kidney net nose red

rachicentèse, Rachianâsthesie radiologie, radioaktiv réniforme, Renographie réticulome, Reticulocyt rhinoplastie, Rhinophyma rubéole, rubrospinal

sarcschankrschis(z)sclersenssepsialsinsitsomatsomnsphen-

G flesh See chancrG split G hard L perceive, feel G rot, decay, p u t r i d G saliva L cavity G food G body L sleep G wedge

G G G G G G G G L G G G G G G G L G G G L L G

Pachyblepharon Panplegie Nullipara pathologisch

pyléphlébite, Pylorus pyogène, Pyorrhoe pyrogène, Pyrosis

sarcolyse, Sarkoblast Schankrôswerden schistccyte, Schizogonie sclérite, Sklerodermie sensoriel, Sensomotilitât septicémie, Septokopyâmie sialome, Sialodochitis sinus, Sinuspunktion sitiomanie, Sitiophobie somatique, somatotrop somnifère, Somnolenz sphénocéphalien, sphenoid



FISCHBACH—FRENCH

A N D GERMAN

sphygm-

G puise, pulsation

spiratsplenspor_ squamstearsteatstensterstercsthenstrep ( h ) -

L G G L G

109

TERMINOLOGY

G G L G G

breathe spleen seed scale fat See stearnarrow, compressed solid dung strength twist

sphygmocardiogramme, Sphygmotonometer respiratoire, Inspiration mégalosplénie, Splenopexie sporulation, Sporozoose desquamation, squamôs stéarrhée, Stearin stéatopygie, Steatitis stenothorax, Stenostomie astéréognosie, stereognostisch stercorémie, Stercobilin asthénie, sthenisch streptobacille, Strephopodie

tachytelten(o)thelthermthithoracthrombthymthyrtoctoxtrachetracheltraumattrichtroptrophtyphl-

G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G

speed, swift end ref. to a tendon teat, nipple heat sulfur chest lump, clot spirit s h i e d , rel. to thyroid childbirth poison windpipe neck wound hair t u r n , react nurture blind

tachycardie, Tachypnoe télencéphale, Teleangitis ténodèse, Tenontodynie thélite, Thelorrhagie thermochimie, Thermâsthesie thiochrome, Thiourea thoracopage, Thorakoschisis thrombopathie, Thrombose thymogène, Hyperthymie thyréopexie, Thyreoiditis oxytocique, Dystokie toxicose, Toxikodermie trachéophonie, Tracheopyosis trachelhématome, Trachelismus traumatopnée, Traumatologie hypertrichose, Trichitis tropomètre, Tropismus trophopathie, trophisch typhlolexie, Typhlologie

ulo-

G rel. to the gums

ulotomie, Ulorrhagie

vasvesicvit-

L vessel L bladder L life

vasectomie, Vasalgie vésiculite, prostaticovesical vitalisme, Vitalitât

xanth-

G yellow, blond

xanthopsie, Xanthodermie

zo(o)zygzym-

G life, animal G yoke, union G ferment

zoogénique, Zoonose zygomatique, Zygapophyse enzyme, zymogen

III.

Specific Suffixes

cholagogue, Emmenagogum pellagre, Podagra thélalgie, Rheumatalgie oxyaphie, Amblyaphie

-agogue(-gum) -agra(-e) -algie -aphie

G G G G

-cele

G tumor, hernia, protrusion G puncture L cut, k i l l G breaking down G instrument for breaking

myelocele, Kolpocele

-ectomie -e(â)mie

G CT't °ut, excision G blood, denotes a condi tion of the blood or sn ingredient i n blood

hystérectomie, Appendektomie anémie, Toxâmie

-dynie

G pain

protodynie,

-eurynter

G

metreurynter, Hystereurynter

-centese -cid(e) -clasie(-s) -clast

leading, inducing attack, seizure pain touch

0

dilate

paracentèse, Enterozentese bactéricide, fungicid cytoclasie, Mucoclasis crânioclaste, Myeloclast

Pododynie



110

-ferent -fuge(-a)

L bear, carry L flee, expel

efferent, afferent vermifuge, Febrifuga

-genese -gramm(e)

G production G write, record

-graph (i)e

G write, record

lactogénèse, Gamogenese encéphalogramme, E i e k t i okardiogramm sphygmographe, Splenographie

-ite, -itis

G denoting inflammation

thyroïdite, Myelitis

-logie

G discourse, treatise upon sitiologie, Somatologie or science of G loosening, dissolving, sep autolysis, Glykolyse aration into constituent parts


-lyse

-mycet(e)

G soft, abnormal softness G mental aberration G great, large (ab normally so) G part G measure, instrument for measuring G fungus

-od(e) -odynie -oid(e) -om(e) -op (s)ie

G G G G G

-page(-gus) -pathie

thoracopage, Sternopagus G fix, make fast G a condition of disease, also hépatopathie, Kardiopathie a method of cure G lack, deficiency érythropénie, Thrombopenie G digest dyspepsie, Autopepsie G fixation orchidopexie, Typhlopexie aérophagie, Bacteriophage G eat périphère, Peripherie G bear, support neutrophile, eosinophil G affinity for ergophobie, Gynàkophobie G dread, morbid or exaggerated fear bronchophonie, Aphonie G sound hébéphrénie, schizophren G mind xanthophylle, Chlorophyll G leaf zygophyte, Anaerophyt G beget, produce proctoplastie, Rhinoplastik G to form hémiplégie, Paraplégie G stroke, paralysis apoplexie, Kataplexie See -plegie chylopoïèse, Hâmatopoese G make, produce myelopore, Blastoporus G opening, passage

-malacie -manie -megalie -mer(e) -metre (-ter)

-penie -pepsie -pexie -phag(i)e -pher (i)e -phil(e) -phobie -phonie -phren(ie) -phyll(e) -phyt(e) -plastie(-ik) -plegie -plexie -po(i)ese -pore (-us)

myomalacie, Encephalomalacie mythomanie, Trichomanie splénomégalie, Gastromegalie monomère, polymer hématimètre, Myotonometer schizomycète, Blastomycet

form plasmode, Nematod pain, distress ostéodynie, Glossodynie form, similar i n shape, etc. fongoïde, typhoid tumor sarcome, Myxadenom see, pert, to eye or vision myopie, Xanthopsie

- r r (h)aph(ie) -rrhexie, -xis -rrhée(-ôe)

G break, burst, hemorrhage or excessive discharge G suture G break, burst G flow, excessive discharge or excretion

myorraphie, Orchidorrhaphie amylorrhexie, Angiorrhexis diarrhée, Galaktorrhoe

-scop (ie) -sclerose -som(e) -stase -stomie

G G G G G

thoracoscope, Sphygmoskopie cardiosclérose, Arteriosklerose chromosome, Autosom hémostase, Cytostase caecostomie, Typhlostomie

-rr (h)ag(ie)

look at, observe hardening body make stand, stop, inhibit surgical operation i n which an artificial op ening or passage is formed

hémorragie, Metrorrhagie


FISCHBACH—FRENCH A N D -taxie(-s) -tomie -trop (e) -troph(e)

G G

-ulus, - u l a , -ulum, -ola, -ion, -elluSj -illus, -leus -urie G

GERMAN

arrangement cut, an incision See Prefixes See Prefixes

TERMINOLOGY

111

ataxie, E p i s t a x i s ténotomie, Trachéotomie

diminutives

albuminurie, urine, abnormalities of the urine or of u r i n a t i o n

Hàmaturie

° I n view of the fact t h a t there is as yet n o agreement o n the use of t h e G e r m a n consonants c, k, a n d ζ i n t h e s p e l l i n g of m a n y f o r e i g n terms of Greek a n d L a t i n o r i g i n , m a n y prefixes, c o m b i n i n g f o r m s , and suffixes n o r m a l l y w r i t t e n w i t h c a r e frequently also w r i t t e n w i t h k o r ζ i n G e r m a n . These a l t e r n a t i v e spellings have n o t been separately listed. Some of t h e forms listed here occasionally a p p e a r as suffixes as well. b

c

Some of t h e forms listed here occasionally a p p e a r as prefixes a n d c o m b i n i n g forms as w e l l . 5, 1954.


RECEIVED N o v e m b e r


Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Medical Terminology in French

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