By-Products of the Meat-Packing Industry H . H . Y O U N G , Swift & Co., Chicaso, III.
M
UCH has been written and still more said about the wonders of by-product utilization in the meat-packing industiy. Analysis of the data reveals that all these developments are inevitable; they take place automati cally. This statement at first rings of heresy, yet it is substantiated by a num ber of facts. The meat-packing industry has been responsible to a certain extent for the utilization of its by-products, yet man3r other industries have contributed sub stantially to this development. The meat packing industry was not the first to manu facture lard, soap, glycerol, glue, and gela tin, although it has contributed many im provements and innovations to many, if not all, of these related industries. Other industrial firms not infrequently conduct experimental studies with by-products of
BY-PRODUCTS OF BEEF (su
BLOOD
rouposm
IOWIR
CINIER)
HIDES^ ClUt
1RIMUINGS COWHIOES BUUHIOIS KIPSKINS
-.
m
HOOFS. HORNS DEW CLAWS
M
BONES
(SEE
[PROiEcnvE c a n o n s pi ASΗR REIAROER not|ii;n»
m
BY-PRODUCTS OF VEAL BIOOO (AT HAIR
Λ
IOWIR
CfNTER )
IDlBlf * IMIOW
f CANDY •I MARGARINE 1 BAKING
01(0 STEARINE
becomes plentiful it becomes cheap, and when cheap enough it is worth while to do research in order to enhance its value. Gelatin from pork skins is one excellent case in point. Conversely, approximately 35 pounds of paunch manure are obtained from every head of cattle and money is spent to discard it as waste; it may offer an interesting reward for any research ex pended. The chart lists every by-product for which we have been able to trace the his tory. The total numbers of items under beef, veal, lamb, and pork are 41, 27, 28, and 31, respectively, a grand total of 127 kinds of by-products derived from dressed livestock. This number is large, but in cludes eight kinds of beef, veal, and lamb glands, and seven kinds of pork glands— a total of 31 by-products representing CONTINUED ON PAGE 1664
BY-PRODUCTS OF PORK
BY-PRODUCTS OF LAMB BLOOD GALL BAG BONES FAT. GLANOS
SEE UN01R BEEF SEE ALSO COMPOSIIE I OWE ft CENTER
H00ES G A l l BAG GIANOS BONES
' 'CAMEIS" HAIR BRUSHES • C U R l t O HAIR
COMPOSIIE
CAUL RUfEtE BRISJU I KIDNEY TRlMMlNl>S
-HIDE GlUl
LEATHER
, * I R A I ΙΝ MEMS
(f(lIING) EARHAIR — » TAU SWIICHES
S10CK
the meat-packing industry and in many cases develop new uses for these materials. Such research may be done independently or in cooperation with the laboratories of the meat-packing companies. Cases in point are the development of whole blood as a protective colloid stabilizer for as phalt emulsions and the use of keratin hydrolyzates a s plaster retarders. The important point is that the meat packing industry has capitalized upon and contributed substantially to by-product recovery and utilization but has not in vented it. The coal and coke industry was one of the earliest to promote recovery and utilization of its by-products. So long as necessity shows the proper parental responsibility for invention, we shall find increased utilization of meat-packing by products—if n o t within that industry, then within some other. When a product
SEE UNOER BEEF ALSO COMPOSITE LOWER CENTER
BLOOD (SEE COMPOSITE LOWER CENTER ) S KINS K I N S-- — LEATHER(iMMrie) f JEUlEO MEALS L N >FRESH Fl BACON SKINS ! J { CONFECTIONERY I'INIOIBIE INEDIBLE TRIMMINGS - 'TECHNICAL GELATIN
FROZEN l.GllAT.N- J
PELT
• CAlfSKIN
TRIMMINGS
FINE
CALFSKIN
RENNET ENZYME EYES INIOIBIE 1RIMMINGS INTESTINES IUNGS SPlEEN GUUEI PAUNCH PECK GENITALS Bl ADDER
FOR
GEIA1IN
LEATHERS
CHEESE
SEE
} WOOL — · TEXTILE FIBRES ANO FABRICS · COSMETICS | DEGRAS - - - · LANOLIN 1 SKIN · SHEEPSKIN LEATHERS - > SPECIAl SAUSAGE CASING SMALL INTESTINES SUTURES.RACQUET STRINGS GULLET WE ASANO PAUNCH PECK RENNET LUNGS S U UNOER BEEf
MIR
UNOER
BEEf
INEDIBLE TRIMMINGS G A l l BLADDER
1
HAIR-
-CLEAN
BRISTLES
&SK?
TEXTILES SUING PROTECTIVE COLLOIDS
PAODING. FILTERS INSULATION NUKRAFT L BRUSHES(eavM//riw/r»;
FAT (GREASES) (SEE COMPOSITE LOWER CENTER) ] BACK.CAUL. RUFFLE. CROWN. .LARD (-% LARD OIL LOIN. BRISKET. 1 HAM. NECK
(wan) V.
GALLSTONES ( RARELY FOUND IN YOUNG PIGS)
GENITALS EYES LARGE INTESTINES BlADOtR
BONES H S l E
C0UP0S,Tt LDWlR
CENÎEa
)
GLANOS PITUITARY
COMPOSITE OF BY-PRODUCTS COMBINED FOR UTILIZATION
WtASANOS MIDDLES •SAUSAGE
CASINGS
HUN£S
} WHOLE BIOOO
( Li AIHER (WISHING I PRBIICIIVi COLLOIDS )
I PLYWOOD ADHESIVE LIVE STOCK FEEDS [ PROTECTIVE COLLOIDS
~ · DRIED Bl
[HEMOGLOBIN
Bl ADDERS
Pi ASM A
PANCREAS PMUIlARY IHXROlU PARAlllYROlD SMPRARINAl PINEAL
ΡΗΛΗΜΑΠυΐίΓΑΙ PRE PARMIONS
OVARII S 1ESIIS
• - -
• »
BLOOD
ALBUMEN
(THERMOSETTING ADHESIVEs) ( U X T I l f PRINTING t DYEING)
MARROW ( PHARMACEUTICALS) 0RII0 BONES (NOVElllES) BONEMIALS PROIE IN (OSSIIN) | OSSEIN Gil AI IN (SEE PORK SKINS) 1 BONE GlUE (DRY LIQUID t ElEXIMl GIUIS )
--I
NIAISFDOI
OIL (FROM SHINS E. KNUCKLES )
BONE MEAL FEEDS (LIVESTOCK I POUITRY BONE MEAl FERTILISERS SPECIAL 80NE MEALS
F(IDS)
TESTES PANCREAS THYR0I0 OVARIES PINEAL SUPRARENAL LIVER STOMACHS DUODENUM INTESTINES )R0UNOS MIDDLES 1 BUNGS
CALCIUM PHOSPHATES BONI I0R WATER TREATMENT COPPER M0UI0S
SAUSAGE
· LEATHER DRESSING
•TALLOWS ( B E E E . l A M B E V E A l ) •GREASES (PORK)
TECHNICAL GELA1IN ' HIGH TEST GlUE
GR0U1 RENNET UVIR
STICK
IYIS
TANKAGE
IUN0S GUU Π HI ART ARTERY u A l l BAG SPlEEN PECK Ci NI l Al S PAUNCH INfOIBlE TRIMMINGS
-
> SULFATE 0
- .STEARINE
IT-
SOAP _F00TS
[-GLYCERINE TRfMflHYlFNl GLYCOL —
CYClOPROPAHE
MAONOGlYCt RIDES (EMULSIFYING AGENTS) POUITRY ^UVISIOCK SPECIAl
.
lARO(EOIBLE) , GREASE O I L , . v Η Α Π Υ ALCOHOLS ( ^ ' V e î ï î l )
TALLOWS (ΙΕΧΤΓ.Ε
t LEATHER
FINISHING)
, SOAP (TEXTILE LUBRICATION) (MllAL CUlllNb) (BURNING OIL )
INSECTICIDES. WHO KILLERS LUBRICANTS. CANDIES. CUTTING OILS. OH fOR METAL WORKING I POLISHES DETERGENTS. WEIIING AGENTS FINE CHEMICALS COSMETICS \ AMIDES. ALCOHOLS PHARMACEUTICALS AMINES. ESURS ΑΝΤΙ FREEH ACID CHLORIDES NITRllES NIIROGlYCf RINEE>0WDIR E. EXPLOSIVES) P1ASIICS (GlYPIAl RESINS) PLASIICWERS > EATΤΥ ACIDS
SPlEEN GULLET EARDRUMS EMBRYOS · LUNGS TRACHEA · G A l l BLADDER EYES · GENITAIS INEDIBLE TRIMMINGS TOES
•
(SEE
nan» )
STICK TANKAGE
[POULTRY EEEOS J LIVESTOCK FEEDS 1 SPECIAL FEEDS
UNOER BEEF HOOFS )
USED FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDIES A I INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING
(HlClOCRAPBS.PRINTfR HOllIRS CUlOPHAHl) GAUS10NES
(OF VALUE
10
ORIENTALS * REASONS UNKNOWN)
BILE — --> Bill AtlO PHARMACEUTICALS (ClYCOCHOllC TAUROCHOIIC. DEHYOROCHOlIC L DES0XYCH01IC ACIDS') WASH WA1IRS ( E H L U E N I ) J- * FAT AND PROIEIN CONCENTRATES (POUITRY t LIVESTOCK FEEDS) COOK WAIERS (STICK) PAUNCH MANURE
1660
GREASES ( I O W U
t SEE C0MP0SIM lOWIft CINIER
CASINGS
BlADDER
TAIlOW |CH0llSHR0l 1 SPHING0UY.fi IN
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
WASTE
CHEMICAL
AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
M e a t - P a c k i n g By-Producis C O N T I N U E D FROM PAGE
eight different glands. It becomes evi dent then, that, when counting the number of by-products, one must choose his basis carefully. To include the very large number of articles which are manufactured from primary by-products of the meat packing industry would carry the by-prod uct hypothesis beyond comprehension. Lard, compound shortenings, and mar garine are listed as by-products, whereas sausage products are omitted. Glands are listed as one item because they make up a class of raw materials from which the same general type of commodity is manu factured. In other words, the basis pre ferred is one in which the ultimate usage is the controlling factor. Any definition of by-products is subject to just criticism. Webster defines a by-product as "a second ary or additional product, something produced, as in the course of manufacture, in addition to the principal product". Such a definition precludes the possibility that a by-product might be a principal product—for example, lard, compound shortening, margarine, and soap. For this reason, we prefer the descriptive defi nition found in the Dictionary of Political Economy: "materials which, in the cul tivation or manufacture of any given com modity, remain over—and which possess or can be brought to possess a market value of their own". The dash aptly divides this definition into primary and manufactured by-products. The research involved is denoted by the phrase "brought to possess". Primary by-products, whether from beef, veal, lamb, or pork, number 28: Blood Hides Skins Hoofs Horns Dewclaws Hair Wool Bones Fats
1664
Intestines Glands Liver Spinal cord Bile Gallstones Sinews Genitals Stomachs Bladder
Eyes Embryos Lungs Gullet Heart artery Gall bag Spleen Inedible trim mings
1660
Primary by-products may be sold as such to other manufacturers who further process them into useful commodities, or they may be processed by the packer, be ing converted into secondary or manu factured by-products. These latter are relatively few in number: Poultry feeds Livestock feeds Special feeds Soap Grease Glycerol Tallow Lard Compound shortening Margarine Fatty acids Sausage casings! Sutures *• Strings } Blood albumen Hemoglobin Whole dried blood Pharmaceuticals Keratin meals Glue Gelatin
fix, for example, the number of items made from fats, but the composite chart illus trates the potential ramifications sug gested. The concept of tennis racquets, shoes, and bolts or screws as by-products of the meat-packing industry would appear to be somewhat extreme, even though gut, leather, and lard oil, respectively, are used in their manufacture. The meat-packing industry produces 2 8 primary by-products, and 29 manu factured by-products or a. grand total of 49 by-products.
from by-products grouped in the lower portion of each col umn shown in the chart
Industrial Toxins and War Production from animal fats and oils
from intestines, bungs, and bladders from liquid whole blood from glands, livers, spi nal cords, and gall from hoofs, hair, horns, dewclaws, and toes from bones, hide, and skin trimmings from skins and bones (ossein)
In the lower center portion of the by products chart is inserted a composite tabulation. The primary by-products at the left of this composite table are segre gated only as t o kind—blood, bones, fats, bile, wash waters, cook waters, and paunch manure. These materials are combined for handling, whether derived from beef, veal, lamb, or pork. The meat-packing industry further processes blood, bones, fats, cook waters, and wash waters into manufactured by products and these serve as raw materials for still more industries. I t is impossible to
CHEMICAL
"JV/TANUFACTURERS using such defense -*-*Α chemicals as toluene and benzene and, for that matter, T N T itself, may wejl be interested in a report by Harry N . Holmes [Science, 96, 384 (1942)]. He contributes evidence from Germany, Britain, and the United States indicating that these substances destroy vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the bodies of workmen exposed to vapors or to skin contact. Al ready some organizations give such work men 100 mg. of vitamin C daily to replace that lost. The results in general health and vigor have been encouraging. Since a lowered level of this vitamin results in weakness, its loss cannot be tolerated in war industries.
G-E Workers W i n $115,000 for Suggestions in 10 Months / ^ ENBRAL ELECTRIC workers this year ^-"^ have shattered all company records for worthwhile suggestions. During the first 10 months of 1942, employees were paid $115,000 for 12,250 ideas for saving materials or time in war production. This surpasses by a wide margin the best previous annual mark, $104,000 paid for all suggestions adopted in the full year of 1929.
AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
O l d du Pont Powder W h e e l s Scrapped for W a r T - J U G B iron wheels that ground out gunpowder in the Civil War, and later helped free Cuba and win the First World War, arc now to be hurled at the Axis in their final smash for America. T h e du Pont company is sending; the ponderous old powder wheels of its Eleutherian Mills, founded 140 years ago on historic Brandywine Creek, to the Na tion's mounting scrap pile as fast as dyna mite can blast them apart. There are 28 of the old wheels, each weighing 7.5 tons. Fourteen base plates, weighing 10 tons apiece, as well as sup porting gudgeons and operating cogs, are to be shipped to waiting steel mills. Some of the equipment, believed to be the oldest of its kind in America, was in stalled as early as 1814. A single set of the wheels will be preserved in its original mounting as a memorial to one of the coun try's first ventures in gunpowder making. The Eleutherian Mills were abandoned as an operating powder works in 1923, when smokeless powder, used first on a large scale during World War I, pushed black powder out of a leadership it had held for centuries.
Synthetic Rubber in A r m y Pontons Π Ρ Η Ε Army Engineers corps now is order ing only pontons or pneumatic floats made of synthetic rubber, it was revealed by Brigadier General Raymond F. Fowler, chief of the supply division, in citing exam ples Of the production speed and ingenuity which won for all Akron workers of the B. F. Goodrich company the Army-Navy " E " award. Gen. Fowler told how the company re duced drying time for the floats from 3 d a y s to 3 hours b y adopting a kiln-dry method; saved still more time by vulcan izing them instead of cementing; pioneered in the use of synthetic rubber in these huge articles because natural rubber was getting scarce; and "threw open its doors to other manufacturers, permitting them to use these time- and rubber-saving methods.
H e a v i l y L o a d e d Liquids Do Ή[οΐ Faze These Pumps W h i l e they handle clear liquids, Amsco-Nagle Centrifugal P u m p s just a s effectively handle heavily l o a d e d liquids. W i d e impeller clearance and slipstream im p e l l e r design reduce friction and are responsible for the high de gree of h y d r a u l i c efficiency in both the horizontal and vertical shaft types. P a r t i c u l a r l y noteworthy is the performance of Amsco-Nagle vertical shaft pumps. In installa tions calling for this type of unit, vertical shaft p u m p s have a chance to prove their efficiency and Amsco-Nagle P u m p s have proved their worth on numerous occasions. A 1VL>" type " S D " drypit p u m p with overall length of 2 5 ft. and total operating head of 4 8 ft. is satisfactorily handling sand-laden locomotive boiler m a k e u p water to a settling sys tem, for a western r a i l r o a d . Another Amsco-Nagle P u m p , a 2 " t y p e " S W " wet-pit unit, shown, is p e r f o r m i n g admirably handling s y r u p in a raw sugar refining
process at a Michigan beet sugar refinery. Like all Amsco wet-pit pumps, it has an inverted inlet. That is, liquid enters the water end from the top. This design eliminates a i r or gas binding and utilizes h y d r a u l i c thrust to coun terbalance the weight of the re volving parts. The supporting structures be tween water-end and floor plate both have an added p u r p o s e ; one serves as a discharge pipe and the other serves as a conduit for lub ricant to the submerged bearing, which is retained in a split yoke. This particular p u m p is equip ped with a screen on the entrance side to keep back large lumps of sugar from the dissolver. M a n y processing plants have found that Amsco-Nagle P u m p s are designed to eliminate p u m p ing problems frequently experi enced. The present wartime need for smooth, constant operation suggests their use. We will b e glad to review your p u m p i n g problems where the handling of solids suspended in liquids or vis cous liquids is con cerned, and submit recommendations without obligation. Send for a copy of A m s c o - N a g l e In dustrial P u m p Bul letin 9 4 0 .
W h o M a k e s It? Π Ρ Η Ε following rare chemicals are wanted by The National Regis try of Rare Chemicals, Armour Research Foundation, 33rd, Federal and Dearborn Sts., Chicago, 111.: thionalide (thioglycolic /3-amino naphthalide), ketene, dimethyl acetylene, protocatechuic acid, tribromocaffein, diamino diborane, trimethyl borine amine, indican, 2-desoxyribose, a-tetralone.
P25M Genuine Manganese Steel, "The Toughest Steel Known" Chromium-Nickel Alloy Castings for heat and corrosion Power Shovel Dippers. Dredge and Industrial Pumps Welding Materials for reclamation and hard-surfacing A M E R I C A N MANGANESE STEEL DIVISION ' I OF THE AMERICAN BRAKE SHOE & FOUNDRY CO. Chicago Heights, Illinois FOUNDRIES AT CHICAGO HEIGHTS. I I I . ; NEW CAST1E. DEL . DENVER. COlO . OAKLAND. CALIF . LOS ANGELAS. CALiF.; ST. LOUIS. M O OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
VOLUME
2 0, N O .
24*
DECEMBER
2 5,
1942
1665
thetic white sapphires, as measured by a special technique, indicates that the ma terial is among the hardest of all types of corundum, synthetic or natural. For all practical purposes, the synthetic material is perfect, the flaws being of a microscopic nature. This uniformity of structure is highly desirable on bearing surfaces. At the present time the boules are under mandatory allocation for distribution to cutters for essential industrial or military uses, such as jewel bearings of chronome ters, compasses, electrical, and fire-control or aircraft instruments. In such instru ments they are used in the form of ring, Vtype, and cup-type bearings. Other uses wherein the gems have been tested and appear t o have possibilities are as thread guides in textile manufacturing operations, as orifices for flowmeters and oil-burning equipment, and as insulators in gas-filled or vacuum thermionic devices. Indications are that they are also suitable for use as Diesel engine injector nozzles, as rollers for small needle bearings, and for brazed-tip metal cutting tools, particu larly for taking light finishing cuts on metals such as brass, aluminum, and mag nesium.
Engineering College Research Association Formed
Sapphire boules made by the Linde A i r Products Co. O n the left is a 200-carat boule which is typical of present commercial material. The other, a 1 9 4 3 model and one of the largest yet made, weighs about 3 5 0 carats, measures 2 3 / 4 inches long.
Domestic Synthetic Sapphires \
RELIABLE source of supply for s}mthetic white sapphires has recently been created b y The Linde Air Products Co., a Unit of Uniou Carbide and Carbon Corp. Until the war, synthetic sapphires and rubies were imported from Europe. With this supply cut ofi, however, America has had to develop its own sapphire-production facilities. This has now been accom plished to such an extent that the Linde company is producing enough synthetic sapphires to satisfy the war demands of all the United Nations. Synthetic sapphires are the same as natural sapphires in every respect except color and the method of their formation. The synthetics are made from aluminum oxide powder. To produce gems from this refractory material, it is necessary to melt highly purified powder in an oxygenhydrogen flame and allow it slowly to solidify in the form of a large single crystal, a process that must be under careful and rigid control at every step. N o t only must the high-purity material be fed at an exact rate, but the high temperature must be maintained t o an accuracy within only 1666
a few degrees. Production problems have been solved so satisfactorily, however, that jewel cutters can be assured of large, flawfree, and uniform "boules" that are eco nomical to cut and finish. The synthetics are removed from the furnaces as boules, each the general shape of a cylinder with a rounded end. Their weight usually exceeds 150 carats. White sapphires, which are the desired industrial product, are crystal-clear, being pure aluminum oxide (A1 2 0 8 ). T o facilitate cutting, each boule is split longitudinally before shipment. This operation releases locked-up stresses and assures that the ma terial acquires its normal good resistance to shock. As the half-boules are uniform in size and shape, they can be sawed, drilled, and ground by the same established jewel-cutting procedures as employed with irregularly shaped natural stones, but much more economically. The principal advantages of synthetic corundum for wear-resistant bearings de velop from its great hardness. According to Molls' scale it is next to the diamond in hardness. In turn, the hardness of syn CH
EMICAL
HP HE formation of the Engineering College Research Association by 73 engi neering colleg 4 from all parts of the country to cooj ί 4 e with the war agencies of the Governmi| and with war industry in the prosecution and promotion of re search needed for the war effort has been announced. Headed by W. R. Woolrich, College of Engineering, University of Texas, the council of the association held its first meeting in Washington, November 27. A close degree of liaison between the Office of Production Research and Development and other governmental and private agencies dealing with wartime research will be maintained b y the association in an effort to utilize to the fullest possible de gree the vast research facilities of the engineering colleges of the nation. The association will coordinate the re search activities of the engineering college laboratories and personnel for the task of conducting vital studies affecting war ma terials and production. In addition to Dean Woolrich other officers are: Earle B. Norris, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, first vice president; C. C. Williams, Lehigh University, second vice president; R. L. Spencer, University of Delaware, treasurer; Ivan C. Crawford, University of Michigan; Thorndike Saville, New York University; Samuel B. Morris, Stanford University; F. M. Daw son, University of Iowa; N . A. Christensen, Colorado State College; and G. M. Butler, University of Arizona, council. AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
