T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGI,\-EERING
844
ILLUMINATING OILS. Sulphur compounds in wick from sulSulphur in lamp phonates and sulcalculated to S. phates calculated Per cent. t o SO+
1 2 2a 3 3a 4 4a
Kerosene original. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kerosene original. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kerosene in 25 cc. residue.. Kerosene original. .
0.015 0.035 0.038 0.071 0.135 0 018 0.057
No SO3 Trace SO3 Trace SO8 0.0075 per cent. 0.013 None None
0.035 0.098 0.354 0.345 0.080
None 0.098 per 0.018 per 0.032 per 0.074 per
........
Kerosene original. . . . Kerosene in 25 cc. residue
.......
S.
1
2 3 4 5
Turbine oil..
.
Machinery oil. .................... Heavy gas engine oil
cent. cent. cent. cent.
GALENA-SIGNAL OIL COMPANY, FRANKLIN, PA.
TABLEI.-REL.4TIVE
SOLUBILITY OF METALS AND
MIDVALE STEELCo., PHILADELPHIA.
A NEW ALLOY WITH ACID RESISTING PROPERTIES.' B y S . W. PARR.
While marked advances have been made in the development of alloys with properties which render them resistant t o the corroding influence of the atmosphere, not so much study has been given to the production of alloys which would resist the solvent action of strong chemicals. This latter function of resistance to chemical action has been given over almost wholly t o the noble metals. However, there are certain 1 Paper presented at the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Kew York, September, 1912.
ALLOYSIN 25 PER
CENT.
NITRICACID. Percentage dissolved in 24 hours.
B y W. A. KOENIG. Received April 10, 1912.
Nov., 1912
specific requirements such as ordinarily call for the use of gold or platinum where the quantity of metal involved and the excessive cost of the same make its use almost prohibitive. These considerations have led to the studies herein described in which the effort has been. made t o develop a n alloy especially resistant t o nitric and sulphuric acids. A preliminary study was first made of certain of the more common alloys with a view to determining their relative solubility in nitric acid. An arbitrary strength of acid was chosen which was obtained by diluting the ordinary strong acid of 1.42 sp. gr. in the ratio of I of acid to 3 of water, making approximately a 2 5 per cent. or 4 N solution of " 0 , . The alloys employed, together with their order of solubility, is shown in Table I.
CARBOR DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BOTTLE.
Fig. I represents a piece of apparatus that is a great time-saver in making determinations of carbon in steel drillings. It consists of a round bottle having a t mercury trap a t 2 both the inlet and 4 outlet; these make Wa it possible t o weigh the bulb without removing the oxygen. The bottle is filled, as shown, with calcium chloride and dry soda lime ; the traps with a very little freshly d i s t i 1 1e d mercury. When filled, it weighs be tween fifty a n d sixty grams and Cop.ABSORPTION BOTTLE lasts for a t least one hundred determinations where the carbon content is about one per cent. The apparatus is so simple in construction that any fairly good glassblower could make it.
CHEMISTRY.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
Pure iron 99 .8% pure., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 Commercial aluminum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Monelmet 19.2 Nichrome, .................. 7.9 Copper aluminum, Cu 90, A1 1 0 . . 3.5 Nickel (79), 1.3 Ferro silicon 0.1
.........
The tests in Table I were based on the per cent. dissolved in 24 hours at room temperature. They are of value only as they show relative solubilities. Test pieces were used of approximately the same superficial area. The amounts dissolved expressed as percentages are sufficiently accurate for comparison. The range of solubilities varies widely, being from 100.0to 0.1per cent. The last two items on the list suggest the possibility of carrying the series further. Because of its physic4 characteristics of brittleness, lack of working qualities, etc., the last number, ferrosilicon, was not selected as affording a n encouraging basis for experimentation. The next to the last number however, the nickel chrome compound with a small amount of aluminum, was selected as a suitable type for further study. A series of six mixtures was arranged as in Table I1 wherein i t was sought t o determine the effect of the introduction of copper. Some such modifying element seemed necessary for the reason that the value of No. 6 in Table I was nullified t o a large extent by reason of the difficulty experienced in casting t h a t material free from flaws. The melting point of the mixture was extremely high, approximately I S O O O , and it was thought.that by the introduction of a metal of lower melting point a product would be obtained which would flow more freely and solidify without blow-holes. The series arranged, therefore, was a nickel-copper-chrome combination with decreasing amounts of copper and increasing percentages of chromium as shown in Table 11. Series So. Parts S i . . . . . . . . Parts Cu.,. . . . . Parts Cr.. . . . . . . Soluble in 25 per cent. HNO3--24 hours
1.
65 30
1
5
::%le
TABLE11. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 80 80 80 75 70 5 10 5 5 10 20 20 10 15 10 0.023 0.05 0.013 0.02 1.25 per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent.
The interesting fact developed in this series was the
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