May, 1924
IA-DUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
per season. This is a saving of 66 per cent and furnishes better service as well as being beneficial to the road surface. ROAD-BINDING EMuLsIoNs-The demand for road binders of the emulsion type has not, until now, been satisfied. The field is not only large, but an ever-increasing one. INSECTICIDES, DISINFECTANTS, Erc.-Tree sprays and disinfectants constitute a modern and important industry. The application of improper solutions is often deleterious and fatal. It has heretofore lacked efficiency owing to the inability to produce stable suspensions or emulsions. Colloidal sulfur is produced in powder or paste form as well as oil emulsions and extracts from tobacco. wATERPROOFINGS-Idea1 emulsions are made from asphalt or pitch for treating damp courses, stone work, and concrete. Such emulsions are also used for concrete floors in factories, etc. MEDICINALOIL EMULsIoNs+table emulsions of paraffin, linseed oil, malt, cod-liver oil, and the like. PHAKMACEUTICAL prescriptive preparations, such as “pink lotion,” have been easily and readily stabilized. PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS: EXTRACTS-There are more than two hundred of these processes, such as for tannin, ginger, atropine, and similar drugs by hyocymus muticus, quinine from cinchona bark, cocaine from cocoa, coffee, etc. The same process may be applied to any vegetable tissue for the extraction of chemical contents and essential oils for the manufacture of perfumes and similar preparations. If any material of a fibrous nature (providing it is not too tough) is passed through the mill, the powerful disintegrating forces a t work tear the fiber to pieces and expose the whole of the tissues to the disruptive action of the liquid medium. This is true for all meat and animal tissues and most vegetable tissues-. g., if chopped meat is used with a water medium (or other liquid), the whole of the soluble content is a t once passed into the liquid and the meat fibers remain free and quite colorless. A similar process is found in the breaking down of cellular structures such as kelp and other seaweeds for extraction and the production of cold soluble starch. EhluLsIoNs-The mill is peculiarly adapted to such products. SusPENsoIDs-These products are readily made stable with a proper protective colloid. Milk of magnesia is directly made by hydration and suspension in one operation. A 10 per cent solution will produce a paste or cream for a basis of toilet preparations. CLARIFICATIONS-This process includes chemicals and vegetable and fruit extracts. WAX-Emulsions of paraffin, montan, carnauba, Japanese, beeswax, and the like, have been produced for treating paper, corks, leather razor straps, and for laundry uses. DIslNTEGRATION-Solids and semisolids are readily disintegrated. The use of iron oxide suspensions for a wet process in gas purification is successfully carried out in England and is now being installed in the United States. Among other substances treated should be mentioned feldspar, glass for enamels, various colloidal coatings for paper fillers and sizing, colloidal salts, silver and the like for photographic processes, phosphate rock, sulfur, clays, printing and lithographing inks, lead arsenate, pastel pigments in gums, paints, enamels, varnishes, mineral polishes, zinc oxide cerate, and, in particular, the colloidal dispersion and suspension of coal and petroleum residues in fuel oils and graphite in lubricating oils and greases. FLOTATION OLs-The disintegration and separation of the tar and flotation oils and the dehydration of natural petroleum emulsions. GRINDINGOF WAXES-A~~chemicals of similar physical nature may be thus successfully treated. INT~NSIVE WASHINGS-The use of the mill for such processes is too apparent to need amplification. RUBBEREMULSIONS AND COMPOUNDS-A great amount of work In the production of artificial rubber latex from the crepe, various rubber emulsions, the reclaiming of scrap rubber from fibers and binders, and the removal OF sulfur therefrom, has been done in England with the mill, but the individual development Is secret and not obtainable. This work is now being carried out here. GRINDINGOF FIBERS-NOuse seems more revolutionary in its character than that applied to paper pulp and rag fiber for roofing felts, sulfide and soda pulp for paper stock, and the recovery of pulp from old newspapers. The newspapers are disintegrated and in the same operation de-inked by the addition of proper solvents to the water medium. Rag fibers, a mixture from the ordinary beater, are instantly transformed into a homogeneous smooth mass with a uniform distribution of the unequal and various fibers, which eliminates the manufacturing loss from “lumps” and produces an increase in tensile strength, a better felt, and more susceptible of perfect saturation of the waterproofing materials.
497
SELECTIVE SEPARATIoNS-The practical application of selective disintegration for purification or separation has been successfully proved in tests for the removal of silica, pyrite, and chalco-pyrite from clays, silica from residual carbon of mineral origin, sulfur washings from iron oxide, and the impurities in graphite. FOOD PRODUCTS-In the manufacture and preparation of food products in hotels, hospitals, soda fountains and in homes, the mill is important and useful. Ice cream compounds, flavoring extracts and sirups, chocolate and cocoa compounds, sauces, creams, fruits, regeneration of milk from milk powders, such as whole milk, skimmed milk, buttermilk, malt or similar products, baker’s compounds with powdered egg, are examples of work now accomplished.
The foregoing classification and specific examples, while covering the general lines only, will furnish the character of the processes and products which have been the subject of test and which should enable the reader to determine the application of the mill to his own problems. While the tests and demonstrations that have been made in the United States during the past year exceed two hundred, nevertheless, it is unfortunate that full and complete information regarding all the practical applications in England and on the Continent are not a t hand for publication. The reason for this is the apparent unwillingness of the industries to disclose the same, and, in most instances, information kiss been refused when requested. It has therefore been necessary to obtain most of these data through tests for American industries.
Cement and Concrete Investigation A broad and scientific investigation of the properties of cement and concrete will be undertaken by the Bureau of Standards in conjunction with the Portland Cement Association, of Chicago. The program, which is the result of many conferencesbetweenthese two organizations, has received the full endorsement of the Advisory Committee to the Department of Commerce on Cement and Concrete, and will be put into effect so soon as the technical forces can be assembled. It is contemplated that the Portland Cement Association will supply a staff of six engineers and chemists. This number will be augmented by a similar number from the Bureau of Standards. The entire equipment of the bureau for this type of work will be available. The committee was assisted in its conclusions by Assistant Secretary of Commerce, J. Walter Drake, and representatives of the Portland Cement Association, the American Concrete Institute, the Bureau of Standards, and the Division of Building and Housing, both of the Commerce Department, the Reclamation Service of the Department of the Interior, and the Navy Department. Besides utilizing the results of its own study of the problem, it is the purpose to secure from all laboratories, research institutions, organizations, and individuals, such information as they may possess regarding concrete which will permit the committee to recommend to the public the most improved methods for making and using concrete. The scientific research will include an intensive study of the chemical and physicochemical properties of Portland cements, of the raw materials from which they are manufactured, and of the products into which they are converted when used in concrete. The investigation will involve a study of the pure ingredients, the influence of rock impurities, and the natural deviations from the maximum composition, the temperature and time effects in manufacture, the reactions occurring in setting, the physical and colloidal behavior and hydration phenomena in setting, and the physicochemical influence of many extraneous agents possibly affecting the material in service. The following program has been prepared as a preliminary method of attack: (1) Study of available literature on the constitution of cements and related topics. (2) Consideration of related problems which have a bearing on the manufacture and use of cement. (3) Outline of tests: (e) studies of pure compounds; ( b ) studies of impurities, (c) manufacturing cements in experimental kiln; ( d ) studies in existing cement plants; ( c ) hydration of cements, studies of catalyzers, etc., (f) concrete-making value of rements
