632
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
brought into fruitful production or planted as forests. Rich bog lands could be drained. Scrub growth corners could be made permanent forests. Roadsides could be beautified and used for pasturage and fruit. Sheep-raising could be promoted to fertilize abandoned farms and t o produce mutton and wool. A further advantage would be that tractors could be used intensely, by sending them from farm to farm and keeping them in action sixteen hours a day. In the rush season, tractors drawing plows or harrows could be used twenty-four hours a day, with the help of artificial light supplied by the tractor engine, and operated by eight-hour shift labor. Housing the boys in central camps would relieve the farmer’s wife of the drudgery she now endures during the growing season, and would interfere in no way with the home life of the farmer. The boys could be trained in the Swiss military system, if desired, A steady hand and keen eye would be developed by competitive rifle marksmanship. REDUCTION OF “H. C.
L.” ASSURED
Three great fundamentals of living are food, clothing, and housing. Food is the product of agriculture. Wool, cotton, leather, and linen, the raw materials of clothing, are products of agriculture. Lumber, an important material in housing and in furniture, is a product of forestry, which is tree agriculture. The high cost of living can be reduced by abundant, cheap production of food, clothing, and housing. That result can be assured if this system of cooperation between education and
I
Vol.
12,
No. 7
agriculture be evolved and brought into general practice, as the result of our scientific research. The most highly perfected social organization in the world is that of the bees, who produce not only sufficient food for themselves but a liberal surplus for export to mankind, by their thoroughly organized food production. The plan proposed is essentially identical with that of the bees. Country life compels attention, observation, reasoning, foresight, self-reliance and sturdy health. The Elkhorn ranch transformed Roosevelt from a sickly youth to our best example of vigorous physical and mental American life; and boyhood on the farm was the basis upon which Lincoln and most of the great American mental leaders built their lives. The trends of civilization are swiftly flowing into a vortex of highly socialized life, directed by government And government is becoming an aggregate of applied science through engineering. The situation is analogous to that in industry when Cornell, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and other engineering schools, were founded to educate engineers of applied material science as directors of industry. A n extraordinary opportunity and duty confronts us: that we build a new social, intellectual, and spiritual structure, commensurate with our material one. For, as Anatole France recently said: “Whether we like it or not, the hour is at hand in which we must choose between being citizens of the world, or spectators at the death of civilization.”
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADE OF NORWAY
1
By 0.P.Hopkins 1824 BELMONT R O A D , WASHINGTON,
Norway is a thinly populated country with only a few notable natural resources, chief of which are t h e forests, fisheries, and water power. Of minerals, iron ore and cuprous pyrites are t h e only items t h a t need be considered. Not more t h a n 3 per cent of t h e area of t h e country is under cultivation, and it is estimated t h a t fully three-fourths of t h a t area are absolutely unsuited for agricultural development. Another serious handicap is t h e lack of native coal. There has been, however, a great accumulation of wealth as a result of t h e war, for timber, fish, a n d electrochemicals have been exported in large quantities a t very advantageous prices, and Norwegian shipping, i n spite of all vicissitudes, has earned splendid dividends. This wealth will be used t o develop native industries and will be p u t into hydroelectric projects, into t h e development of a real iron and steel industry, and into agriculture. Before t h e war Norway had been exporting a few dairy products, b u t importing cattle feed and cereals, and t h e disadvantages of such a n arrangement have been amply demonstrated during t h e last few years. Much of t h e wealth will naturally be spent outside of t h e country for equipment for t h e new developments and for a long list of necessities and luxuries t h a t were difficult t o obtain during t h e war. T h e American chemical industry will be interested i n t h e extent t o which t h e manufacture of electrochemicals is t o be developed and in t h e extent t o which dependence will be placed upon outside sources for other chemical products.
D. c. ELECTROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
It is estimated t h a t t h e water power available i n Norway is not less t h a n 15,000,ooo horse power, of which about I , ~ O O , O O O horse power are now actually utilized. It is widely distributed and, i n t h e absence of coal, electricity is commonly used t o a n extent a n d for a variety of purposes t h a t would be surprising even t o a n American. T h e greatest development has been along electrochemical lines, b u t there is an increasing call for current i n t h e metallurgical industries, and it is used liberally for power, lighting, and heating. Calcium carbide was t h e first product of t h e Norwegian electrochemical industry and production was so greatly stimulated b y t h e war t h a t t h e capacity has been wonderfully developed. T h e t o t a l o u t p u t in 1915 was estimated a t I O O , O O O tons, b u t large plants have been erected since t h a t time. I n t h a t year one concern produced 60,000 tons and another 30,000 tons. A considerable proportion of t h e carbide is now used i n t h e manufacture of cyanamide. As every chemist knows, it was cheap Norwegian electricity t h a t made possible t h e first commercial utilization of atmospheric nitrogen. Between 300,000 and 400,000 horse power are now used in Norway for t h e production of nitric acid, calcium nitrate (commonly known as “Norwegian saltpeter”), and other nitrates a n d nitrites. T h e future of this industry is considered very promising. There was a time when a great deal of iron was smelted i n Norway from t h e native ores, b u t even
J u l y , 1920
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
before the war this industry was declining with t h e rise in t h e price of coal, a n d after hostilities began most of t h e remaining plants were obliged t o close. Much attention is therefore being given t o t h e establishment of electric-smelting plants and there seems to be a good future in t h a t direction. One plant t h a t was in operation when the war began found i t very difficult t o obtain electrodes, but these are now manufactured in the country. Plans are under way for the development of a n electric steel industry in connection with the smelters. Electricity is also used in t h e production of aluminum, much of which is used in connection with air-nitrate plants, and in t h e manufacture of ferrosilicon. A good idea of the character and quantity of articles produced electrolytically can be obtained by studying t h e table of exports in this article. IMPORTAXCE
O F FISHERIES
I n value, t h e exports of fish and fish products amount t o about half of t h e goods shipped out of t h e country. Cod, herring, whale, mackerel, a n d salmon form the principal catches, a n d t h e by-products of the industry are of interest t o t h e chemist. Great quantities of oil are obtained from t h e livers of t h e cod, while the heads are used for fodder and fertilizer. Oil is also obtained from t h e blubber of t h e whale, the bones are crushed for use as fertilizer, and t h e flesh is used for both fodder and fertilizer. O T H E R CHEMICAL I N D U S T R I E S
As in Sweden, t h e production of wood pulp has grown t o striking proportions in Norway, and the manufacture of paper has become increasingly important. Exports of pulp amounted t o nearly 700,000 tons in 1913,t h e greater p a r t going t o England. Import restrictions in various countries and difficulties in shipping decreased t h e sales abroad, b u t t h e general demand since peace was declared bids fair t o continue and means renewed prosperity t o the Norwegian manufacturers. Oxalicacid is made from sawdust and is a n important item of export, t h e United States being one of the best customers. Matches also go into the export trade in large quantities, although t h e industry has not reached t h e proportions attained in Sweden. With supplies of native apatite, the manufacture of superphosphate has been developed t o the point where more t h a n 50,000 tons can be produced annually, as compared with a pre-war production of 20,000 tons. Before the war, Norway imported something like 1,400,000lbs. of soap of various kinds, a large quantity when t h e small population is considered. As there is a scarcity of oils suitable for the manufacture of soap, it is likely t h a t a good market will continue for imported soap. Before t h e war, England supplied t h e demand t o a large extent, but during t h e last few years American manufacturers have been doing about 40 per cent of the business and their products are enjoying popular favor.
633
STATISTICS O F PRODUCTION
There are no figures available t o show the quantity a n d value of the production of chemicals a n d allied products in Norway, but the following table will serve t o show the effect of t h e early years of t h e war upon such industries. I t has been compiled from official returns issued by the Government Bureau of Insurance : SOMEEFFECTSOF THE WAR UPON THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES -1913-1917'i
2s
VI
.-
. . . ........... ...........
...................... .......
............. ......... .....
.................
.3
0
4
3 Q
8
CI
INDUSTRIES Bone grinding. Calcium carbide.. Candles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemicals : Heavy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colors ..................... Electrochemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glass Glue ....................... Insulating materials.. Matches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oils and by-products ......... Paper and cardboard.. . . . . . . Perfumes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmaceuticals Refining oil., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refininz oetroleum. Soap. ...................... Soap, candles, perfumes. Tanneries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T a r paper.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Train oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of ores.. . . . . . . . . . Varnishes. Wood pulp : Chemical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mechanical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.-P
2 5 1 1
g 1.09 1.40 1.07 1.37
7 219 27 137 10 73 12 2,497 7 268 14 140 11 143 12 1,064 5 75 5 28 4 919 42 663 42 4,920 1 8 12 76
1.15 1.00 1.09 1.50 1.16 0.82 1.03 1.21 0.92 1.29 1.29 1.02 1.13 0.64 0.77
6 19 13 78 5 78 11 6 27 69
2 4 1 4
f
256 1.16 116 0.98 205 1.00 574 1.03 25 1.00 360 0.91 617 1.25 41 0.98 5.261 3,735
gao
0
7 1,063 27 297
1.17 1.03
4 5 15.3 1,654 24.4 14 25.7 404 24.4
11 381 32 243 13 162 12 4,847 8 570 15 106 9 87 16 864 6 95 3 58 4 928 51 907 47 5,390 1 5 12 92
24.4 18.8 19.0 31.9 21.7 18.0 19.8 18.0 16.3 16.9 20.4 22.0 18.5 20.4 19.6
17 12 83 9 82 17 6
109 265 736 52 295 1,455 42
18.8 16.6 20.4 20.9 18.8 30.6 23.3
27 67
5,099 3,010
20.9 17.4
7 '2; Zi:;
As Norway is seeking t o equip herself t o refine and work her own minerals, the following table is inserted t o show the materials available. The statistics are issued by t h e Norwegian Bureau of Statistics. PRODUCTION OF MINERALS 1913 Metric MINERALS Tons Silver and silver-bearing ores. . . . 5,411 Copper ores. 70,349 Pyrites (iron and copper). ....... 441.291 Nickel ore.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,990 Iron ore, ...................... 544; 686 Zinc and lead ores.. 897 Chrome ore.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Molybdenite and wolfram. 12 Rutile ........................ 77 Bismuth ore.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Graphite. ..................... 300 Apatite. 757 Feldspar 40,842 Other. 1,500
..................
............ ......
...................... ...................... ........................
TOTAL ......................
1 156 112
1915 Metric Tons 8,431 56,097 513,335 77.018 714;917 1,829 350 97 170 10
1916 LMetric Tons 7,515 28,670 295,354 79.903 417;899 1,017 2,757 137 103
1,901 8,778 380
12,811 5,640
1 383 313
TOTAL VALUE................ $5:753 1500 $1 1 :020:400 T H E MARKET FOR IMPORTED
.....
. .2,236 ...
..*..
854,042 $8,227,900
CHEMICALS
As already shown, Norway is displaying great activity along certain chemical lines, but i t should be borne in mind t h a t t h e variety of products is decidedly limited and t h a t almost total dependence is placed upon outside sources for t h e bulk of t h e articles usually described as chemicals and allied products. I n some of these lines American manufacturers have successfully entered the market since t h e war started and their wares have made a uniformly good impression. The character and extent of the requirements of t h e market
634
Vol .
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEiMISTRY
can be determined b y a study of t h e following table. which is based upon official figures published by t h e Norwegian Central Bureau of Statistics: 1917 Pounds 41. 010 23. 215 882 49. 653 604. 364 1,5.?;;427 1. 940
.539
1532 2. 756 10. 648 365. 187 3.762. 5 19 250. 578 1.774. 809 796 354 940.778 773 485 18. 327.136 1
~
264 246 3. 217 27. 935 ~
6 . 484 70 21. 332 12. 216 10. 692 104. 608 2.339. 568
i3;: 553 6. 371 1,284.386
2. Dyes and dyestuffs: Aniline and alizarin dyes Germany Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom United States Chemicals herbs. roots. etc., useA in dyeing Cochineal Dyewood extracts Indigo. Germany Explosives : Gunpowder. smokeless. including ballistite Other: dynamite and other explosives Fireworks Matches of wax. stearin. etc Other Miners’ fuses Friction tinder boxes Glycerol. Germany Netherlands Sweden United Kingdom Glycerol dip Hydroxides. n e s Insect powder Magnesium chloride Oxides, n e s Oxygen Perfumery and cosmetics: Creams and paste, solid or liquid Fumigating materials Hair oil Pomatums and cosmetics Toilet waters, alcoholic Non-alcoholic Phosphate of lime (for cattle feed) Phosphorus Potash Germany Sweden United Kingdom United States Caustic: potash lye Potassium chlorate Chloride Nitrate Germany United Kingdom United States R a t poison Rennet’ cheese coloring Salt *&pared for medical use Salts of metals. n e s 1 Not shown separately . 2 Under “fertilizer” in 1913
..... ................. .............. ............... .......... .............
........ ..................
........... .................... .................
........ .............. .................. .................... ..................... ............... ......... ..................... ................... ................ .................... ............ .................. .................. . ............ ........... . . ................. ......................
................. ........ .................... ...... ....... ............. ...................... ...................
....................... ................. ..................
.......... ............. ......... ............ ................... .................... ................. .......... ............. ................... ........ .. . . .......... .
669. 985 532. 700 119.386 ’441 635
789.3 19 766. 402
.....
633. 192 577. 191 822 10. 198 11. 041 18. 631
225. 908 2. 987 206. 536 12. 493 8.670
83. 224 126 454. 787 4. 266 4. 156
109. 724
1. 243
17. 884
133. 092 21.449
7 19. 493 17. 008
‘9 (9
112. 590
(9
941. 306 216. 449 380. 163
.....
328.672 2. 116 (1)
60. 803
(9
‘2. 694 24.230
.
37
2. 050 18. 371 20. 161 1. 775 462 133 671251 1.262. 089 953. 842 154 300. 796 2.4;
:i50 820. 552
(9
1.151. 771 1.133. 606 12. 059
..... 10. 538
85. 165 34. 917
(‘1
..... ..... .....805
.
1 ii5.i37 6 . 665 6. 665
..... 205. 851 19. 361
..... 6. 890
24 3. 988 109. 225 24 1.262. 378
..
I
.
262. 172 55 324. 628
.....
.
936.157 I l l . 945 211. 921 3. 307 8. 792 92. 022 700. 785 743.018 710
225. 535 54. 077 45. 012
..... 23. 391
115. 020 992. 907 202. 580 134
16.034 ..... 1. 669 28. 911 32. 262 12. 110 77. 18 73. 753 2,128.410 1.910. 418 32. 584 131. 990 53 418 3. 237 1252 2.139. 720 1.118. 434 20. 811
..... .....
20 811 7:987 92. 096 7 . 030 6 . 806
I/
11.041 342 2 . 560 26. 118 32. 132 9 . 156 560. 415 40. 977 1.238. 976 835. 993 11. 354
.....
391. 430 2.688. 510 23. 589 701. 692
..... ..... ..... .....
12. 762 75.923 1. 296 1. 120
12.
No . 7
IMPORTS OR CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
__ __
1911
Pounds CHEMICALS. DRUGS.ETC (Concluded) : Soda. calcined 36.161. 414 Austria-Hungary ..... Belgium 11.454. 109 France 21.826 Germany 19. 458 io41 Sweden 52. 161 United Kingdom., 5.108. 058 United States Caustic 3 . j90;848 Germany ................. ..... United Kingdom United States Sodium biborate., 237.288 Bicarbonate 325;930 24.803. 470 Sulfate Sulfite and other salts. 2.296. 504 954. 548 Soluble glass Sulfates of copper iron zinc 381. 513 Sulfates of metals: n e.’s. (9 Sulfur 33.974.910 Italy 16.307. 327 Spain 4.288. 144 United Kingdom 12.016. 360 United States Tanning materials: Barks and extracts 13.333. 796 Argentina South America. other East Africa France 585. 343 7.292. 3 11 Germany Russia 2.098. 382 Sweden 1.123. 420 United Kingdom 1. 337 266 51. 257 United S t a t e s . , 532. 786 Catechu and gambier Divi.divi 589.201 88 Gallnuts and valonia Tartar 37. 192 Tin salts 875 Fertilizers: Ammonium sulfate and other 19.839. 740 salts 2,948.21 1 Sodium nitrate., Cyanamide 46. G i . 5 5 3 Kainite and other potash salts 46.138. 800 Germany Portugal and Madeira Sweden 9 . 683; 860 Superphosphates France Portugal and Madeira United States Thomas phosphate ............ 76. kii.686 Portugal and Madeira United Kingdom 18. +2;:393 Belgium. 38.455. 625 4.01 1. 093 Other fertilizers PAINTS. PIGMENTS, COLORS, VARNISHES : Black: bone black. lampblack. 1.065. 074 graphite, pot-lead ........... Blacking. shoe and stove polish, 281. 691 leather creams .............. Chalk, ground; baryta. china 32.138. 497 clay ..................... Denmark Germany ....... Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 89. 851 Ink. liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 588 Powder; India ink . . . . ....... 312. 226 Printers.. of all kinds . 992. 665 Lead. red 193. 013 ‘White 3.877. 578 Ocher amber English red ...... Paint’ boxes;’ paints in tubes. 26. 468 vases 206. 617 Paints ground in oil ............ Compounded with tar. including paint for ships’ bot299. 762 toms Germany .... United Kingdom United States 67. 941 Paints, liquid. n . e s 34. 586 Mixed, in packets 8. 768 Sugar coloring for brandy 52. 714 Varnishes containing alcohol 820. 949 Other Zinc white and dutiable dry 5.322. 213 paint 280. 271 Belgium 3.576. 1.370. 907 126 Germany Netherlands. 7. 121 Sweden 110 United States SOAP AND CANDLES: 69. 685 Candles, stearin and tallow 6 . 537 Wax Soap, green: unscented soap 119. 981 powder 85. 212 Sweden 13. 754 United Kingdom 4. 978 United States 8 7 . 476 TransDarent . or Derfumed 38. 773 GeFmany 35. 078 United Kingdom 2. 293 United States
. ................ .......... .................. ................... ................. .................. ........ ............. ....................
.......... ............. ............ ............... .................... ..... ................. ... . ..... ....................... ....................... ...................... ............
...............
.......... ...... ............... ................... ................. ................... .................. .......... ........... ........ ................... ................
......... ....................... ..................... ....................... .............. ................... .. ................... ....... .................... .............. ..................... ....... ............... ....... ............ ...................
..... .....
..... ..... .....
.....
.
..... .....
...............
................... ............
..... ..... .....
.....................
......................
......................
.
.................. ................. .......... ............. . ...........
........... ......
...................... .... .................... .................... ................... ............... ....................
............... .......................... ................. .................. .......... ............. ... ................... .......... .............
.....
1916 Pounds
1917 Pounds
57.011. 948 8.158. 321
61.174. 100
.....
3. 3;;; 552 io. 999.125 8.538. 107 76. 390 228. 529 15. 630 36.341. 751 43.455. 460 359. 703 6.627. 495 4.861. 575 3.969. 600 854. 000 356. 002 2.968. 610 742. 025 920. 900 2.865. 257 304. 026 1.380. 540 437. 591 189. 487 28.490. 575 13.244. 467 635. 196 838. 970 966. 893 878. 807 490. 297 1.075. 670 480. 449 509. 014 8.974. 180 16.010. 650 2.183. 280 8.627. 745 540. 132 6,734.438 335. 014 108. 335 6.455. 862
.....
13.677. 670 3.611. 157 2.088. 1.831. 043 361
8.048. 239 2.614. 902
..... ..... 478. 403
595. 468 8. 818
5 . 776 23. 214 110. 230 399. 100 2.709. 520 1.960. 242 1.876. 556 631. 717
1.208. 860 765.379 309. 440 638. 900 248. 108
75. 532 33
44. 033 159
....
.....
16.677. 14.166. 208 323
21.452. 700 98. 757 7.272. 168 10.653. 705 26.123. 121 25.138. 310 22.781. 388 25.138. 310 2.909. 852 420. 858 24.566. 960 82. 124;595 756. 178 23.810. 716 73. 555.080 18 iii.j w 4.589. 803 13.636. 934
.....
..... .....
.
.....
..... .....
71 1 . 138
887. 735
972. 459
1.163. 512
293. 205
254. 934
37.580. 367
17.678. 007 3.464. 8.678. 211 011
.....
..... ..... .....
63. 107 8 . 896 279. 933 1.253. 756 177.735 3.337. 930
3.912. 015 309. 595 53. 852 7 . 915 108. 855 583. 564 2.730. 230. 160 163
33. 860 288. 760
33. 014 194.205
396. 453 62. 280 313. 032 2 . 227 22. 754 78. 484 37. 716 585. 520
330. 274 2. 183 325. 579 375 33. 107 29. 723 3. 241 11. 360 454. 902
5.990. 998 11. 486 5.576. 076 214. 773 34. 577 8. 516
4. 4ii.547 12. 932 1.016. 765 33. 676
9. 015 1 . 327
60 1. 043
70. 946 12. 588 53. 492 4. 729 105. 340 1. 294 70. 437 18. 585
94. 545 ..... 72. 298
.....
5.514. 162
21. 890 181. 273 240 134. 634 36.980
July,
1920
63 5
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D L ' S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y IMPORTS OB CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded)
IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued) 1913 Pounds
1916 Pounds
SOAP AND CANDLES (Concluded) :
....................... .................. ........... ..............
Other. Germany. United Kingdom. United States. OILSEEDS: Copra., Linseed Argentina.. South America, other. British !ndia.. Russia.. United States., Rapeseed.. Belgium.. British I n d i a . . United Kingdom.. OILS FATS AND WAXES: F&ty oils: Butter coloring. Castor oil, resin oil, and other f a t t y oils, n. e. s... Denmark.. France. .................. Germany. Netherlands. United Kingdom.. United States.. Coconut oil.. Asia, n. e. s.. British India.. France Germany.. United States.. Corn oil,. Cottonseed oil.. Brazil, Germany..
1,358,590 29,160 1 ,296,373 3,997
...................... 32,510,186 ...................... 17,219,290 ................ ....... 5,070,741 .............. 4,79i:ii6 ................... ............. 2,889,245 2,124,572 ................... 2,003,318 .................. .............. .......... ............. ...... ............... ................ ............. ........ ...........
............... ............. ............ ................... ............... ........... .................. ............ ................... ............... United Kingdom.. ........ United States.. ........... Hempseed oil.. ............. Linseed oil, raw.. ........... Boiled. .................. Netherlands. ........... United Kingdom.. ...... United States.. ......... Olive oil.. .................. France.. ................. Italy.. ................... Soain .................... -= Palm oil.. .................. Rapeseed oil.. .............. Sperm oil, olein, lard oil.. .... ~
.................
Belgium. Germany.. Netherlands. United Kingdom.. United States.. Whale oil, cod liver oil, fish Oil..
............... ............. ........ ...........
..................... Linseed oil, raw: rapeseed oil, palm oil.. .............. Germany. ................ ............. ........ ...........
9,711,714
1,024,967
2,645,027
891,761 125.39 1
1 44i.467 1:198:012
.....
17,239,044 10,939,250 27 542 437 13 385 652 11 :438 :926 11 :461:633 1 ,922,430
5,643 ;3;0 236,800
655,125
.....
41,048
73,940
57,609
4,255,075 51,080 1,527,230
14,358,088 9,155,312 1,672,559
5 ,062; i$7 453,403 1,208,022 93,652 30,336 11,563,817
:
.....
674,085 640,928 1,319,270 5,974,702 1,737,750 1,865,110 547 562
..... ~
339,798 76,787 23,680,157 9,634
..... 57,232
3,064,668 394,760 2,182,069 1,755,760
..... .....
265,965 32,870
27,43j:jO8 356,046
..... si2 981 ..... ..... 2,383,6 1 1 304,567 59,304 1,572,182 564,736 6,842,860 22,744,493 26,557,742 31,175 3,042 31,570 1,446,717 2,830,360 1,409,547 1,262,345 851,270 1,918,109 159,593 73,193 497,407 336,557 762,910 1,399,494 766,195 11,640 3,863,050 7,392,606 2,408 439 71,496 239,576 1,011,878 2,072 48,060 701,643 3,723,300 7,080,167 569,873 211 357 107,740 174,341 195 :991 210,078 482,592 1,234,897 340,702 578.934 65,323 128,816 ..... 18,342 301,482 825,036 38,251 257,853 323,572 35,120
..... .....
..... .....
4,607,727
3,301,245
7,720,124
2,066,480 528,823 539.7 14 794,965 375
1,764,535 882 1,587 1,568,875 40,300
3,237,710
..
............... .................. ............... .......... ............. .................. ................. .................. ............... .......... ............. .........................
.....
523,664 910,818 1,803,228 298,528 32,392 992 181,396 1,372,964
.....
642,564 729,706 24,843,734 3,846,603 1,124
.....
349 100 18,259: 542 85,504 Metric tons
.....
10,291 4,677
..... .....
..... 330
.....
~
...
................... ............ .................... ..................... . ......... Tar. Coal tar.. ..............._..
651,774
7,314,694 410,369 934,981 2,963,850 2,341,176 182,388 302,253 8,016,866
.................... .......
.................. ...................... ................. .................... .......................
.....
236,337
Netherlands. United Kingdom.. United States.. Volatile oils: 362,833 597,667 Turpentine, juniper, birch oils 33,272 25,693 Other.. 13,073 ..... Blubber cod liver etc.. 218,720 937,560 Lye of fht or train'oil; degras. Stearin. palmitin, paraffin, 1,628,670 4,553,665 spermaceti. 82,487 499,305 Germany. 273,635 56,720 Netherlands. 3,648,858 759,374 United Kingdom.. 3,770 743,554 United States.. Tallow, oleomargarine and other 18,237,497 26,127,486 greases. 227,054 3,010,985 Argentina. 2,357,270 2,359 Germany. 1,357,562 327,739 Netherlands. 2,410,666 2,252,838 United Kingdom.. 8,730,040 19,895,196 United States.. 82,500 740,826 Wax Metric tons Metric tons ORES: Aluminum oxide, bauxite, 12,071 4,363 cryolite. 2,897 Chrome ore.. ................. 569 ..... Nickel ore.. 600 Pyrite. 323 Pyrite slag.. Zinc ore.. Pounds Pounds VARIOUSPRODUCTS: 9,766 930 13,984,685 Glass. Glue : 258 505 Capsules of gelatin, fil!ed. Isinglass and gelatin in 37,811 31,561 sheets. 43,930 38,620 Liquid glue, etc. 492,450 438,973 Other.. 643,443 459,880 Sizing. 18,058,300 25,054,937 Paper, except printed matter.. 1,463,160 3,078,050 Pitch and coal pitch..
...................
..... ..... .....
7,009: ?95
.....
2,210,905
1,857,504
1916 Pounds
1917 Pounds
4,124,320
5,848,775
2,449,200
5 , s 11 ,620 1,373 8,103,970 69,132
3,222,894 1,204 11,074,500 91,853
1,961 ,188 3,461 2,053,958 54,103
1913 Pounds
1917 Pounds
.....
Pounds 29,613,365 298 10,880 32,205 475,920 220,855 31,267,910 1,664,755 871,245
VARIOUS PRODUCTS (Concluded) : Tar (Concluded): Wood and peat t a r . . Creosote, creosote oil, raw phenol. Turpentine. Rosin and similar gums. Woodpulp, straw pulp..
........ ................. .................. ...... .......
E X P O R T TRADE
T h e extent t o which t h e Norwegian chemical industries have exceeded t h e needs of t h e home market i n certain specialties is made evident in t h e next table, compiled from figures published by t h e Central Bureau of Statistics: EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS
AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 1916 1913 Pounds Pounds
1911 Pounds CHEMICALS : Acids: 4,493 120,364 Caorvlic . 4,980 Carbonic. ..... 8,887,340 3,s;;: i $0 Kitric. 4,630 736,533 960,505 1,220,030 Oxalic.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,074 278,570 France, 139,255 148,428 Japan, 29,388 237,597 United Kingdom.. 134:938 170,089 379,955 L-nited States.. . . . . . . . . 1,026,638 611,531 Sulfuric.. 507 ti6:lis 688,082 Aluminum sulfate.. . . . . . . . . Ammonium nitrate., . . . . . . . 2 0 , O i S ; ~ i S 131,481,474 140,165,745 74,249,430 102,418,975 France, 15,300,784 36,815,515 Russia, United Kingdom.. ..... 16,926,780 21,390,790 156,815 1,427,427 United States. . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium carbide.. .......... 147,513; 146 128,822,470 101,559,524 782,860' 7,569,680 Australia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,473,568 8,136,687 2,421,072 Denmark.. 1,414,574 53,763,924 63,952,370 Germany., 46,023,063 2,249,640 4,320,290 4,903,190 Netherlands.. . . . . . . . . . . . 39,969,690 34,912.727 United Kingdom, 2 1 ,7 15,543 305,160 132,487 Casein. 249,160 12,075 2,046 1,603 Drugs, n. e. s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exulosives : Gunpowder and other exp 1osiv es 38,228 32,337 2,491 1,292 Dynamite. 4,253 Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Fertilizers: Ammonium sulfate.. 138 50 Cyanamide. 22,111 13,152 2,313 Germany. 12,188 1,591 1,253 Netherlands. 10,172 1,320 United Kingdom.. ..... 3,444 Norway saltpeter.. 70,927 46,001 35,932 4,512 1,118 Denmark. France. 8,738 1 Germany. 45,238 19,805 16,279 Sweden. 139 1,130 1,425 United Kingdom.. 4,874 25,062 17,110 Pounds Pounds Pounds 66.6 J 5 277,483 Glycerol, raw. 309,756 2.493 26,784 Iodine raw 2;601 1,446,232 1,054,603 Magnlsite, calcined. 3,673,120 12,106,628 8,916,990 965,404 11,331,030 Matches. 3,498,736 1,374,030 British India. 5,790 4,409,840 2,946,940 185,607 Russia. 3,467 870 3,405,237 United Kingdom.. 1,494,293 3 579,579 2,291,264 United States.. .......... 11,043 ..... Nickel sulfate., ..... 3,142 Oxygen 37,285 Phosphorus. 628,364 Potassium chlorate. ..... ..... 11,840 17,857 R a t poison., Salt of lemons (bioxalate of 90,072 62,333 64,534 potassium). Silicon carbide, durubit, 3.638 1,485,520 2,196,355 etc. 76,170 457,690 Russia. 1,122,946 21 1,798 1,534,375 Sweden 44,820 United Kingdom.. 1,262;080 905,900 Soda crystals (washing soda) 3,760,149 551,156 Sodium bisulfate.. 27,550 174,665 Chlorate. 50,069,622 32,590,820 Nitrate 5,236,573 France.. 2,300,413 29,143,233 2,969 :956 Sweden. 42,498,947 United Kingdom.. 170,615 United States.. 14,198 4,44819iO Nitrinitrate.. 13,468,633 7,795 $43 Nitrite.. 18,085,920 662,864 6,806,154 2,829,774 Germany.. 65,852 15 917 13,561,570 Netherlands.. ......... 3,295,360 5 774'347 699,313 United Kingdom.. 1:196:338 48,127 3,054,813 721 273 United States.. 53,694 Peroxide. 34,260 Soluble glass. 202,023 Tanning materials: Oak bark. 114,640 836,826 Other barks.. 24,612 27,370 (1) Not shown separately.
__
............... ..................
...............
.....
................. ................. .......
..... .....
................ ..... ...............
.............. .............. ........ ...................
............. ...............
.....
..... ............. ............. .......... .......
.
............ ................... ............... ........ ..............
I
.
.
..... .....
.....
............. ............... ............. .............. .....
............. ................ ........ ................. ............ ................. .......
.
.....
.....
.....
~~
~
I
..... .....
..... .....
.............
.................. ................. ................. ....... ......... ................ ................. .............. ............... ..... ........ ........... ................ ............ ..... ........ ............... .............. ...............
...........
.....
.....
..... .....
..... ..... .....
.... ;
0)
.
..... ..... .....
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
636
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS A N D ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued) PAINTSPIGMENTSETC.: Copper paints ' for ships' bottoms.. ............... Paints ground in oil.. . . . . . . Zinc white and white lead. , Other paints and colors.. Varnishes. OILS. FATS AND WAXES: Coconut oil.. Linseed oil, rapeseed oil , . Train oil, gallons.. Austria-Hungary
... ................
.............. . . ......... .........
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . Turpentine oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . Vegetable oils, solid. ........ Bone f a t . .
. . . . .. .. ....................
Whale fat, solid.. . . . . . . . . . . SOAPAND CANDL Soap.
.........
Russia, . . . . . . . . Sweden, Stearin candles.
....... ............
1913 Pounds
1916 Pounds
1917 Pounds
527 068 25:850 106 75,422 46
28,984 67,228 676,334 1,453 538
23 931 354:944 1,576
(1)
25 413 7,086: 670 44,804 3,574,378 931,411 56,323 813.826 260,664
.....
53 215 535:975 53,398 175,600 100,335 18,149 23,538 212,680 14,386,000 40,785
..... 5,534
19,484 584 Metric tons
.....
..... .....
2.,119,720 10,211 5,397,964 128 232 3,230 :420 7,582 90,428 878,681 81,552
606 1,003,690
.....
585,708 238 206,323 115,763 78,038 19,758
.....
.....
690,190 660,152 8,201 24 991 23:961 53
191,780
852,849 13,823,400
..... 14,054 3,963 ..... 10,091 .....440
336,368 309,392 14,270 10,988 1,730 Metric tons
1,170 33 789 326 904 Metric tons
.....
QRES:
Bismuth ore and other ores. n.e.s Chrome ore.. Copper ore, Copper and nickel ore.. Iron ore and concentrates. Germany. Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom. Briquettes. Germany. Sweden.. United Kingdom.. Lead ore.. Manganese ore.. Molybdenum ore.. ......... Nickel ore.. Pyrite (iron and copper). Belgium.. f Germany.. Netherlands. Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. Slag (rich in copper). ..... Belgium.. 1 Not shown separately.
................... .............. ............... ...... .............
...... .............. .............
.............. ..... ................ ........... ............... .... ........... ............ ..........
.....
.............
....20 74
.....
373,071 189,596 90,345 92,827 195,692 74,861 2,512 118,319 35
.. 5
..... 425,876
26,251 40,892 46,773 89,518 138,134 35,035 399
10 2,737 2,175
iij:ios
152,454
..... 35,086
216,896
.....
.....
2 16,896 10 44
..... 2,395 809 ..... 150,960 135,814 ..... 9,956 46,875 ..... ..... 46,875
.....
141
.....201
253,362
212,909
LL
.....
..... 84 511
10' 145 115:488 21,844 47,523
.....
.....
..... 4,105
8,914 101,554 50.770 41.367
Vol.
12,
No. 7
EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded) 1913 1916 1917 ARTICLES Pounds Pounds Pounds ORES(Concluded) : Pyrite slag ( ~ o n c l u d e d:) Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,974 4,031 3,925 Sweden 31,662 43.492 37,307 Rutile. 51 82 1'4 Wolfram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... L Zinc ore.. 285 1 540 PAPER: Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 $ 8i64.2'491 976 947 453 177 497 $13 185,718,270 122 674 Value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15'601'272 France .................. $7 826 $ 2:338;059 $615 '944 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $542 352 $9:300 United Kingdom., $ 4,9261644 $ 5 009 081 Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618,356 f 1:945:439 British India.. . . . . . . . . . . . 191,406 834.472 1 303 257 China.. $929 370 $106: 101 762,808 South America.. . . . . . . . . $542: 807 f 1,699,120 $ 1,408,956 PULPAND CELLULOSE: Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Cellulose, dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.544 216,800 133,564 Argentina. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,832 1,450 25 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,064 ..... France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,803 32,839 6,905 Germany. 7,613 Italy.. 3,666 8,111 3,206 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,124 8,923 ..... Mexico, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,344 51 Netherlands, . . . . . . . . . . 5,604 4,640 1,866 2,929 2 957 158 Spain. ................ Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,952 3:966 1 260 United Kingdom., ..... 49,175 109,430 98 640 United States.. ........ 77,777 40,331 19,855 Wet .................... 5,540 3,169 1,634. Belgium. .............. 611 ..... 267 1,211 510 3,949 2.891)
................. ................... .................
.......
:
.................
............ ................
.....
..... .....
.....
:
..... .....
-
mlp, dry.. . . . . . . . . . . . Argentina, . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain.. France ................ ............... United Kingdom.. ..... United States.. Wet. Belgium. Denmark.. ........ France.. . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands. . . . . . . Spain, United Kingdom.. United States. VARIOUSPRODUCTS: Glass. Glue ...................... Pitch Tar: . Coal.. Wood. ................... Tar oil.. Vinegar and acetic acid. .... Leather cream. ............
........ ................ .......... ................ ..... .........
....................
..................... ................... ..................
.....
.....
30
14,661 3,585 4,133 1.505 1,608 1,672 481,080 46,992 19,773 95,730 21,163 41 295,210 184
12,962 680 5,559 2,728 1,303 207 455,522
17,319 102 2,786 695 11,195 1,489 250,099
20,416 105,470 14,316 7,707 302,418 4,825
57:035 10.862 3,498 148,861 19,881
1,366,605 453,896 549,718
3,522.987 198,872 606,644
2,415,200 51,194 251.569
6,392,898 106,854 9,057 626 1,433
1,394,732 119,975 20,948 77 109,188
1,064,877 21,605
.....
..... 9 748
.....
.....
9,085
ORIGINAL PAPERS SOME CATALYSTS WHICH PROMOTE REACTION BETWEEN ANILINE AND ETHYL ALCOHOL'
By T. B. Johnson,A. 3. Hill and J. J. Donleavy DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISYRY,YALE UNIVERSITY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. Received February 24, 1920
The facts and experimental data recorded in this publication have been obtained as the result of a preliminary research dealing with the interaction of ethyl alcohol and aniline hydrochloride. Our main object has been t o obtain information leading t o a better knowledge of the experimental conditions governing t h e formation of diethylaniline by direct alkylation with alcohol. The details of our investigation and t h e results obtained are discussed in the experimental part of t h e paper. It has been known for several years t h a t aromatic amines, of which aniline is the prototype, can undergo reactions with aliphatic alcohols if these reagents are heated together a t high temperatures and under presThe previous papers of this series have 1 Researches on Amines, VII. been published in the Journal o f l h e American Chemical Society. Paper VI, J. A m . Chem. Soc., 38 (1916), 2507.
sure. They interact t o give products of two different types, namely, nitrogen substituted amines like monomethyl- and dimethylaniline, which are prepared commercially in large quantities, or true carbon derivatives resulting from substitution of the alkyl group in the aromatic nucleus of the amine. Paraethylaniline is a representative of this second type of c0rnpound.l The molecular changes productive of these different compounds can be brought about by applying the alkylation reaction to a salt of the aromatic amine like aniline hydrochloride,2 and also by heating t h e free amine with an alcohol in the presence of a strong dehydrating agent like zinc chloride,s or of certain catalysts which have been shown t o promote 1 Hoffmann, Bsr., 6 (1872), 720; 7 (1874), 527; 13, 1729; I S (1882), 1011, 1646, 2895; Pictet and Bund, Ibid., 2I (1889), 1847; Studer, Ann., 211 (1882), 237; Senkowski, Ber., 24 (1891). 2975; Anschutz and Beckerhoff, Ibid., 23 (1895), 407; Willgerodt and Bergdolt, Ann., 327 (1903), 286; Merz and Weith, Bey., 14 (1881), 2346; Calm, Ibid., 15 (1882), 1642; Louis, Ibid., 16 (1883), 105, 116; 17 (1884), 1221; SI (1888), 1159; Romburgh, Rec. Irav. chim., 8 (1884), 392; Sampaio, Ber., 14 (1881), 2172; Benz. Ibid., 15 (1882), 1646. Staedel, B n . , 16 (1883), 30. Willgerodt and Bergdolt, LOC.cdt. f
