NOTES A N D CORRESPONDENCE. material equivalent to 50 milligrams of water-insoluble organic nitrogen1 on to a filter. Wash with successive portions of water until the filtrate amounts to about 250 cc. Dry the residue at a temperature not exceeding 80’ C. and transfer same from the filter into a 600 cc. Kjeldahl distillation flask. Add 20 cc. of water and IOO cc. of alkaline permanganate solution and proceed as under I . No correction is necessary for ammonia.
NEUTRALPERMANGANATE METHOD. As used by J. P. STREET, Connecticut Station.
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Weigh a quantity of the fertilizer, equivalent to 45 mg. of water-insoluble organic nitrogen,’ on a moistened I I cm. filter paper, and wash with successive portions of water a t room temperature until the filtrates amount to 250 cc. Transfer insoluble residue with 25 cc. of tepid water to a 300 cc. lowform Griffin beaker, and add 100 cc. of 2 per cent. permanganate solution. Digest in a steam or hot-water bath for thirty minutes a t the temperature of boiling water, covering the beaker with a watch glass and setting well down into the bath so that the level of the liquid in the beaker is below that of the bath. Stir twice a t intervals of ten minutes. At the end of the digestion remove from the bath, add IOO cc. of cold water and filter through a heavy 15 cm. folded filter. Wash with cold water, small quantities a t a time, until total filtrate amounts to about 400 cc. Determine nitrogen in residue and filter, correction for the nitrogen of the filter.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AT BRUSSELS’ EXPOSITION. Chemical Industry a t the Brussels’ World Exposition. H. Grossman, Chem. Ind., 33, 569-78.-The author discusses mostly the status of chem. ind. in the different countries represented by exhibits. G e r m a n y . 4 e r . manufacturers showed novelties in chlorate and ”,NO, (safety) explosives. Dorfite and aldorfite contain ”,NO, and trinitrotoluene and are allowed rail conveyance, Trinitrotoluene in the pure state finds use as “Trinol” for filling shells, and rendered plastic by the addition of liquid dinitrotoluene and Pb(NO,), finds application a s “Triplastit.” The perfumery and toilet soap ind. of Ger. is growing in spite of the sharp foreign competition and the domestic preference for French products. In 1907 the No. of workers in this ind. was 5000, and the imports amtd. to $ 2 , 856,000 in 1909, being $357,000 less than in 1908. A Munich firm exhibited aluminized balloon and aeroplane materials, the advantages claimed being the strong reflection of heat rays and the slight adhesion of atmospheric ppts. At the present time in Ger. there are 70 electric steel furnaces in action which produce 2 0 million kg. steel yearly. Concerning gas production, within 4 yrs. have been built or are building 507 Dessau ovens with 5414 retorts and with a daily output of about 2 . 2 million cu. m. gas. A Berlin firm shows “Silvalin,” a textile fabric made from wood fiber, esp. adapted for workmen’s clothing because of its price (less than cotton). England.-The LeBlanc soda process is used b y the United “Alcali” Co. and the author states that it is still in operation in 3 factories in Ger. The International Salt Co. employing the “Teer” process (which consists in removing the impurities of rock salt by fusing in a special app.) obtains 15,000 kg. pure table salt with a consumption of 1,000kg. coal. Recently a part of the C1 obt. in the electrolysis of alk. chlorides has been converted into compds. of C,H, and C,H, used as solvents for fats. The MondNickel Co. by the Mond process uses the electric current to produce a n almost c. p. Ni from Sudbury ores. Sundry imports for 1907 follow expressed in millions of kg.: tallow, 105.0; palm oil, 60.7; cocoanut oil, 23.8; castor oil, 6.1; palmnut oil, 14.7; corn oil, 14.4; olive oil, 1 2 . 3 . In 1908 were imported 617 1 Determined by washing one gram of the material on a 11 cm. filter with water at room temperature, to a volume of about 250 cc. Dry and determine nitrogen in the residue, making a correction for the nitrogen in the filter paper if necessary.
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million kg. cottonseed as against 750 in 1907. From this was extracted I I O million kg. oil. Since the first of 1909 no less than 400 million kg. of soy beans have been imptd. from Japan, the bean serving not only for its oil but the albuminous resid. as food. The candle ind. consumes about 40 million kg. paraffin, half being from Scotland and half from Amer. The soap exports of Eng. amtd. in 1907 to $7,085,880. I n the past yr. in Scotland nearly 3 billion kg. bituminous shale gave a yield of 309 million 1. of raw oil which upon refining gave the folwng. amts. of oils: burning, 100 million 1.; power, 18 million 1.; gas, 40 million kg.; and 2 5 million kg. paraffin, with a by-production of 60 million kg. (NH,),SO,. France.-The discovery of large deposits of an excellent calcareous Fe ore in the basin of Briey in French Lorraine is noteworthy. The output of this ore has risen from nothing a few yrs. ago t o 1.68 billion kg. in 1909 and now constitutes nearly 60 per cent. of the entire Fr. output. Belgium.-Here the chem. ind. is concerned mostly with the working up of sol. products, esp. minerals. The rich coal fields in the south have caused the growth of a considerable tar and (“,),SO, production. The latter is obt. by the direct process after a precooling of the hot retort gases. This salt is the only fertilizer used in Belg. Most of the tar products are exported. H,SO, is obt. in great amts. as a by-product in the roasting of Zn blende and is partly worked up into superphosphate and Na,SO, and partly exported to Ger. I n Belg. glass manuf., the chief consumer of Na,SO, is of extreme importance. Nine companies belong to the international trust. The central office of Solvay & Co. which controls the soda market of the world is situated in Brussels. The original factory in Couillet employs 430 men. In France this syndicate has 2 factories employing 2100 and 450 hands resp. Spain is supplied by a factory which, inclusive of its salt works and coal mine, employs 600 men. In Eng. the Solvay Co. is heavily interested in a Co. which possesses 5 factories and has 4000 workmen. I n Ger. i t is concerned with a Co. that in 6 factories employ about 5,000 men and uses over 2 1 , 0 0 0 H. P. Russia has 3 Solvay factories and Austro-Hungary 5 . The S. Co. possesses the European patents of Castner and Kellner and besides mfg. NaOH itself it also has licensed numerous concerns on the continent. In its Belg. factories i t has introd. the 8-hr. day with no reduction in pay from the 9I/*-hr. day. The 8-hr. day is also operative in the English S. Co. The factories in Syracuse, N. Y., and Detroit, Mich., are the largest in the world. The highly developed textile ind. of Belg. is responsible for the great soda consumption. A very successful artif. silk factory is in operation. The stearin candle soap, gelatine and glue, and pharm. industries are noteworthy. For a report on the Belg. explosive and match ind. cf. C. A , , 4, 2572. Italy.-The extraction of F e ore has not kept pace with the growth of the Fe and steel ind. Considerable steel is made in the electric furnace. The explosive, cheddite, is mfd. in Italy, France (the home factory), Switzerland, Greece, Tonkin, Eng., Reunion Isle, Belg., Uruguay and Ger. The tanning materials, soap, perfume and pharm. inds. of Italy are highly developed. Canada. -In 1907 C. stood in first place as a producer of Ni and asbestos (and latterly Co), in 3d for Cr ore, in 4th for Ag ore, in 7th for Cu, in 8th for Au, and in 10th for coal. Cf. the excellent publication of the Bureau of Mines, “Geol. Sketches and Mineral Resources of C.,” by G. A. Young, Ottawa, 1910; also cf. Chem. Imd., 33, 402. Brazil.-In 1907 the export of Mn ores amtd. to 237 million kg. valued a t $4,500,000. That of monazite sand amtd. to 4,437,000 kg. as $890,000. Coal and Fe production is in its infancy due to lack of railroad facilities. There are large deposits of these minerals of good quality, the latter showing a high F e content. The State Mines Geraes in I909 produced nearly 4,000 kg. Au. Similarly situated as Brazil in respect to their human material and railroad conditions are Uruguay, Nicaragua, Guatemala etc., where the smelting of ores and the winning:of valuable drugs have as yet made little
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T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY.
Dec., 1910
advance although the possibilities exist. French Colonies.A table shows the phosphate output of Tunis and Algiers, its value and the a n t a . exported for the yrs. z89g-igog incl. I n 1909 the value was $5,257,513 and the Algerian expt. 333,4oo,ao kg. The nlineral averages 58-68 per cent. Ca phosphate. Despite the crisis in the phosph. market the output of Tunis of igog was but little less than that of ~ g o X ,and a n increase is to he expected next yr. In 1909 there were 44 mining concessions which exported Zn, Pb, Cu, and esp. Fe are to the value of $z,zrr,780. From Algiers w r e exptd. the folwng. amts. of ores expressed in millions of kg., the output beingfoc 1goj-’09incl.:rie,about 800; Cu, 4.5; Pb, 19; Zn, 7 0 ; Sb (since 1907). 1.5. Sea salt is extr. in Tunis to the amt. of 150 million kg. yearly which is exported. Alpha grass used in the manuf. of papcr is a valuable export. New Caledonia specializes in Ni ore production, the output being worked up in France by “Le Nickel.” I t also produces much Cr. Congo State.-This next to Brazil yields the greatest amt. of rubber, 4,650,000 kg. valued at $8,488,140 being the ‘907 output. Of palm oil, palm nuts and copal there were exported in 1908 the folwng. resp. amts. expressed in millions of kg.: 2 . 1 at $231,6w; 5.6 at $335,820; and x.66 a t 8345,470. Inland are extended deposits of high per ccnt. Cu, Pb and Zn. L. RAY FERGUSON.
CHEMISTS’ BUILDING. The Chemists’ Building Company of New York City, organized to promote the interests of Chemical Science and Industry in America, has erected a ten-story &e-proof building, on a lot 56 it. wide and I W it. deep, a t 50-54 East qist Street, New York City. The lower half of the building is leased to the Chemists’ Club, and contains all the appurtenances a i a social club, together with a large auditorium for scientific meetings and ample space for a complete chemical library and museum. The five upper stories have been specially constructed for laboratory purposes, and can be rented either as cntire floors, or in suitablc sub-divisions, to analytical, commercial or research chemists, physicists, electrochemists, bacteriologists, etc.; but not as manufacturing laboratories. They are provided with ventilating flues, water, gas and electric mains, steam and compressed air lines, in suitable l o a tions; but the tenants are expected to make their own connections and provide their own fixtures. Rental will includc free janitor and elevator service, heat and clectricily for lighting purposes, and the Company will construct proper partition walls for the subdivision of the laboratories, according to the tcnants‘ wishes. I t is intended to charge low rentals and in many way facilitates the prosecution of scientific and industrial research. Locntion.-Close to the Grand Central Station and the q m d Street Express Station of the Subway, as well as to the praspective tcrrnini of the ”Steinway” and “McAdoo” terminal systcms; a few minutes’ w d k from the New York PublicLibrary, Engineering Society’s Building and Academy of Xedicine.
