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Chemical Signal Communication between Two Protoorganelles in a Lipid Based Artificial Cell Shubin Li, Xuejing Wang, Wei Mu, and Xiaojun Han Anal. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01128 • Publication Date (Web): 25 Apr 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 25, 2019

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Analytical Chemistry

Chemical Signal Communication between Two Protoorganelles in a Lipid Based Artificial Cell Shubin Li,† Xuejing Wang,† Wei Mu,† Xiaojun Han*† †State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China. ABSTRACT: The chemical signal communication among organelles in the cell is extremely important for life. We hereby demonstrated that the chemical signal communication between two protoorganelles using cascade enzyme reactions in a lipid based artificial cell. Two protoorganelles inside the artificial cell are the large unilamellar vesicles containing glucose oxidase (GOx-LUVs) and the vesicle containing (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Amplex red), respectively. The glucose molecules outside the artificial cell penetrate the lipid bilayer through mellitin pores and enter into one protoroganelle (GOx-LUVs) to produce H2O2, which subsequently transport to the other protoorganelle to oxidize Amplex red into red resorufin catalyzed by HRP. The number of GOx-LUVs in an artificial cell is controlled by using GOx-LUVs solution with different density during the electroformation. The reaction rate for resorufin in the protoorganelle increases with more GOx-LUVs inside the artificial cell. The artificial cell developed here paves the way for more complicated signal transduction mechanism study in a eukaryocyte.

The most important character of a eukaryocyte is its inner compartmentalization.1,2 Each compartment (i.e. organelle) has its own function. The interaction among organelles is of great significance for the cell to perceive and adapt to the surrounding environment.3-5 Plastids are able to relay information to the nucleus to regulate stress responses.6 The multicompartmentalized artificial cells were fabricated to mimick eukaryocyte.7-13 The polymersomes in polymersomes were constructed with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) inside the inner polymersome and glucose oxidase (GOx) outside the inner polymersome as a compartmentalized artificial cells.14 The H2O2 produced by GOx diffused into the inner polymersome to react with Amplex red catalyzed by HRP. The proteinosomes were loaded in a coacervate to investigate the chemical communication between the proteinosome and coacervate.15 The lipid vesicle in vesicle structure was obtained using microfluidic method.16 After inserting mellitin into the bilayer of inner vesicle, the calcein fluorescent molecules were released out to its surrounding solution within the outer vesicle. The inner compartments and their surrounding solution were used to mimic ‘organelles’ and ‘cytosol’, respectively. All above mentioned studies focus on the chemical communication between ‘organelles’ and ‘cytosol’.17-19 To the best of our knowledge, there is no report for the direct chemical signal communication between two lipid based protoorganelles in an artificial cell. Herein we demonstrated the chemical communication between two protoorganelles inside a lipid based artificial cell. The whole cascade reactions were triggered by the glucose molecules outside the artificial cell. The glucose molecules penetrated the ‘cell membrane’ and subsequently entered into GOx containing protoorganelle through mellitin pores to produce H2O2, which diffused into HRP containing protoorganelles to oxidize Amplex red into Resorufin. The

artificial cells provide an advanced cell model for complicated cell function study.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Materials. Cholesterol (Chol), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (USA) and were used without further purification. 1,2-dihexadecanol-sn-glycero-3 phosphethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (TR DHPE) and fluorescence-labeled 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-21,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) (NBD-PE) were purchased from Molecular Probes (USA). Melittin, glucose (Glu), Amplex red, HRP and GOx were bought from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Galactose was purchased from Gentihold Biological Technology Co. Ltd. (China). Indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes (sheet resistance ≈ 8-12 Ω, ITO thickness ≈ 160 nm) were purchased from Hangzhou Yuhong Technology Co. Ltd. (China). Preparation of GOx loaded LUVs (GOx-LUVs). Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) were fabricated by extrusion method. Chloroform is a common solvent for lipids.20,21 Due to the high phase transition temperature of DPPC, we chose it to for LUVs to have better stability. Specifically, DPPC (0.01 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg) was dissolved in 1 ml chloroform. Lipid solution (15L) composed of DPPC and NBD-PE (or TR DHPE) at a 95:5 weight ratio was dried under a stream of nitrogen in a vial. The lipid film at the bottom of the vial was hydrated by 1 ml sucrose solution (50 mM) containing GOx (12 g/ml) at 60 °C for 60 min, followed by vortexing to make a lipid suspension. LUVs were obtained by extruding the lipid suspension through polycarbonate filters with 1 m pore size back and forth for 21 times. The melittin (4 g/ml) was then added into LUV solution to form pores in the lipid bilayers.

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The unencapsulated GOx and melittin molecules were removed by centrifuging method. The supernatants were replaced with sucrose solution (50 mM) five times to enable the complete removal of free GOx and melittin, which was confirmed by zero absorbance of GOx in the supernatant after 5 repeats using a UV-Vis spectrometer (Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Agilent Technologies, USA) (Figure S1b). Thus, the GOx encapsulated LUVs were successfully produced. Preparation of GUVs containing GOx-LUVs. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were prepared using electroformation method described elsewhere.22-26 In brief, the ITO electrodes (25 mm×45 mm) were cleaned in ethanol by sonication for 30 min. DMPC and Chol were chosen for GUVs due to our previous optimized lipid composition,27 which can be deformed into vesicle in vesicle structures triggered by osmotic stress. Lipids of DMPC, Chol and NBD-PE at a 69:30:1 mass ratio were dissolved in chloroform to make the final concentration of 5mg/ml. The lipid solution (7.5 μL) was dropped onto the ITO electrode surface, followed by spreading back and forth using a needle. The lipid film covered ITO electrodes were dried in a vacuum chamber for 3 h. A rectangular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) spacer was used to separate two ITO electrodes to make the setup for electroformation of GUVs. GOx-LUVs solution was used as the solution for electroformation. The AC electric field (5 V, 10 Hz) was applied for 4 h to generate GOx-LUVs loaded GUVs. At this stage, GOx-LUVs existed both inside and outside of GUVs. In order to remove the GOx-LUVs outside the GUVs, GUVs solution was transferred to a container containing certain amount of 50 mM galactose solution to create the density difference of the solutions between inside and outside of GUVs. The galactose solution instead of glucose solution was used to avoid the catalyzation of glucose by GOx. In this experiment, we added 500 μl of GOx-LUVs loaded GUVs and non-encapsulated GOx-LUVs mixture to a 4 ml centrifuge tube. Then 3500 μl of 50 mM galactose solution was added into the tube to keep at -4 °C for 4 hours. The supernatant (3900μl) was removed. This cycle was repeated

for 5 times. The GOx-LUVs outside the GUVs were removed, which was confirmed by zero absorbance of GOx in the supernatant after 5 repeats using a UV-Vis spectrometer. (Figure S1c) Preparation of multi-compartment artificial cells. The GOx-LUVs loaded GUVs were further compartmentalized by the osmotic stress method described elsewhere in details.26,27 The galactose solution (120mM) containing HRP (0.27 M) and Amplex red (50 M) was mixed with the GOx-LUVs loaded GUVs (50 mM sucrose inside) solution at volume ratio of 1:1 for 120 min at room temperature to enable the GUVs to form ‘vesicle in GUVs’ structure. The vesicle inside GUVs contains HRP and Amplex red. Consequently the multi-compartment GUVs were fabricated, which contained both LUVs (GOx inside) and vesicle (HRP and Amplex red inside). The unencapsulated HRP and Amplex red were removed by the same sedimentation procedure as described in ‘GOx-LUVs loaded GUVs’ section. The zero absorbance of HRP in the supernatant after 5 repeats (Figure S2) confirmed the complete removal of HRP. Their morphology was studied with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus DP80, Japan). The fluorescence intensity of vesicle was measured using the NIS elements software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The design of this experiment is illustrated in Figure 1a. The GOx - LUVs are encapsulated into GUVs (Step 1), followed by inward budding to encapsulate HRP and Amplex red into the inner vesicles (Step 2 and 3). The multicompartmentalized GUVs are fabricated to contain HRP-vesicles and GOx-vesicles, which are mimicking ‘cells with two organelles’. The chemical communication between these two organelles is illustrated in Figure 1b. Glucose (Glu) molecules enter into GUVs through the melittin pores on the bilayer, and further move into GOx-LUVs to produce H2O2 (equation 1 in Figure 1c). H2O2 molecules diffuse into HRP loaded vesicles to illuminate Amplex red into red Resorufin (equation 2 in Figure 1c).

Figure 1. (a) The scheme of multicompartmentalized GUV formation. (b) The scheme of cascade reactions between two protoorganelles inside GUVs. (c) Reaction equations in protoorganelles.


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Analytical Chemistry GOx – LUVs were approximately 1 m in diameter measured by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique (Figure S3). The GOx molecules outside LUVs were removed by centrifugation method. The GOx-LUVs were encapsulated into GUVs using electroformation method. The number of GOx-LUVs in each GUVs was controlled by using different density of GOx-LUV solutions during the electroformation. Four GOx-LUV solutions were made with the densities of 2348102/ml, 211821899/ml, 409453422/ml, and 809663518/ml respectively. Consequently, corresponding GUVs contain ~0 GOx-LUVs (Sample 1, Figure 2a), ~1 GOx-LUVs (Sample 2, Figure 2b), ~7 GOx-LUVs (Sample 3, Figure 2c), and ~14 GOx-LUVs (Sample 4, Figure 2d) in average by counting the number of LUVs inside 200 random GUVs for each sample, respectively. The LUVs were labeled with TR DHPE, while GUVs were labeled with NBD-PE. From Figure 2a to d, the red dots (LUVs) in each GUV increased against the density of LUVs in the solutions. The flow cytometry was employed to obtain the encapsulation rate. Taken Sample 3 as an

example, Figure 2e is FSC/SSC plot for the Sample 3 without TR DHPE and NBD-PE labels for LUVs and GUVs respectivley, while Figure 2f is the FSC/SSC plot with fluorescent lipids in LUVs and GUVs. Comparing these two plots, the fluorescent lipids have no influence on their flow cytometry measurements. Figure 2g and h are the FITC/ECD plots for the Sample 3 without and with TR DHPE and NBD-PE labels for LUVs and GUVs, respectively. NBD-PE has the similar excitation wavelength to FITC, and TR DHPE has the similar excitation wavelength to ECD. So the fluorescent signals of FITC (excitation laser line 488 nm) and ECD (excitation laser line 561 nm) channels were collected to count GUVs (with green fluorescent light) and LUVs (with red fluorescent light), respectively. In Figure 2h, the events in Q1 and Q2 areas correspond to the number of LUVs, while the events in Q2 and Q4 regions reflect the number of GUVs. The encapsulation rate was obtained to be 50.2% by calculating the ratio of events in Q2 to the sum of events in Q2 and Q4. Similarly, the encapsulation rates for Sample 1, 2, and 4 are 1.3%, 12.9%, and 99.9% respectively, as shown in Figure S4.

Figure 2. Fluorescence images of GUVs (green circles, labeled with NBD-PE) loaded with LUVs (red dots, labeled with TR DHPE): (a) Sample 1, (b) Sample 2, (c) Sample 3, and (d) Sample 4. FSC/SSC plots of GUVs loaded with LUVs (Sample 3) without (e) and with (f) label of NBD-PE and TR DHPE). FITC/ECD plots of GUVs (Sample 3) containing LUVs without (g) and with (h) label of NBD-PE and TR DHPE. Scale bar is 20 m. Before the Sample 3 was further compartmentalized, it was used to investigate the chemical reaction between ‘protoorganelle’ and ‘cytosol’. Chemical reactions 1 and 2 in Figure 1c were usually used to investigate the cascade reactions in a confined reactor.14,28 In order not to affect the observation of red fluorescent products, all LUVs for the cascade enzyme reactions were labeled with NBD-PE. We made Sample 3 containing GOx-LUVs as protoorganelles, HRP and Amplex red in the ‘cytosol’, as shown in the right panel of Figure 3a. When the glucose was added to the solution, no red Resorufin was observed in the GUVs (left panel of Figure 3a) after 12 mins, because glucose molecures cannot penetrate the lipid bilayer. When the melittin molecules inserted into both GUVs and LUVs (right

panel of Figure 3b), the glucose molecules entered GUVs and LUVs through melittin pores, which were catalyzed by GOx to produce H2O2 in LUVs, consequently, Amplex red reacted with H2O2 catalyzed by HRP to produce red Resorufin (left panel of Figure 3b) in ‘cytosol’ within 12 mins. As the control experiments, if there is no GOx inside LUVs (Figure 3c) or no HRP (Figure 3d) in ‘cytosol’, the red Resorufin moleluces were not produced after 12 minutes. These results confirmed the pore formation in the lipid bilayer by melittins, the penetration of glucose through the pores, as well as effectiveness of the cascade enzyme reactions, which formed the base for the subsequent chemical communication between the two protoorganelles.



Figure 3. Fluorescence and schematic images of GUVs (green circles, labeled with NBD-PE) containing GOx-LUVs (green dots, labeled with NBD-PE), HRP and Amplex red without melittin (a) and with melittins (b) in the GUV bilayer after addition of Glu into the solution for 12 minutes. (c) and (d) were the control experiments with the same condition of (b), but without GOx inside LUVs (c), and without HRP in ‘cytosol’ (d), respectively. Scale bar is 20 m. Above experiment confirmed the chemical communication between one protoorganelle (GOx-LUVs) and its surrounding cytosol. The challenge is to realize the chemical communication between two protoorganelles in an artificial cell. Hypertonic shock was the common means to change the shape of GUVs.29-31 Starting from Sample 3, another protoorganelle was introduced by adding the hypertonic solution outside of the GUVs to generate inward budding for inner vesicle formation (Figure S5a).27 When the dylight405 tagged HRP (blue) and Amplex red were added to the triggering solution, the GUVs containing the inner blue vesicle and green dots were formed, as shown in Figure S5b. The HRP and Amplex red were selectively loaded into the inner vesicle as one protoorganelle, meanwhile those green dots were GOx-LUVs (NBD-PE labeled) as another protoorganelles. The free HRP outside artificial cells were removed by settlement method. Now we successfully fabricated an artificial cell containing two protoorganelles (Figure 4e), i.e., GOx-LUVs (melittin embedded) and HRP-Amplex red loaded inner vesicle. Figure 4a1, b1, c1 and d1 show the artificial cells obtained from Sample 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, where GOx-LUVs were labeled with TR DHPE. The increasing number of red dots indicated more GOx-LUVs were loaded followed the sequence from Sample 1 to 4. In order to clearly observe the red resofufin inside HRP-Amplex red loaded inner vesicle, the GOx-LUVs inside the artificial cells in images from column 2 to 5 in Figure 4 were labeled with NBD-PE (green lipid). The melittin (4 g/ml) was added to the artificial cell solution for 2 h. The cascade reactions were triggered by external

Glu molecules. The Glu solution (85 mM) was added to the solution. Glu molecules diffused into the GUVs through melittin pores in the GUV bilayer, as well as diffuse into the interior of LUVs, subsequently were catalyzed by GOx to generate H2O2 in one protoorganelle. Owing to its neutral charge and small size, H2O2 was able to penetrate the lipid bilayers.32 So once H2O2 was generated, it diffused into the other protoorganelle to react with Amplex red with the catalyzation of HRP to yield red fluorescent resorufin molecules, as shown in the right images Figure 4 b-d. The reaction rate depends on the number of GOx-LUVs inside the artificial cells. The artificial cells derived from Sample 1(Figure 4a1) almost contain no GOx-LUVs (TR DHPE labeled). After adding Glu into the solution, the inner vesicle did not turn red even after 16 minutes (Figure 4a2-a5). Because the number of GOx-LUVs (red dots) increased from Sample 2 to Sample 4, the clear red inner vesicles were observed with decreased time period (Figure b5, c5, and d5). The reaction rate was monitored by measuring the fluorescence intensity of HRP-Amplex red loaded inner vesicle as a function of time (Figure 4f). The apparent reaction rate constants of reaction 2 inside the protoorganelle were calculated to be 12.61.9 a.u./min, 31.0 2.5 a.u./min and 47.0 3.5 a.u./min for the artificial cells derived from sample 2, 3, and 4, respectively. It is concluded that the more LUVs inside the artificial cell leads to the larger apparent reaction rate. This external stimulus triggered cascade reaction of multi-compartment structures in GUVs was extremely important for simulating the response of cells to external stimuli or the signal communication between organelles.


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Figure 4. Fluorescence images of artificial cells containing two protoorganelles (GOx-LUVs and HRP-Amplex red loaded inner vesicle) derived from Sample 1 (a), Sample 2 (b), Sample 3 (c), Sample 4 (d) after the addition of external Glu molecules as a function of time. Particularly, the green circles (labeled with NBD-PE) in all figures represents GUVs, the red dots (labeled with TR DHPE) represents GOx-LUVs (in Figure 4a1, b1, c1 and d1), and the green dots (labeled with NBD-PE) represents GOx-LUVs (in Figure 4 b-d). (e) Schematic illustration of the chemical communication between two protoorganelles inside an artificial cell. (f)Fluorescence intensity change in HRP-Amplex red loaded inner vesicle against time. Scale bar is 20 m.

ORCID

■ CONCLUSIONS

Xiaojun Han: 0000-0001-8571-6187

In summary, we have designed and constructed a two protoorganelle artificial cell consisting of lipids and membrane proteins. The chemical communication between these two protoorganelles was demonstrated by cascade enzyme reactions. The product in one protoorganelle diffused into the other protoorganelles and triggered the chemical reactions. This work has created an unprecedented platform for the investigation of chemical signal communication among different protoorganelles to understand cell functions.

Notes

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

REFERENCES

Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website. Removal of GOx and LUVs; Removal of HRP; DLS data of the GOx-LUVs; Dot plots of FITC against ECD; The image of GUV load HRP

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author * E-mail: [email protected].

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21773050, 21528501), the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province for Distinguished Young Scholars (JC2018003).

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The chemical signal communication between two protoorganelles is realized using cascade enzyme reactions in a lipid based artificial cell.


Chemical Signal Communication between Two ... - ACS Publications

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