Article pubs.acs.org/jced
Compressed Liquid Viscosity of 2‑Methylpentane, 3‑Methylpentane, and 2,3-Dimethylbutane at Temperatures from (273 to 343) K and Pressures up to 40 MPa Chenyang Wen, Xianyang Meng,* Kaixin Wei, and Jiangtao Wu Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China ABSTRACT: The compressed liquid viscosities of 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane were measured using a vibrating-wire viscometer over the temperature range of (273 to 343) K and at pressures up to 40 MPa. The combined expanded uncertainty of the reported viscosity is about 2% with a confidence level of 0.95 (k = 2). An empirical Andrade−Tait equation was used to correlate the viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure with average absolute percentage deviations of 0.19%, 0.23%, and 0.25%, respectively.
1. INTRODUCTION Isomers of hexane (isohexanes), such as 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, are known as important organic solvents that play a key role as promising alternates of hexane due to their nontoxicity and odorlessness after hydrating.1 Besides, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane with a high octane number can serve as gasoline blending components to improve engine performance.2 Viscosity is one of the most significant thermophysical properties in the application of these fluids. But to our best knowledge, viscosity data of these fluids are scarce in the published literatures, especially at high pressures. In this work, the viscosity measurements of 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3dimethylbutane were carried out at pressures up to 40 MPa covering a temperature range from (273 to 343) K by using a vibrating wire viscometer. The empirical Andrade−Tait model was used to correlate the experimental data.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of experimental system: (A) manual piston pump; (B) vacuum pump; (C) sample container; (D) pressure transducer; (E) vibrating wire viscometer; (F) thermostatic bath; (G) wasting recycle; (V1−V5) valves.
(GS-GasPro, 60 m × 0.32 mm) indicated mass purities of 0.988, 0.991, and 0.991, respectively. Table 1 lists the specification of the samples used in this work. 2.2. Apparatus. The steady state vibrating-wire viscometer that was used in this work was described in detail previously.3,4 The viscometer mainly consisted of three parts: a two-end clamped tungsten wire, supplied by Metal Cutting, with a nominal radius of (50.00 ± 0.32) μm and a nominal length of 58 mm, a pair of samarium−cobalt magnets with a length of about 40 mm, and a custom-made stainless steel vessel with a maximum design pressure of 70 MPa. The wire was given a sinusoidal voltage, supplied by a function generator (model 33220A, Agilent), which was immersed in a fluid, and then the wire was driven by the Lorentz force, subject to a permanent magnetic field, in transverse oscillation. The viscosity and density
2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 2.1. Chemicals. 2-Methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane were obtained from the Aladdin Company with the stated mass purity of 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively, and were used as they were supplied. Our own analysis by a gas chromatograph (model: 7820A, Agilent) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a capillary column Table 1. Specification of Samples chemical name
CAS No.
initial mass formula fraction puritya
2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane 2,3-dimethylbutane
107-83-5 96-14-0 79-29-8
C6H14 C6H14 C6H14
mass fraction purity (GC)
0.99 0.99 0.98
0.988 0.991 0.991
Received: December 10, 2016 Accepted: February 2, 2017 Published: February 16, 2017
a
All the stated purities of the samples listed above were obtained by the certificates of the supplier. © 2017 American Chemical Society
1146
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Article
Table 2. Literature Data on the Density of 3-Methylpentane and 2,3-Dimethylbutane
authors Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 Day and Felsing7 Sahli et al.8 Moriyoshi and Aono9 Guerrero et al.10 Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 Kelso and Felsing11 Sahli et al.8 Holzapfel et al.12 Moriyoshi and Aono9 Garcia Baonza et al.13 Guerrero et al.10
year of no. of publication data 1922 1952 1976 1988
temperature range/K
3-Methylpentane 2 273−288 121 16 62
353−548 293−298 298−313
2013
pressure range/MPa
no. of the used data
0.1
2
0.5−31.5 0.1−7 2.4−154.3
30 16 40
110 283−328 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1922 2 273−288
0.1−65
100
1942
70
273−548
0.1−31.6
22
1976 1987 1988
16 6 59
293−298 293 298−313
0.1−7 0.1−10 1.5−139
16 6 40
0.1
Figure 3. Relative deviations of the published density data, ρexp, from the calculated results of eq 1, ρcal, for 2,3-dimethylbutane as a function of temperature: (■) Guerrero et al.,10 (◊) Kelso and Felsing,11 (▲) Sahli et al.,8 (▽) Moriyoshi and Aono,9 (◀) Garcia Baonza et al.,13 (▶) Holzapfel et al.,12 (◆) Chavanne and Van Risseghem.6
2
1993
215
208−298
0.1−108
21
2013
110
283−328
0.1−65
100
Table 4. Experimental Viscosity η of 2-Methylpentane at Temperatures T and Pressures pa
Table 3. Statistical Parameters for the Density Correlation of 3-Methylpentane and 2,3-Dimethylbutane and Coefficients of eq 1 parameters
3-methylpentane
2,3-dimethylbutane
A0 A1 A2 A3 B0 B1 B2 C AAD/% MD/% Bias/% RSD/%
0.985820 −1.65165 × 10−3 3.15570 × 10−6 −4.30738 × 10−9 294.021 −1.15492 1.14692 × 10−3 8.91404 × 10−2 0.02 −0.14 −7.60 × 10−6 0.03
1.25335 −4.16610 × 10−3 1.09160 × 10−5 −1.22512 × 10−8 291.077 −1.14120 1.12078 × 10−3 9.03321 × 10−2 0.04 0.20 −1.99 × 10−5 0.05
Figure 2. Relative deviations of the published density data, ρexp, from the calculated results of eq 1, ρcal, for 3-methylpentane as a function of temperature: (○) Day and Felsing,7 (■) Guerrero et al.,10 (▲) Sahli et al.,8 (▽) Moriyoshi and Aono,9 (◆) Chavanne and Van Risseghem.6 1147
T/K
p/MPa
ρb/kg·m−3
η/mPa·s
283.16 283.15 283.15 283.14 283.15 283.15 283.15 293.16 293.16 293.16 293.15 293.16 293.16 293.17 303.15 303.15 303.17 303.17 303.16 303.17 303.17 313.16 313.17 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 313.15 323.16 323.16 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.15
1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
663.15 667.18 671.90 676.32 680.50 684.46 688.23 654.18 658.52 663.57 668.30 672.74 676.93 680.89 645.09 649.77 655.19 660.24 664.96 669.39 673.58 635.82 640.89 646.75 652.15 657.16 661.86 666.29 626.37 631.89 638.19 643.97 649.31 654.29 658.96 616.72 622.74 629.55 635.75 641.44
0.3200 0.3362 0.3548 0.3708 0.3883 0.4074 0.4244 0.2925 0.3061 0.3212 0.3390 0.3547 0.3707 0.3863 0.2668 0.2790 0.2925 0.3070 0.3236 0.3389 0.3525 0.2435 0.2545 0.2682 0.2829 0.2966 0.3106 0.3241 0.2231 0.2327 0.2468 0.2594 0.2734 0.2866 0.2999 0.2046 0.2142 0.2278 0.2402 0.2532
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Article
complex voltages were fitted to the working equations by adjusting the parameters including the viscosity of the fluid. The calibration and validation of the present apparatus has been discussed in our previous work,4 and it was used in this work without any change. A diagram of the experimental system is shown in Figure 1. The constant temperature of the apparatus was achieved by a thermostatic bath, which was measured with a calibrated 100 Ω platinum resistance thermometer connected to a DMM (model 3458A, Agilent). The combined expanded uncertainty of temperature is Uc(T) = 12 mK, with a level of confidence of 0.95 (k = 2). The pressure was generated with a manual piston pump (model 50-6-15, HIP) and measured by a high pressure transducer (model P3MB, HBM) with a pressure range up to 100 MPa. A nanovolt meter (model 34420A, Agilent) with 71/2 digits resolution was employed for the transformation of the pressure transducer measurement signal. The combined expanded uncertainty of pressure Uc(p) = 0.12 MPa (k = 2). Considering the uncertainties of temperature, pressure, repeatability of measurement, and the density calculated from the EOS, the combined expanded uncertainty of viscosity with a level of confidence of 0.95 (k = 2) is better than 2%.
Table 4. continued T/K
p/MPa
333.15 333.15 343.16 343.16 343.17 343.17 343.17 343.17 343.16
25.0 30.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
ρ /kg·m b
−3
646.72 651.66 606.80 613.39 620.78 627.43 633.50 639.11 644.32
η/mPa·s 0.2656 0.2785 0.1901 0.1986 0.2106 0.2245 0.2367 0.2511 0.2615
a
The combined expanded uncertainty Uc(k = 2) are Uc(T) = 12 mK, Uc(p) = 0.12 MPa and Uc(η) = 2% with confidence level of 0.95. b Density ρ listed above was calculated from Lemmon and Span5
of the fluid directly affect the oscillation motion, and then affect the electromotive force at the wire ends generated by the oscillation motion. The in-phase and quadrature voltages across the wire were detected by the lock-in amplifier (model SR830, Stanford Research Systems) over the frequency range to calculate the viscosity. For each measuring point, the measured
Table 5. Experimental Viscosity η of 3-Methylpentane at Temperatures T and Pressures pa T/K
p/MPa
ρb/kg·m−3
η/mPa·s
T/K
p/MPa
ρb/kg·m−3
η/mPa·s
273.14 273.14 273.14 273.13 273.14 273.14 273.14 273.14 273.14 283.14 283.14 283.14 283.15 283.14 283.14 283.14 283.15 283.15 293.17 293.17 293.17 293.16 293.16 293.16 293.17 293.16 293.16 303.16 303.16 303.16 303.16 303.16 303.16 303.16 303.15 303.16
1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
683.19 686.85 691.18 695.28 699.17 702.87 706.41 709.80 713.06 674.30 678.21 682.82 687.16 691.28 695.19 698.91 702.45 705.86 665.28 669.47 674.40 679.03 683.38 687.51 691.41 695.15 698.71 656.18 660.69 665.96 670.88 675.50 679.85 683.98 687.90 691.62
0.3840 0.3979 0.4162 0.4369 0.4600 0.4785 0.4944 0.5201 0.5384 0.3459 0.3583 0.3743 0.3943 0.4131 0.4318 0.4485 0.4678 0.4873 0.3109 0.3230 0.3397 0.3562 0.3728 0.3906 0.4076 0.4237 0.4416 0.2824 0.2938 0.3092 0.3247 0.3410 0.3574 0.3723 0.3877 0.4042
313.16 313.16 313.17 313.14 313.16 313.15 313.16 313.16 313.16 323.16 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.17 333.15 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.17 343.15 343.15 343.16 343.16 343.16 343.16 343.15 343.16 343.15
1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
646.93 651.80 657.44 662.72 667.60 672.21 676.55 680.66 684.57 637.51 642.77 648.86 654.47 659.68 664.55 669.13 673.45 677.54 627.91 633.63 640.19 646.19 651.74 656.90 661.73 666.27 670.56 618.09 624.34 631.41 637.85 643.76 649.23 654.34 659.11 663.62
0.2568 0.2679 0.2819 0.2973 0.3116 0.3261 0.3413 0.3557 0.3704 0.2351 0.2451 0.2593 0.2744 0.2871 0.3000 0.3143 0.3283 0.3409 0.2149 0.2251 0.2367 0.2509 0.2637 0.2789 0.2901 0.3031 0.3155 0.1980 0.2075 0.2195 0.2324 0.2468 0.2587 0.2713 0.2826 0.2939
The combined expanded uncertainties Uc(k = 2) are Uc(T) = 12 mK, Uc(p) = 0.12 MPa, and Uc(η) = 2% with confidence level of 0.95. bDensity ρ listed above was calculated from eq 1. a
1148
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Article
Table 6. Experimental Viscosities η of 2,3-Dimethylbutane at Temperatures T and Pressures pa T/K
p/MPa
ρb/kg·m−3
η/mPa·s
T/K
p/MPa
ρb/kg·m−3
η/mPa·s
273.15 273.16 273.14 273.17 273.15 273.16 273.17 273.15 273.16 283.12 283.13 283.15 283.15 283.14 283.14 283.14 283.14 283.16 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.14 293.14 293.15 293.15 293.15 293.15 303.18 303.17 303.17 303.16 303.16 303.13 303.15 303.15 303.15
1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
681.03 684.77 689.24 693.42 697.43 701.22 704.84 708.33 711.66 671.75 675.76 680.48 684.95 689.18 693.19 697.00 700.64 704.11 662.52 666.84 671.91 676.67 681.15 685.37 689.39 693.21 696.86 653.33 658.00 663.44 668.52 673.27 677.77 681.99 686.01 689.84
0.4335 0.4595 0.4829 0.5077 0.5391 0.5681 0.6022 0.6264 0.6560 0.3904 0.4095 0.4294 0.4568 0.4823 0.5060 0.5337 0.5590 0.5860 0.3485 0.3644 0.3838 0.4097 0.4292 0.4555 0.4762 0.5015 0.5256 0.3136 0.3279 0.3471 0.3680 0.3887 0.4091 0.4303 0.4520 0.4719
313.14 313.14 313.14 313.13 313.14 313.13 313.15 313.16 313.16 323.17 323.17 323.17 323.16 323.16 323.16 323.16 323.16 323.16 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.16 333.15 333.15 333.15 333.16 333.16 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15 343.15
1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
644.17 649.22 655.07 660.49 665.54 670.29 674.74 678.96 682.98 634.85 640.33 646.64 652.45 657.84 662.87 667.59 672.05 676.26 625.38 631.36 638.19 644.42 650.18 655.52 660.52 665.21 669.64 615.67 622.22 629.63 636.34 642.49 648.17 653.46 658.41 663.07
0.2820 0.2963 0.3151 0.3337 0.3528 0.3714 0.3915 0.4100 0.4293 0.2560 0.2686 0.2861 0.3032 0.3201 0.3375 0.3555 0.3733 0.3920 0.2331 0.2450 0.2619 0.2772 0.2940 0.3102 0.3275 0.3436 0.3600 0.2132 0.2244 0.2396 0.2560 0.2719 0.2866 0.3020 0.3173 0.3304
a
The combined expanded uncertainties Uc(k = 2) are Uc(T) = 12 mK, Uc(p) = 0.12 MPa, and Uc(η) = 2% with a confidence level of 0.95. bDensity ρ listed above was calculated from eq 1.
Table 7. Statistical Parameters for the Viscosity Correlation of 2-Methylpentane, 3-Methylpentane, and 2,3-Dimethylbutane and Coefficients of eq 2 parameters
2-methylpentane
3-methylpentane
2,3-dimethylbutane
A B C D E0 E1 E2 AAD/% MD/% Bias/% RSD/%
1.18686 × 10−4 6494.47 −539.578 0.972903 −411.077 3.41498 −5.85924 × 10−3 0.19 0.95 0.002 0.27
8.02367 × 10−4 3580.52 −308.540 1.11060 −98.8474 1.56163 −2.96621 × 10−3 0.23 0.77 0.007 0.30
3.69000 × 10−4 4378.50 −347.262 1.35369 −277.934 2.65025 −4.54000 × 10−3 0.25 −1.00 0.010 0.34
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Density. The density values of 2-methylpentane, prerequisite to obtaining the viscosity from the working equations here, were obtained from the equation of state proposed by Lemmon and Span.5 The uncertainty of the equation of state is 0.2% in density in the liquid phase. However, we did not find such an
equation for 3-methylpentane and 2,3-dimethylbutane, which can be used to obtain the density values. So, the experimental measurements of the density of 3-methylpentane and 2,3dimethylbutane reported in the literature were collected,6−13 which were listed in Table 2. To calculate the density values of 3-methylpentane and 2,3-dimethylbutane, the density 1149
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Article
Figure 4. Viscosity of 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3dimethylbutane at 1 MPa as a function of temperature: (■) 2-methylpentane, (○) 3-methylpentane, (▲) 2,3-dimethylbutane, solid line corresponds to viscosities calculated by eq 2.
Figure 6. Relative deviations of the experimental data, ηexp, from the calculated results of eq 2, ηcal, for 3-methylpentane as a function of temperature: (●) this work, (□) Aucejo et al.,26 (▲) Chevalier et al.,25 (○) Bouzas et al.,2 (◆) Iwahashi and Kasahara,27 (∗) Bandrés et al.,28 (▼) Geist and Cannon,21 (▽) Eicher and Zwolinski,23 (◇) Chavanne and Van Risseghem.6
Figure 5. Relative deviations of the experimental data, ηexp, from the calculated results of eq 2, ηcal, for 2-methylpentane as a function of temperature: (●) this work, (○) Bouzas et al.,2 (■) Thorpe and Rodger,19 (□) Aucejo et al.,26 (▲) Chevalier et al.,25 (△) Dixon,22 (▼) Geist and Cannon,21 (▽) Eicher and Zwolinski,23 (◆) Iwahashi and Kasahara,27 (◇) Chavanne and Van Risseghem,6 (★) Ratkovics et al.,24 (☆) Batschinski.20
Figure 7. Relative deviations of the experimental data, ηexp, from the calculated results of eq 2, ηcal, for 2,3-dimethylbutane as a function of temperature: (●) this work, (◇) Chavanne and Van Risseghem,6 (◆) Iwahashi and Kasahara,27 (□) Aucejo et al.,26 (▼) Geist and Cannon.21
measurements within the temperature range from (273.15 to 398.13) K and the pressure range from (0.1 to 60) MPa, were used to develop the density equation. The density equation used in this work was the modified Tait-type equation, which has been widely used in several previous works,14−17 given by ρ (T , p) =
The viscosities of 3-methylpentane and 2,3-dimethylbutane were both measured along eight isotherms over the temperature range of (273 to 343) K and at pressures from (1 to 40) MPa and are listed in Tables 5 and 6.
4. DATA CORRELATION AND DISCUSSION The following empirical Andrade−Tait equation, proposed by Baylaucq et al.,18 was used to correlate the data:
ρ0 (T ) 1 − C ln((B(T ) + p)/(B(T ) + pref ))
(1)
−3
where ρ is the density in g·cm , T is the temperature in K, p is the pressure in MPa, pref = 0.1 MPa is the reference pressure, ρ0(T) = A0+A1T + A2T2 + A3T3, B(T) = B0 + B1T + B2T2 and A0, A1, A2, A3, B0, B1, B2, C are the coefficients. The average absolute percentage deviation, AAD, the maximum percentage deviation, MD, the average percentage deviation, Bias, and the relative standard deviation, RSD, are used to evaluate the performances of the correlations of the density. All fitted parameters were listed in Table 3. In Figures 2 and 3, we plotted the relative deviations of the published density data from the values calculated by eq 1 as a function of the temperature. The AAD of the correlation are 0.02% for 3-methylpentane and 0.04% for 2,3-dimethylbutane, respectively. 3.2. Viscosity. The viscosities of compressed liquid 2-methylpentane were measured at pressures from (1 to 30) MPa, along seven isotherms from (283 to 343) K and are listed in Table 4.
⎛ p + E (T ) ⎞ D ⎛ ⎞ ⎟⎟ exp⎜ B ⎟ η(p , T ) = A⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎠ p + E ( T ) T − C ⎝ ref ⎠
(2)
where η is the viscosity in mPa·s, T is the temperature in K, p is the pressure in MPa, pref = 0.1 MPa is the reference pressure, E(T) = E0 + E1T + E2T2 and A, B, C, D, E0, E1, E2 are the coefficients. All fitted parameters were listed in Table 7. In Figure 4, we plotted the viscosity values of 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane at 1 MPa as a function of temperature. As shown in Figure 4, the viscosity of 2,3-dimethylbutane is larger than those of 3-methylpentane by about 4% to 8% at the same temperature, due to the more branched chain. The viscosity of 3-methylypentane is larger than those of 2-methylpentane by about 7% to 13%, caused by the more linear molecular structure. 1150
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Article
results in this work and the literature, with the maximum deviation of 6.6%. As for the viscosity data measured by Iwahashi and Kasahara,27 the results show obviously negative deviations compared to with those of other data sets, with the maximum magnitude of −7.1%. 3-Methylpentane. As can be seen from Figure 6, all the deviations lie between the baseline within ±4.4%, while the data from Iwahashi and Kasahara27 lie below the baseline with a maximum deviation of −6.5% at 313.15 K. The viscosity measurements for 3-methylpentane from Chavanne and van Risseghem6 show larger deviations up to 4.3%. The deviations of the data measured by Geist and Cannon21 lie below the baseline within −3.0%, and the deviation of the only one datum reported by Aucejo et al.,26 Chevalier et al.,25 and Bouzas et al.2 at 298.15 K from eq 2 is −1.88%, −3.49%, and −0.86%, respectively. 2,3-Dimethylbutane. As shown in Figure 7, only 13 experimental data values of the viscosity of 2,3-dimethylbutane had been collected from four references. The deviation of the only one datum reported by Aucejo et al.26 at 298.15 K from eq 2 is −0.36%, while the deviations of the data measured by Geist and Cannon21 lie below the baseline within −3.2%. The data of Iwahashi and Kasahara27 are obviously negative as compared with that from eq 2, with a maximum magnitude of −7.1%, while the data of Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 show positive deviation, with a maximum magnitude of 13.4%.
Table 8. Literature Data on the Viscosity of 2-Methylpentane, 3-Methylpentane, and 2,3-Dimethylbutane at Atmospheric Pressure, with Deviations from eq 2 authors Thorpe and Rodger19 Batschinski20 Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 Geist and Cannon21 Dixon22 Eicher and Zwolinski23 Ratkovics et al.24 Chevalier et al.25 Aucejo et al.26 Bouzas et al.2 Iwahashi and Kasahara27 Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 Geist and Cannon21 Eicher and Zwolinski23 Chevalier et al.25 Aucejo et al.26 Bouzas et al.2 Iwahashi and Kasahara.27 Bandrés et al.28 Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 Geist and Cannon21 Aucejo et al.26 Iwahashi and Kasahara27
year of no. of publication data
temp range/K
AAD/% MD/%
2-Methylpentane 1894 12 273−328 1913 7 273−333 1922 5 273−303
3.0 3.0 6.2
4.3 4.3 6.6
1946 1959 1972
3 1 7
273−313 293 257−324
1.4 0.9 0.7
−1.7 −0.9 −0.9
1974 1990 1995 2000 2007
1 1 1 1 4
293 298 298 298 298−313
3.5 2.3 0.3 0.2 4.8
3.5 −2.3 −0.3 0.2 −7.1
3-Methylpentane 1922 4 273−303
4.3
4.4
1946 1972
3 7
273−313 257−324
2.7 1.5
−3.1 −1.7
1990 1995 2000 2007
1 1 1 4
298 298 298 298−313
3.5 1.9 0.9 5.2
−3.5 −1.9 −0.9 −6.5
2008 3 283−313 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1922 5 273−303
2.0
−2.6
10.9
13.4
2.1 0.4 5.4
−3.1 −0.4 −7.1
1946 1995 2007
3 1 4
273−313 298 298−313
5. CONCLUSION New viscosity data for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane are reported in this work. The measurements were carried out with a vibrating-wire viscometer at pressures up to 30 MPa from (283 to 343) K for 2-methylpentane, at pressures up to 40 MPa from (273 to 343) K for 3-methylpentane and 2,3dimethylbutane. The combined expanded uncertainty of the results with a level of confidence of 0.95 (k = 2) was estimated to be about 2%. The experimental data were successfully correlated with the empirical Andrade−Tait equation. The AADs for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane are 0.19%, 0.23%, and 0.25%, respectively.
■
Figures 5 to 7 show the relative deviations of the experimental viscosity from the values calculated by eq 2 as a function of temperature for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and 2,3dimethylbutane, respectively. All of the deviations of the measurements in this work are within ±1.0%. The AADs for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane are 0.19%, 0.23%, and 0.25%, and the MDs are 0.95%, 0.77%, and −1.0%, respectively. Only a few sets of viscosity data at atmospheric pressure were found in the literature for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, as shown in Table 8. The comparison was limited to the temperature range of this work because there is no evidence that eq 2 can be used safely outside the temperature range of experimental data. The relative deviations of literature data from eq 2 are also plotted in Figures 5 to 7, for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane, respectively. 2-Methylpentane. As shown in Figure 5, most of the deviations are in the range of ±4.3%, except for the data from Chavanne and Van Risseghem6 and Iwahashi and Kasahara.27 The measurements from Eicher and Zwolinski,23 Aucejo et al.,26 Bouzas et al.,2 and Geist and Cannon21 show good agreement with this work, with the deviations within ±2%. The data from Thorpe and Rodger19 and Batschinski20 agree to this work with the reasonable deviations. The viscosity data reported by Chavanne and van Risseghem6 are significantly larger than the
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*E-mail:
[email protected]. Fax: +86-29-82663737. ORCID
Xianyang Meng: 0000-0002-9327-2720 Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51676159) and the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (No.2015JM5214). Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
REFERENCES
(1) Haynes, W. M. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2010. (2) Bouzas, A.; Cruz Burguet, M.; Montón, J. B.; Muñoz, R. Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of the Binary Systems Methyl tertButyl Ether + 2-Methylpentane, + 3-Methylpentane, + 2,3-Dimethylpentane, and + 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2000, 45, 331−333. (3) Meng, X.; Zhang, J.; Wu, J. Compressed Liquid Viscosity of 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane (R245fa) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (R236fa). J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 4956−4964.
1151
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Article
(4) Meng, X.; Qiu, G.; Wu, J.; Abdulagatov, I. M. Viscosity measurements for 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) and trans1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)). J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2013, 63, 24−30. (5) Lemmon, E. W.; Span, R. Short Fundamental Equations of State for 20 Industrial Fluids. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2006, 51, 785−850. (6) Chavanne, G.; van Risseghem, H. The viscosities of some hydrocarbons. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1922, 31, 87−93. (7) Day, H. O.; Felsing, W. A. The Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations of 3-Methylpentane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 1951−1953. (8) Sahli, B. P.; Gager, H.; Richard, A. J. Ultracentrifugal studies of the isothermal compressibilities of organic alcohols and alkanes. correlation with surface tension. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1976, 8, 179−188. (9) Moriyoshi, T.; Aono, T. Compressions of C6 Hydrocarbons from 298.15 to 313.15 K at Pressures to 145 MPa. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1988, 20, 185−191. (10) Guerrero, H.; García-Mardones, M.; Pérez-Gregorio, V.; Gascón, I.; Lafuente, C. Experimental and VTPR-predicted volumetric properties of branched hexanes. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2013, 338, 141−147. (11) Kelso, E. A.; Felsing, W. A. P-V-T Relations and Derived Quantities for Hexanes. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1942, 34, 161−163. (12) Holzapfel, K.; Goetze, G.; Demiriz, A. M.; Kohler, F. Volume and isothermal compressibility of some normal alkanes (C5−C16) + 2,3dimethylbutane, + methylcyclopentane, + butylcyclohexane, + benzene, + 2-propanone, or + tetrachloromethane, Data Mixtures. Int. Data. Ser. Sel. 1987, 1, 30−56. (13) Garcia Baonza, V.; Caceres Alonso, M.; Nunez Delgado, J. Study of the equation of state of liquid 2,3-dimethylbutane at high pressures. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 2002−2008. (14) Alaoui, F. E. M.; Montero, E. A.; Bazile, J. P.; Aguilar, F.; Boned, C. Liquid Density of Biofuel Additives: 1-Butoxybutane at Pressures up to 140 MPa and from (293.15 to 393.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 595−600. (15) Boned, C.; Baylaucq, A.; Bazile, J. P. Liquid density of 1-pentanol at pressures up to 140 MPa and from 293.15 to 403.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2008, 270, 69−74. (16) Alaoui, F. E. M.; Montero, E. A.; Bazile, J. P.; Comunas, M. J. P.; Galliero, G.; Boned, C. Liquid density of 1-butanol at pressures up to 140 MPa and from 293.15 to 403.15 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2011, 301, 131−136. (17) Miyake, Y.; Baylaucq, A.; Plantier, F.; Bessieres, D.; Ushiki, H.; Boned, C. High-pressure (up to 140 MPa) density and derivative properties of some (pentyl-, hexyl-, and heptyl-) amines between (293.15 and 353.15) K. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40, 836−845. (18) Baylaucq, A.; Comuñas, M. J. P.; Boned, C.; Allal, A.; Fernández, J. High pressure viscosity and density modeling of two polyethers and two dialkyl carbonates. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2002, 199, 249−263. (19) Thorpe, T. E.; Rodger, J. W. Bakerian Lecture: On the Relations between the Viscosity (Internal Friction) of Liquids and Their Chemical Nature. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A 1894, 185, 397−710. (20) Batschinski, A. J. Untersuchungen iiber die innere Reibung der Flussigkeiten. Z. Phys. Chem. 1913, 84, 643−706. (21) Geist, J. M.; Cannon, M. R. Viscosities of Pure Hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 1946, 18, 611−613. (22) Dixon, J. A. Binary Solutions of Saturated Hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1959, 4, 289−294. (23) Eicher, L. D.; Zwolinski, B. J. Molecular structure and shear viscosity. Isomeric hexanes. J. Phys. Chem. 1972, 76, 3295−3300. (24) Ratkovics, F.; Salamon, T.; Domonkos, L. Acta. Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1974, 83, 53−61. (25) Chevalier, J. L. E.; Petrino, P. J.; Gastonbonhomme, Y. H. Viscosity and density of some aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons binary liquid mixtures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1990, 35, 206−212. (26) Aucejo, A.; Cruz Burguet, M. C.; Munoz, R.; Marques, J. L. Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of the Binary Liquid Systems n-Alkanes + Isomers of Hexane at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 1995, 40, 871−874.
(27) Iwahashi, M.; Kasahara, Y. Effects of molecular size and structure on self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity for saturated hydrocarbons having six carbon atoms. J. Oleo Sci. 2007, 56, 443−448. (28) Bandrés, I.; Lahuerta, C.; Villares, A.; Martín, S.; Lafuente, C. Kinematic Viscosities for Ether + Alkane Mixtures: Experimental Results and UNIFAC-VISCO Parameters. Int. J. Thermophys. 2008, 29, 457− 467.
1152
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.6b01024 J. Chem. Eng. Data 2017, 62, 1146−1152
