Cyclometalated Half-Sandwich Iridium Complex for Catalytic

Aug 9, 2018 - by using MeOH as solvent (Table 1, entries 21 and 22). Having established the optimum conditions for the reaction, a variety of substrat...
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Cyclometalated Half-Sandwich Iridium Complex for Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines and Quinolines Zi-Jian Yao,*,†,‡ Nan Lin,† Xin-Chao Qiao,† Jing-Wei Zhu,† and Wei Deng*,† †

School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China



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S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: Several C,N-chelate cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium-based catalysts for imines and quinoline derivatives reduction have been prepared through metalmediated C−H bond activation based on benzothiazole ligands. These iridium complexes exhibited high catalytic activity for hydrogenation of various types of imines with high yields. The most active catalyst was obtained from methoxyl substituted complex 2, showing the catalytic TOF value of 975 h−1 for the reduction of imine 6a. Additionally, these halfsandwich complexes also showed high efficiency for the catalytic hydrogenation of N-heterocyclic quinoline derivatives. Good catalytic activity was displayed for various kinds of substrates with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. Complexes 1−5 were fully characterized by NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Molecular structures of complexes 1 and 4 were further confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.



center is perfectly shielded by the Cp# ligands, minimizing the possibility of undesired side-reactions. (iii) The redox property and solubility of these transition metal complexes can be tuned by introducing various types of substituents to cyclopentadienyl ring. 9 Thus, exploring the synthesis and application of half-sandwich cyclometalated complexes has become one of the most active and exciting areas of organometallic chemistry, because of the useful catalytic reactivity that these ligands impart on complexes.10−23 Amino compounds (including linear and cyclic structure) are widely used as pharmaceuticals and biologically active molecules.24 One of the simplest methods to obtain these compounds is the reduction of the corresponding starting materials containing imine group or nitro group. In the former case, a common method is to use metal borohydride as the reducing reagent because of its selectivity for imine reduction;25 however, the stoichiometric use of reducing reagent limits their large-scale application due to the waste production.26 Thus, the catalytic hydrogenation represents a greener synthetic route has gained great consideration gradually. Thus, various types of catalytic systems based on different metal catalysts have been reported for the imine reduction.27−29 Among these catalysts, cyclometalated iridium complexes attracted our interest because of their high efficiency in the reduction of carbonyls and imines, as well as the reductive amination of ketones with various hydrogen

INTRODUCTION Since the discovery in the early 1960s, cyclometalation has become one of the most studied reactions in organometallic and coordination chemistry, which provides a straightforward route to synthesize organometallic complexes that feature a M−C σ bond. Meanwhile, cyclometalation allows for the investigation of the pertinent aspects governing the metalmediated activation of unreactive bonds, especially the C−H bond.1−3 The generation of cyclometalated compounds often goes through two consecutive reaction steps: The first step is the initial interaction of the metal center with a donor group, and subsequent intramolecular C−H bond activation. The effective bond activation is thus most often a heteroatomassisted process, involving classical donors such as N, P, O, and S atoms. However, the cyclometalation reaction is not very effective until Shaw and co-workers found that the weak base sodium acetate promotes this process. Thus, various types of cyclometalated compounds were synthesized smoothly by using late transition metal precursors.4−6 In contrast, half-sandwich group 9 metal complexes based on Cp#M and (arene)M motifs (arene: η6-C6H6, p-cymene; Cp#: η5-C5H5, η5-C5Me5; M: Co, Ir, Rh, Ru) have been widely used in many catalytic reactions because of their good stability and high catalytic activity.7,8 [(η6-arene)MCl2]2 and [Cp#MCl2]2 are often utilized as the metal precursors to prepare diverse half-sandwich transition-metal complexes due to the following advantages: (i) The transition metal precursors are easily synthesized with high yields by reactions of metal chlorides with conjugated ligands. (ii) The hemisphere of the metal © XXXX American Chemical Society

Received: August 9, 2018

A

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Organometallics

from downfield range of δ 9.00−7.00 ppm suggested the occurrence of C−H activation in phenyl ring. The chemical shifts at approximately δ 1.70 ppm of these cyclometalated complexes are ascribed to the protons of Cp* group. All the iridium complexes show a characteristic absorption band in the range 1400−1440 cm−1 in their IR spectra, which can be assigned to the vibration of the CN bond of the thiazole ring. These CN absorption bands all shifted to lower frequencies when compared to those of the free benzothiazole ligand (1440−1490 cm −1). The redshift reflected the coordination interaction between the ligand and Cp*Ir moiety. This is consistent with the increase in the electron density on the iridium(III) center caused by the coordination of the C N group, which resulted in increasing the back bonding to the nitrogen and hence a lower CN stretching vibration.35 The elemental analysis and spectroscopic data of these complexes demonstrate that their structures are similar to each other. Crystal Structures of Cyclometalated Half-sandwich Iridium Complexes. To elucidate the structures of the cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium complexes clearly, a single crystal X-ray analysis is desired. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by the slow diffusion of hexane into a saturated solution of the iridium complexes in dichloromethane. Both complexes 1 and 3 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21c (Figure 1). Crystallographic data are summarized in Supporting Information. Both complexes show a typical three-legged piano-stool geometry with the iridium center being coordinated by the η5Cp* and the C and N atoms, as well as a chloride ligand. The metal center has a distorted-octahedral environment, assuming that the η5-Cp* motif occupies three fac coordination sides.36 The air and thermal stability of these half-sandwich iridium complexes is presumably caused by the formation of the cyclometalated structure. The bond lengths of Ir−N bonds in the two complexes (2.105(4) Å (1) and 2.092(5) Å (4)) are within the range of known values for the bond in similar iridium complexes.36 The Ir−C bond distances in complexes 1 and 4 are 2.037(6) and 2.061(6) Å, respectively, also consistent with previous reports.36 The shorter Ir−C bond length compared with the Ir−N distance suggests that the stronger interaction between metal center and carbon atom. The cyclometalated five-membered rings Ir(1)−C(9)−C(8)− C(7)−N(1) of the two complexes are almost planar with the dihedral angle of 5.7 and 5.6°, respectively, between the planes of N(1)−Ir(1)−C(9) and C(9)−C(8)−C(7)−N(1). The sum of the inner angles of the five-membered ring of approximately 540° further confirmed their planarity. Noncovalent intermolecular interactions of Ir−Cl···H(aromatic) in the crystal packing structure of the two complexes are observed. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines. Imine hydrogenation process catalyzed by late transition metal complexes using clean H2 as hydrogen source represented the green and sustainable chemical process, when compared with the traditional reduction methods using stoichiometric metal hydrides as reduction reagents.36c Thus, the hydrogenation of imine substrates under catalysis of cyclometalated complexes 1−5 was explored. Reaction conditions optimization of the catalytic hydrogenation process was investigated by using 6a as model substrate at ambient temperature under 10 atm of H2 under catalysis of complex 1 (Table 1). Solvent played an important role in the hydrogenation reaction and results showed that CF3CH2OH was the best choice (Table 1, entries 1−8). This phenomenon is reasonable because the

sources.30,31 We herein report a series of cyclometalated halfsandwich iridium complexes based on benzothiazole ligands which are widely used in the preparation of coordination compounds played important role in catalysis and materials chemistry.32 The easy modification of the ligands helps us elaborate the influences of the electron and steric effects on the catalytic activity of the corresponding iridium catalysts. Moreover, the planar geometry of the ligands facilitates the growth of suitable single crystals of the corresponding halfsandwich iridium complexes. Fortunately, preliminary results exhibit that these complexes can serve as the catalysts for hydrogenation of imines and quinoline derivatives in good yields by using H2 as hydrogen source.



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Synthesis of Cyclometalated Half-Sandwich Iridium Complexes 1−5. Benzothiazole ligands L1−L5 were prepared in high yields through cyclocondensation reaction from aldehydes and thioanilines under air.33 With the ligands in hand, the target products were synthesized by the reactions of benzothiazole ligands with half equivalent iridium precursor [Cp*IrCl2]2 in the presence of sodium acetate (Scheme 1). Scheme 1. Synthesis of Half-Sandwich Iridium Complexes 1−5a

a Reaction condition: (i) toluene, 100 °C, 24 h; (ii) CH3OH, NaOAc, 50 °C, 6 h. Detailed description of the experiments, see the Experimental Section.

Cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium complexes 1−5 were obtained in methanol through metal-induced C−H bond activation34 at elevated temperature in moderate isolated yields. They form air-stable products that are soluble in THF, toluene, and CH2Cl2 but are insoluble in nonpolar solvents such as hexane and diethyl ether. The benzothiazole ligands act as the chelate through the C,N-coordination mode in the products which are supported by various techniques and elemental analysis. No decomposition was observed after refluxing the cyclometalated complexes in toluene for several hours suggested the thermal stability of these complexes. The TGA data further confirmed their thermal stability (see Supporting Information). No C,S-chelate product was found in the reaction. Cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium products 1−5 were characterized by their 1H NMR spectra. In comparison with the free ligand, the disappearance of one proton signal in 1−5 B

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Organometallics

Figure 1. Molecular structures of 1 (a) and 4 (b) with thermal ellipsoids drawn at the 30% level. All hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (deg): Complex 1: Ir(1)−N(1), 2.105(4); Ir(1)−C(9), 2.037(6); Ir(1)−Cl(1), 2.3933(13); C(7)−N(1), 1.309(8); C(7)−C(8), 1.449(8); C(9)−Ir(1)−N(1), 77.0(2); Ir(1)−N(1)−C(7), 116.1(4); N(1)−C(7)−C(8), 117.1(5); C(7)−C(8)−C(9), 112.1(5); Ir(1)−C(9)−C(8), 117.2(4). Complex 4: Ir(1)−N(1), 2.092(5); Ir(1)−C(9), 2.061(6); Ir(1)−Cl(1), 2.3920(13); C(7)−N(1), 1.334(8); C(7)−C(8), 1.409(9); C(9)−Ir(1)−N(1), 77.5(2); Ir(1)−N(1)−C(7), 114.6(4); N(1)−C(7)−C(8), 118.6(5); C(7)−C(8)−C(9), 113.0(5); Ir(1)−C(9)−C(8), 115.9(5).

Table 1. Hydrogenation of Imines under Catalysis of Cyclometalated Iridium Complexesa

entry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20c 21 22

cat./mol % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 2

(0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.05) (0.05) (0.01) (0.05) (0.05) (0.01)

time/h

T/°C

P/atm

solvent

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt 50 50 50 50 50 50

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 3 6 6 6 6

THF toluene DMSO DMF 1,4-dioxane CH2Cl2 MeOH CF3CH2OH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH MeOH CF3CH2OH CF3CH2OH

additive

yield/%b

AgOTf AgBF4 AgPF6 AgSbF6 AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf AgOTf

trace trace trace trace trace trace 12 55 78 80 75 77 88 73 79 74 95 72 43 trace 94 48

TON

TOF/h−1

120 550 780 800 750 770 880 730 790 740 1950 1440 4300

40 167 260 267 250 257 293 243 263 247 975 720 2150

1880 4800

940 2400

a

Reaction conditions: substrates 6a (1.0 mmol), solvent (2 mL), silver salt/cat. = 1.2:1. bYield was determined by GC analysis; n-tridecane was used as internal standard. cPMe3 was added (PMe3/cat. = 1:1 in molar ration).

chloride ligand of the coordination saturated cyclometalated iridium complex needs to be dissociated in the first step, so a necessary vacant site is given for the coordination of H2.37 The high polarity, acidity, and low nucleophilicity of CF3CH2OH facilitated the dissociation and solvation of the chloride ligand. Meanwhile, this solvent having minimal interaction with the cationic iridium intermediate.37 Inspired by these results, AgOTf was added in the reaction because the chloride ligand could be easily removed by the silver salt. Fortunately, the corresponding amine was furnished in high yield by using

cheap and readily MeOH as solvent (Table 1, entry 9). No counterion effects were observed when other silver salts were employed in the reactions (Table 1, entries 9−12). The investigation of complexes 1−5 as catalysts suggests that complex 2 shows the best catalytic activity for the imine hydrogenation (Table 1, entries 13−16). Other factors were also screened by using the most active compound, 2, as the catalyst. Higher catalytic activity was observed at elevated temperature, almost quantitative conversion of 6a was found in 2 h with only 0.05 mol % 2 at 6 atm H2 atomsphere (Table 1, C

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Organometallics Table 2. Scope of the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Iminesa

Reaction conditions: substrates (1.0 mmol), catalyst loading: 0.05 mol %, 50 °C, 2 h, 6 atm, solvent: MeOH (2 mL). Yield was determined by GC analysis; n-tridecane was used as internal standard. Isolated yields (%) are provided in parentheses. a

Figure 2. 1H NMR investigation of the formation of iridium hydride species.

entry 17). Further decreasing the catalyst loading (0.05−0.01 mol %) led to a lower yield of the product (Table 1, entry 18). In the presence of AgOTf, the yields of the reactions use CF3CH2OH as solvent are comparable to that of the reaction by using MeOH as solvent (Table 1, entries 21 and 22). Having established the optimum conditions for the reaction, a variety of substrates were employed in the reaction. Table 2 presents the results of the catalytic hydrogenation of imines. Corresponding amines were furnished in good to high yields by utilization of complex 2 as the catalyst under standard conditions (Table 2). The catalytic system tolerates different kinds of functional groups with either electron-donating or -withdrawing properties (Table 2, 7a−l). However, for the reduction of the imines-derived aliphatic precursors, lower activity of the catalyst was observed compared to that of the ruthenium carbonyl complex (Table 2, 7m−r).27d In the case of nitro-substituted compounds (7j and 7k), the intact of the nitro group indicates the selectivity of this reaction. Although the catalytic activity is comparable to those of the previously

reported iridium and ruthenium complexes used in transfer hydrogenation processes, high reaction temperature and toxic benzene solvent are not essential for the reaction reported here.27d,38 To elucidate the possible mechanism of the hydrogenation process, the reactivity between the catalyst and H2 in the presence of AgOTf was investigated. The NMR tube containing the solution of 2 (in dry d8-toluene) was pressurized with H2 (6 atm). The solution was then kept at 50 °C and characterized by 1H NMR after 20 min. A singlet was observed at δ −9.67 ppm, which indicating that the formation of metal hydride species (Figure 2).39 This step involves the heterolytic splitting of H2 with formation of the hydrido iridium active species. The hydride formation was also indicated by the disappearance of the high-field singlet because of the formation of the Ir−D bond, when H2 was replaced by D2 as starting material. Additionally, the signals of Cp* protons split into two peaks in the H2 heterolytic splitting step (Figure D

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Organometallics S6). This result may suggest that there are two species ([C∧N]Ir)+ and [C∧N]IrH) in the reaction mixture. The conclusion was further confirmed by the experimental result that little hydrogenation takes place when PMe3 was used as additive to poison the catalyst in the hydrogenation process under standard reaction conditions (Table 1, entry 20). As indicated in the experimental results, the hydrogenation benefits from higher H2 pressure (Table 1, entries 17 and 18), so the reaction was monitored under different pressure. Figure 3 shows that there is almost a linear

Figure 4. Possible mechanism of the catalytic hydrogenation process

h when 0.5 mol % catalyst loading was used (Table 3, entry 7). Further increases of the catalyst loading have little influence on the reaction (Table 3, entry 8). Decreasing H2 pressure to 3 atm did not lead to a decline in productivity (Table 3, entries 9 and 10). With the optimal reaction condition for quinoline hydrogenation in hand, a series of quinoline derivatives were examined in the hydrogenation reaction. The cyclometalated iridium complex showed good catalytic activity for all these substrates employed. The hydrogenation process was found to be tolerant of different functional groups, such as methyl, phenyl, and halide groups and so on (Table 4, 9a−j). No reaction was observed on the ester group of the substrate, indicating the selectivity of the catalyst for the hydrogenation of CN bonds (Table 4, 9k). Compared with a number of waste production of the protocol use NaBH3CN as reducing reagent,41 this method represents an efficient and greener route, although the catalytic efficiency is lower than that of the analogous iridium complexes using HCOOH/HCOONa as hydrogen source.28 We wonder if the catalytic efficiency could be enhanced under harsher conditions. However, only slightly higher yield (48%) was obtained by using 0.1 mol % catalyst at 80 °C and 10 atm (the results have been added in Table 2, entry 11). The recycle of the catalyst was investigated in order to offset the low catalytic efficiency in the reduction of quinolines. The catalyst was separated from the reaction mixture by removing all volatiles under vacuum. Results showed that complex 2 could be reused for at least three cycles without any loss of activity (93, 92, and 89%; Figure 5).

Figure 3. Effect of H2 pressure on the catalytic hydrogenation process. Reaction conditions: 1.0 mmol of imine 6a, 0.05 mol % catalyst 2, AgOTf (0.06 mol %), H2, 50 °C for 20 min. The conversion was determined by 1H NMR.

correlation between the conversions and H2 pressure, indicating that H2 is probably involved in the rate-determining step of the hydrogenation. On the basis of the above experimental results and previous reports, a possible mechanism has been proposed. At high temperature and pressure of H2, cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium catalyst reacted with H2 to give the hydrido iridium intermediate as the catalytic active species. The catalytic cycle is consisted of three steps: reversible interaction of cationic metal center with H2, rate-determining heterolytic cleavage of H2 into a hydride and a proton to be taken up by the imines, and subsequent transfer of the hydride to the resulting iminium cation. Mechanistic studies on the similar ionic pathway have been reported previously (Figure 4).27d Catalytic Hydrogenation of Quinolines. Encouraged by the good activity of the cyclometalated iridium complexes on imine reduction, we turned our attention on the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated N-heterocycle compounds.40 Initially, we screened different solvents for the hydrogenation of quinoline 8a by using complex 2 (0.1 mol %) as catalyst at 50 °C (Table 3). To our surprise, the reaction gave the positive results in the CF3CH2OH (47% yield) without any additives over 8 h. However, the catalytic efficiency is not good; only 57% yield of the product was obtained even after 12 h under such conditions (Table 3, entry 6). No reactions were observed in MeOH and other nonprotic solvents, such as toluene, DMF, and so on, with the addition of silver salts (Table 3, entries 1−6). The amount of the catalyst is crucial to the reaction. The product was obtained in 93% yield only in 3



CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have described a series of air-stable cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium complexes with the C,N-coordination mode based on benzothiazole ligands. These complexes exhibited good catalytic activity for hydrogenation of imines and quinoline derivatives by using H2 as the hydrogen source. A survey of various kinds of substrates suggested the good tolerance of the catalytic system for the hydrogenation process. In addition, complex 2 could be reused for at least three cycles without any loss of activity in the hydrogenation of quinoline. The good stability and prominent E

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Organometallics Table 3. Optimization for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Quinolinea

entry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7c 8c 9c 10c 11

cat./mol % 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.5) (1.0) (0.5) (0.5) (0.1)

P/atm

solvent

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 1 10

MeOH THF Toluene DMF CH2Cl2 CF3CH2OH CF3CH2OH CF3CH2OH CF3CH2OH CF3CH2OH CF3CH2OH

yield/%b

TON

TOF/h−1

430/570 184 93 186 70 480

54/71 61 31 62 23 160

trace

43/57d 92 93 92 35 48e

a Reaction conditions: quinoline (1.0 mmol), solvent (2.0 mL), H2, AgOTf/cat. = 1.2:1, reaction time: 8 h. bYield was determined by GC analysis; n-tridecane was used as internal standard. cReaction time: 3 h, without the addition of silver salt. dReaction time: 12 h. eReaction temperature: 80 °C.

Table 4. Scope of the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Quinoline Derivativesa

Reaction conditions: substrates (1.0 mmol), catalyst loading: 0. Five mol %, 50 °C, 3 h, 3 atm, solvent: CF3CH2OH (2 mL). Yield was determined by GC analysis, n-tridecane was used as internal standard. Isolated yields (%) are provided in parentheses. a

catalytic efficiency of the half-sandwich iridium complexes proved the possibility of their application in industrial production.



EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

General Data. All manipulations were performed under an atmosphere of nitrogen using standard Schlenk techniques. Chemicals were used as commercial products without further purification. 1H NMR (500 MHz) spectra were measured with a Bruker DMX-500 spectrometer. Elemental analysis was performed on an Elementar vario EL III analyzer. UV/vis absorption spectra were recorded using a UV 765 spectrophotometer with 1 cm path length quartz cuvettes. IR (KBr) spectra were measured with the Nicolet FT-IR spectrophotometer. Ligands L1−L5 were prepared using the modified method according to the literature.32 Synthesis of Benzothiazole Ligands L1−L5. The mixture of 2aminothiophenol (1 mmol) and corresponding aromatic aldehyde (1.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in toluene (5 mL) in a 20 mL Schlenk tube adapted with an air balloon was heated at 100 °C for 24 h. The reaction was then monitored by TLC. Column chromatography of the crude products (PE/EA = 10:1) gave L1−L5 in good yields.

Figure 5. Reuse of catalyst 2 in the quinoline hydrogenation process under optimal conditions.

F

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Organometallics L1. White solid, 85% isolated yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.11−8.08 (m, Ar−H, 3H), 7.92 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.51−7.49 (m, Ar−H, 4H), 7.41 (t, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1646 (vCC), 1509 (vCC), 1478 (vCN), 1384 (vCC), 1313 (vCC), 1224 (vC−S), 962 (ωC−H), 766 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C13H9NS: C 73.90, H 4.29, N 6.63, found: C 73.93, H 4.27, N 6.68. L2. White solid, 83% isolated yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.05 (t, 3JHH = 9.0 Hz, Ar−H, 3H), 7.89 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.50 (t, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.37 (t, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar− H, 1H), 7.01 (d, 3JHH = 9.0 Hz, Ar−H, 2H), 3.89 (s, OCH3, 3H). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1605 (vCC), 1521 (vCC), 1485 (vCN), 1310 (vCC), 1302 (vCC), 1225 (vC−S), 968 (ωC−H), 833 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C14H11NOS: C 69.68, H 4.59, N 5.80, found: C 69.70, H 4.57, N 5.86. L3. White solid, 80% isolated yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.22 (d, 3J (H,H) = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 2H), 8.12 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar− H, 1H), 7.94 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz,, Ar−H, 1H), 7.76 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 2H), 7.55 (t, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.45 (t, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1618 (vCC), 1593 (vCC), 1484 (vCN), 1323 (vCC), 1253 (vC−S), 1173 (vC−F) 971 (ωC−H), 760 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C14H8F3NS: C 60.21, H 2.89, N 5.02, found: C 60.23, H 2.83, N 5.06. L4. White solid, 75% isolated yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.08 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 8.04 (d, 3JHH = 8.5 Hz, Ar−H, 2H), 7.92 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.52−7.46 (m, Ar−H, 3H), 7.42 (t, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1643 (vCC), 1589 (vCC), 1474 (vCN), 1399 (vCC), 1251 (vC−S), 1090 (vC−Cl), 972 (ωC−H), 756 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C13H8ClNS: C 63.54, H 3.28, N 5.70, found: C 63.55, H 3.30, N 5.60. L5. White solid, 79% isolated yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.23 (t, 3JHH = 5.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 8.15 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 2H), 7.96 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.53−7.41 (m, Ar−H, 5H). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1656 (vCC), 1579 (vCC), 1479 (vCN), 1386 (vCC), 1239 (vC−S), 1088 (vC−Cl), 978, 762 cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C13H8ClNS: C 63.54, H 3.28, N 5.70, found: C 63.59, H 3.22, N 5.64. Synthesis of Half-Sandwich Iridium Complexes 1−5. A mixture of [Cp*IrCl2]2 (0.1 mmol), NaOAc (0.4 mmol), and corresponding ligand L1−L5 (0.2 mmol) was stirred at 50 °C in 10 mL of methanol for 6 h. The mixture was filtered and evaporated to give the crude products which were further purified by silica gel column chromatography (CH2Cl2/EA = 20:1) to afford pure cyclometalated half-sandwich iridium complexes in moderate yields. 1. Dark red solid, 52.6% yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.99−7.95 (m, Ar−H, 2H), 7.84 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.72 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.55 (t, 3JHH = 7.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.43 (t, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.22 (t, 3JHH = 7.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.08 (t, 3JHH = 7.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 1.72 (s, Cp*, 15H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): 177.9 (CN), 164.9 (CAr(NS)−N = C), 148.3 (Ar(NS)C−S), 139.6 (CAr), 135.2 (CAr), 131.1 (CAr), 130.7 (CAr), 125.9 (CAr), 124.5 (CAr), 124.4 (CAr(NS)), 121.8 (CAr(NS)), 121.3 (CAr(NS)), 120.1 (CAr(NS)), 87.6 (C5(CH3)5), 8.7 (C5(CH3)5). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1656 (vCC), 1542 (vCC), 1430 (vCN), 1394 (vCC), 1325 (ωC−H), 1230 (vC−S), 982 (ωC−H), 763 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C23H23ClNIrS: C 48.20, H 4.04, N 2.44, found: C 48.25, H 4.03, N 2.50. MS (ESI, m/z): 538 [M − Cl]+. 2. Orange red solid, 58.0% yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.92 (s, Ar−H, 1H), 7.80 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.67 (d, 3JHH = 8.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.52−7.48 (m, Ar−H, 2H), 7.37 (t, 3JHH = 7.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 6.65 (dd, 3JHH = 2.5 Hz, 3JHH = 2.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 3.92 (s, OMe, 3H), 1.73 (s, Cp*, 15H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): 178.1 (CN), 168.3 (CAr(NS)−N = C), 161.9 (C−OMe), 149.4 (Ar(NS)C−S), 133.9 (CAr), 131.8 (CAr), 127.1 (CAr), 126.8 (CAr), 124.8 (CAr), 122.7 (CAr(NS)), 120.6 (CAr(NS)), 120.3 (CAr(NS)), 109.4 (CAr(NS)), 88.6 (C5(CH3)5), 55.2 (OMe), 9.7 (C5(CH3)5). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1663 (vCC), 1590 (vCC), 1419 (vCN), 1364 (vCC), 1333 (ωC−H), 1245 (vC−S), 1029 (vC−O), 976 (ωC−H), 743 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C24H25ClNOIrS: C

47.79, H 4.18, N 2.32, found: C 47.73, H 4.23, N 2.37. MS (ESI, m/ z): 568 [M − Cl]+. 3. Orange red solid, 49.6% yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.20 (s, Ar−H, 1H), 8.03 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.89 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.79 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.60 (t, 3 JHH = 8.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.49 (t, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.32 (d, 3JHH = 8.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 1.73 (s, Cp*, 15H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): 177.5 (CN), 165.7 (CAr(NS)−N = C), 149.2 (Ar(NS)C−S), 147.1 (CAr), 143.8 (CAr), 132.6 (CAr), 132.4 (CAr), 127.3 (CAr), 126.1 (CAr), 125.1 (CAr(NS)), 124.2 (q, JFC = 220 Hz, CF3), 123.0 (CAr(NS)), 121.5 (CAr(NS)), 119.4.1 (CAr(NS)), 89.1 (C5(CH3)5), 9.6 (C5(CH3)5). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1651 (vCC), 1556 (vCC), 1439 (vCN), 1375 (vCC), 1319 (ωC−H), 1142 (vC−S), 1110 (vC−F), 983 (ωC−H), 765 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C24H22ClF3NIrS: C 44.96, H 3.46, N 2.18, found: C 44.89, H 3.50, N 2.25. MS (ESI, m/z): 606 [M − Cl]+. 4. Orange red solid, 56.3% yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.97 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.89 (s, Ar−H, 1H), 7.84 (d, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.64 (d, 3JHH = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.56 (t, 3 JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.44 (t, 3JHH = 7.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.32 (d, 3JHH = 8.5 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 1.72 (s, Cp*, 15H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): 177.7 (CN), 167.4 (CAr(NS)−N = C), 149.2 (Ar(NS)C−S), 139.2 (CAr), 137.6 (CAr), 135.7 (CAr), 132.2 (CAr), 127.1 (CAr), 126.4 (CAr), 125.6 (CAr(NS)), 122.9 (CAr(NS)), 122.7 (CAr(NS)), 121.1 (CAr(NS)), 88.9 (C5(CH3)5), 9.7 (C5(CH3)5). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1655 (vCC), 1550 (vCC), 1436 (vCN), 1354 (vCC), 1329 (ωC−H), 1143 (vC−S), 1069 (vC−Cl), 982 (ωC−H), 772 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C23H22Cl2NIrS: C 45.46, H 3.65, N 2.31, found: C 45.53, H 3.70, N 2.22. MS (ESI, m/ z): 572 [M − Cl]+. 5. Orange red solid, 49.8% yield. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.05 (d, 3J (H,H) = 8.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.90−7.85 (m, Ar−H, 2H), 7.59−7.53 (m, Ar−H, 1H), 7.48 (t, 3JHH = 7.0 Hz, Ar−H, 1H), 7.15− 7.08 (m, Ar−H, 2H), 1.70 (s, Cp*, 15H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): 175.2 (CN), 169.2 (CAr(NS)−N = C), 148.0 (Ar(NS)C−S), 138.4 (CAr), 135.0 (CAr), 132.8 (CAr), 132.1 (CAr), 131.3 (CAr), 127.0 (CAr), 125.6 (CAr(NS)), 123.5 (CAr(NS)), 122.5 (CAr(NS)), 121.5 (CAr(NS)), 89.2 (C5(CH3)5), 9.6 (C5(CH3)5). IR (KBr, disk): υ 1671 (vCC), 1538 (vCC), 1429 (vCN), 1352 (vCC), 1328 (ωC−H), 1151 (vC−S), 1065 (vC−Cl), 979 (ωC−H), 762 (ωAr−H) cm−1. Elemental analysis calcd (%) for C23H22Cl2NIrS: C 45.46, H 3.65, N 2.31, found: C 45.60, H 3.73, N 2.32. MS (ESI, m/z): 572 [M − Cl]+. General Procedure for the Hydrogenation of Imine. In a typical run, the substrate (1.0 mmol), catalyst (0.5 mol %), AgOTf (0.6 mol %) and MeOH (2 mL) were charged in a 5 mL vial with a magnetic bar. The vial was then transferred to an autoclave. The autoclave was purged with H2 (6 atm) via three cycles of pressurization/venting, then pressurized with H2 (6 atm) and disconnected from the H2 source. The autoclave was heated to the desired temperature. After stirring for 2 h, the autoclave was cooled and the pressure was slowly released. The resultant mixture extracted with diethyl ether (2 × 5 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in hexane and analyzed by GC-MS. Recycle of the Catalyst. After GC analysis of the reaction solution, the reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum at high temperature until all volatiles were removed. Then, the residue solid was used as the catalyst under standard reaction conditions for the next cycle. X-ray Crystallography. Diffraction data of 1 and 4 were collected on a Bruker Smart APEX CCD diffractometer with graphitemonochromated Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). All the data were collected at room temperature, and the structures were solved by direct methods and subsequently refined on F2 by using full-matrix least-squares techniques (SHELXL).42 SADABS43 absorption corrections were applied to the data. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, and hydrogen atoms were located at calculated positions. All calculations were performed using the Bruker program Smart. G

DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553. 1

H NMR spectra of L1−L5, 1H and 13C NMR spectra Complexes 1−5; TGA curves of complex 1−5 (PDF) Accession Codes

CCDC 1859056−1859057 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif, or by emailing [email protected], or by contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033.



AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. Tel.: +86-21-60877231. Fax: +8621-60873335. ORCID

Zi-Jian Yao: 0000-0003-1833-1142 Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21601125), the Chenguang Scholar of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 16CG64), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 16ZR1435700), Shanghai Gaofeng & Gaoyuan Project for University Academic Program Development, Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (16DZ2270100), Shanghai Young Teacher Training Program (No. ZZZZyyx16005), the Shuguang Scholar of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. 16SG49).



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Organometallics

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DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00553 Organometallics XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX