J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5245-5255
5245
Charge-Transfer Photochemistry from the Donor-Acceptor Complexes of Anthracenes with Tetranitromethane J. M. Masnovi and J. K. Kochi* Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, University Park, Houston, Texas 77004 Received J u n e 27, 1985
The formation of electron donor-acceptor or EDA complexes of a series of 9-substituted and 9,lO-disubstituted anthracenes with tetranitromethane (TNM) can be visually observed in dichloromethane solutions. The colors arise from charge-transfer (CT) transitions from the aromatic donor (An) to the tetranitromethane acceptor. Specific irradiation of the CT absorption band at X > 500 nm leads to the rapid bleaching of the solution, and high yields of photoadducts 1 can be isolated especially from those anthracenes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents. X-ray crystallography establishes the photoadducts 1 to derive from an overall anti addition of the TNM fragments, C(NO& and NOz, across the meso positions of 9-bromo- and 9-phenylanthracene. The high quantum yields me associated with the efficient dissociative electron transfer accompanying the charge-transfer excitation of the 1:l EDA complex. The subsequent multistep pathway by which the geminate species [An+-, C(N02)3-,NOz] combine regiospecifically and stereospecifically to form the photoadduct 1 is described. The structural elucidation of the byproducts underscores the efficiency of ion-pair and radical-pair interactionsfollowing the CT excitation of EDA complexes.
Transient colors associated with charge-transfer (CT) absorptions are often observed during the course of many reactions between electron-rich organic or organometallic species and various electrophiles, and they are ascribed to the formation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes.' Charge-transfer interactions are also an important source of stabilization in chemical reactions-such that bond reorganizations leading to reactive intermediates and/or transition states are facilitated by the delocalization of incipient chargea2b When electron donor-acceptor complexes are characterized as reaction intermediates, they exist as weakly bound species in which the donor component (D) and the acceptor moiety (A) are loosely associated to retain their individual id en ti tie^,^,^ i.e., eq 1. The as-
+ &
D A [D,A] (1) sociation constant K for complex formation generally increases with the donor and acceptor strengths, as evaluated by the ionization potential and electron affinity, respecti~ely.~,'Such complexes promote reactivity by bringing the reactants together and encouraging the orbital overlap required for electronic reorganization (including electron transfer.) According to Mulliken: the color of an EDA complex arises from a charge-transfer transition involving the promotion of an electron from an occupied molecular orbital primarily localized on the donor to an unoccupied orbital localized on the acceptor. Thus the CT excitation of a weakly bound EDA complex [D,A] populates an ionic state consisting of a radical-ion pair as summarized by eq (1) (a) Kosower, E. M. h o g . Phys. Org. Chem. 1965,3,81. (b) Colter, A. K.; Dack, M. R. J. Mol. Complexes 1973. 1. 301; 1974.2. 1. (2) For leading references, see: (a) Epiotis, N. D. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1972,94,1924. (b) Fukui, K. Acc. Chem. Res. 1971,4,57. (c) Houk, K. N. J. Am. Chem. SOC.1973,95,4092. (d) Dewar, M. J. S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1971, 10, 761 and references therein. (3) Thus the rates of many diverse types of reactions are found to correlate with measures of electron transfer such as CT transition energies and redox potential^.^ (4) (a) Fukuzumi, S.;Kochi, J. K. J.Am. Chem. SOC.1981, 103, 7240. (b) Fukuzumi, S.;Kochi, J. K.Ibid. 1982, 104, 7599. (5) (a) Foster, R. "Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes"; Academic Press; New York, 1969. (b) Andrews, L. J.; Keefer, R. Y. "Molecular Complexes in Organic Chemistry";Holden-Day San Francisco, 1964. (c) Briegleb, G. "ElektronenDonator-Acceptor Komplexe"; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1961. (d) Kochi, J. K. "Organometallic Mechanisms and Catalysis";Academic Press: New York, 1978. (6) Mulliken, R.S.J.Am. Chem. SOC.1952, 74,811. Mulliken, R.S.; Person, W. B. 'Molecular Complexes: A Lecture and Reprint Volume"; Wiley: New York, 1969. (7) Masnovi, J. M.;Seddon, E. A.; Kochi, J. K. Can. J . Chem. 1984, 62,2552.
0022-3263/85/1950-5245$01.50/0
2. The ion pair generated by CT excitation in eq 2 has [D,A]
hum __+
[D+*,A-*]
been observed by time-resolved spectroscopy and identified by the local absorptions characteristic of the individual donor cation (D+-)and the acceptor anion The fate of the geminal ion pair depends on the properties of the component radical ions. For example, in a system consisting of a series of arene donors (An) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) as the acceptor, the irradiation of the CT band with a 25-ps laser pulse leads to the excited ion pair, i.e., eq 3, the picosecond spectrum of which is the (A--).839
hum
[An,TCNE] [An+.,TCNE-.] (3) same as the composite spectra of species generated independently by electrochemical oxidation and reduction of the arene donor and TCNE, respectively.8 However, the back electron transfer to regenerate the original EDA complex is rapid, i.e., eq 4. Such a rate is sufficient to
Ph > OAc is consistent with t h e expected ease of oxidation of the corresponding hydranthryl radical 2.46 Finally, aromatization can occur from t h e benzylic cation by proton loss t o afford t h e 10-trinitromethyl-substituted anthracene 6.
Summary and Conclusion Trinitromethane ( T N M ) forms photoreactive EDA complexes with a series of 9-substituted a n d 9,lO-disubstituted anthracenes An. These complexes undergo efficient chemical reaction following charge-transfer excitation owing to the instability of the acceptor anion. Thus TNM-. is formed concomitantly with An+. upon irradiation, b u t i t rapidly fragments t o C(N02&-a n d NOz. These fragmentation products are efficiently trapped as t h e meso adducts of t h e anthracene, t h e structures of which are established by X-ray crystallography. T h e CT photochemistry of anthracene-TNM complexes is akin t o t h e photochemistry reported for anthracene with CCl,,& which doubtlessly proceeds via an analogous EDA complex. With both acceptors, the quantum efficiency of CT photochemistry depends heavily on t h e ease of fragmentation of the
anion radical, a n d t h e products are determined by t h e relative rates of t h e subsequent ion pair and radical pair interactions.
Experimental Section Materials. Tetranitr~methane~~ (Aldrich)was purified by the method of Biebki and Allen.48 Anthracene, 9-cyanoanthracene, 9-acetylanthracene, and 9-chloroanthracene from Aldrich were each crystallized from ethan01.4~ 9-Phenylanthracene (Aldrich Gold Label), 9,10-diphenylanthracene,and 9,lO-dimethylanthracene (Aldrich) were used as received. 9-Bromoanthracene and 9-anthraldehydefrom Aldrich were each purified by repeated crystallizations from ethanol.49 9-Methoxyanthracene:O 9nitr~anthracene,~' methyl 9-anthroate,52 9-anthryl acetate,50 9,10-dimetho~yanthracene,~~ and 9,lO-dibromoanthracene were prepared according to the methods described in the literature. The solvents methylene chloride (Aldrich Gold Label), chloroform (Fisher), rz-pentane (Matheson, Coleman and Bell), and cyclohexane (Matheson, Coleman and Bell) were each dried over molecular sieves (Linde, 5A) and distilled under argon prior to use. Nitroform was prepared by reduction of tetranitromethane." Photochemistry of the EDA Complexes. General Proced u r e for Product Isolation. A concentrated solution of the anthracene (saturated or >0.1 M) and 1.2 equiv of TNM in methylene chloride, n-pentane, or cyclohexane was maintained at 10-15 "C in a water-filled Pyrex Dewar flask. The solution was irradiated with light from either a xenon or mercury highpressure lamp which was passed through a Corning 3-69 glass sharp cut-off filter until the CT absorptions of the EDA complex were bleached (2-15 min). Crystals of the photoproduct 1 sometimes formed spontaneously upon irradiation. Concentration of the reaction mixture in vacuo allowed the collection of the major products by filtration. Recrystallizationfrom a mixture consisting of either methylene chloride and carbon tetrachloride or methylene chloride and hexane below room temperature afforded the pure products for characterization. Additional material was obtained by rapid removal of the solvent from the original filtrate, followed by fractional crystallizationof the residue. Mechanical separation of the crystals of different morphology afforded additional 1 as well as small amounts of other products given in Table 111. Generally, the photoadducts 1 were thermally unstable. They decomposed autocatalytically in solution with the release of acid and concomitant rearomatization to disubstituted anthracenes. Small amounts of these decomposition products were obtained following the isolation of the primary adducts. Some examples of the CT photochemistry for specific anthracenes are described below. 9-Nitroanthracene. A solution of 111 mg (0.50 mmol) of 9-nitroanthracene and 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM dissolved in 5 mL of methylene chloride was irradiated for 15 min. Colorless crystals of 1 (R = NO2) formed during the irradiation. The solution was concentrated and filtered. The slightly yellow precipitate was taken up in -15 mL CHzC12,and -5 mL of CCll was added. Colorless crystals of la (R = NOz)formed during the slow evaporation of the solvent. The crystals were collected by filtration, washed with several small portions of cold C C 4 , and air-dried to afford 135 mg (65%) of la (R = NOz). Recrystallization from a mixture of CH2Clzand C C 4 afforded colorless crystals, which melted over a range from 129 to 240 "C accompanied by gas evolution, a series of color changes, and crystallization remelting:5s 'H NMR (CDC13,Me,Si) 6 6.22 (br s, 1 H), N
(44)The oxidation of carbon-centered radicals such as a-aminoalkyl and a-alkoxyalkyl by TNM has been observed to occur at close to diffusion-controlled rates. See: Schuchmann; M. N., Steenken, S.; Wroblewski, J.;Von Sonntag, C. Znt. J.Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys., Chem. Med. 1984,46,225. Frank, A. J.; Graetzel, M.; Henglein, A.; Janata, E. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1976,80,547.Hiller, K.0.; Asmus, K. D. J. Phys. Chen. 1983, 87, 3682; Broszkiewicz, R. K.;Soeylemez, T.; Schulte-Frohlinde, D. 2.Naturforsch., B Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem. 1982,37B,368. Vorob'eva, R. P., Kozlov, Yu. N.; Kokorin, A. I.; Petrov, A. N. Khim. Fiz. 1982,1518. (45)(a) Alternatively, NO, is ambident and is known to react with organic radicals to form nitro and nitrite products. In the gas phase, the reaction at oxygen is favored kinetically, but the reaction a t nitrogen seems to be favored thermodynamically, Park, J. Y.; Gutman, D. J.Phys. Chem. 1983,87,1844.Formation of 4 and 6 may result from the reaction of NOz with 2 to form the nitrites, followed by hydrolysis or loss of NO. (b) Radicals add to 9-nitroanthracene at the 10-position, and the resulting a-nitrohydranthryl may rearrange to nitrites which eliminate NO. Testaferri, L.; Tingoli, M.; Tiecco, M. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1983, 543. (c) NO, itself may in some cases be able to promote the oxidation in eq 24,see, e.g.: Pryor, W. A,; Gleicher, G. J.; Cosgrove, J. P.; Church, D. F. J.Org. Chem. 1984,49,5189.(d) Adducts 1 appear to be primary products and are formed in high yields even at low temperature (Table 111). At low temperature, however, the product yields were more sensitive to the presence of oxygen and nucleophiles. (46)Vermeersh, G.; Marko, J.; Febvay-Garot, N.; Caplain, S.; Lablache-Combier, A. Tetrahedron 1978,34,1493.
(47)Liang, P."Organic Syntheses"; Wiley: New York, 1955;Collect. Vol. 3, p 803. (48)Bielski, B. H. J.; Allen, A. 0. J. Phys. Chem. 1967, 71, 4544. (49)A small amount (- 1%) of an anthracene impurity remained after this treatment. (50)Meek, J. S.;Monroe, P. A.; Bouboulis, C. J. J.Org. Chem. 1983, 48,2572. (51) Braun, C. E.; Cook, C. D.; Merritt, C., Jr.; Rousseau, J. E. "Organic Syntheses"; Wiley: New York, 1973; Collect. Vol. 4,p 711. (52)Parish, R. C.; Stock, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1965,30,927. (53)Barnett, E.B.;Cook, J. W.; Mathews, M. A. J.Chem. SOC.1923, 123,1994. (54)Homer, J.; Huck, P. J. J. Chem. SOC.A 1968,277.
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J. Org. Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 1985
7.56 (br d, 2 H, J = 8 Hz), 7.65 (td, 2 H, J = 1.5, 7.3 Hz), 7.69 (td, 2 H, J = 1.6, 7.3 Hz), 7.76 (dd, J = 1.6, 7.8 Hz); UV (log e) 235 (5.01) sh, 280 (4.36) nm; IR (KBr or Nujol) 2942 (w), 2877 (w), 1625 (s), 1597 (vs), 1581 (vs), 1576 (vs), 1491 (m), 1452 (m), 1354 (m), 1308 (s), 1298 (s), 1171 (w), 961 (w), 845 (m), 823 (s), 807 (m), 795 (m), 769 (m), 733 (s), 677 (w), 652 (w), 612 (w), 581 (m), 378 (w), 361 (m) cm-'. Anal. Calcd for c15&&,010: C, 42.97; H, 2.16; N, 16.71. Found: C, 42.76; H, 2.32; N, 16.60. The crystals of la (R = NO2) decomposed violently without melting when heated slowly to 130 "C in a melting point capillary. The resultant slightly yellow powder was characterized as 10(trinitromethy1)anthrone 5'" from the 'H NMR spectrum in CDCl, (Me4Si): 6 6.02 (br s, 1 H), 7.59-7.66 (m, 4 H), 7.68 (dd, 2 H, J = 2.4, 6.2 Hz), 8.25 (dd, 2 H, J = 2.4, 6.8 Hz). After recrystallization from a mixture of CH2C12and CC14it afforded pale yellow crystals, which showed a complex melting behavior: UV (log e ) 236 (5.10) sh, 280 (4.50) sh nm; IR (KBr) 2944 (m), 1670 (vs), 1620 (w),1597 (w),1574 (vs), 1460 (m), 1400 (w), 1351 (w),1322 (s), 1314 (s), 1296 (s), 1287 (s), 1169 (w), 1094 (w), 933 (m), 848 (w), 824 (w), 812 (s), 795 (s), 767 (w), 723 (m), 715 (w), 687 (m), 636 (w), 582 (w) cm-'. Anal. Calcd for Cl5HBN3O7:C, 52.49; H, 2.64; N, 12.24. Found: C, 52.53; H, 290; N, 12.20. 9-Bromoanthracene. A solution of 128 mg (0.50 mmol) of 9-bromoanthracene and 100 mg of TNM (0.51 mmol TNM) dissolved in 5 mL of CH2C12was irradiated for 10 min. The solvent was evaporated to yield a yellow residue, which was taken up in -3 mL of CH2C12,and -1 mL of CC14was added. Over a period of several hours, colorless crystals formed, which were collected by filtration, washed three times with small portions of cold CC14, and air-dried to afford 136 mg (60%) of lg (R = Br) as colorless plates. (The structure of l g (R = Br) was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.) Recrystallization again from a mixture of CH2C12and CC14 afforded colorless plates of analytically pure material, which underwent a dramatic series of color changes, gas evolution, and partial melting-remelting between 112 and 200 OC:= 'H NMR (CDC13Me4Si)6 6.38 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (m, 4 H), 7.57 (td, 2 H, J = 2.1, 7.2 Hz), 7.68 (d, 2 H, J = 8.1 Hz); UV (log e ) 236 (5.10) sh, 280 (4.50) sh nm; 13C NMR (CDCl,, 13CDC136 77.00 at 75.46 MHz (C)) 6 47.4 (d, J = 144 Hz), 94.6 (s), 125.2 (s), 128.6 (d, J = 164 Hz), 129.1 (dd, J = 12, 164 Hz), 131.3 (d, J = 164 Hz), 131.6 (d, J = 170 Hz), 135.4 (s) [the trinitromethyl resonance was tentatively assigned to a very weak signal a t 6 150.8s6];IR (KBr or Nujol) 2946 (w), 1626 (vs), 1592 (vs), 1582 (s), 1562 (vs), 1493 (w), 1449 (w), 1340 (m), 1293 (s), 991 (w), 837 (w), 810 (m), 793 (m), 766 (m), 717 (m),582 (w) cm-l. Anal. Calcd for C15H9N40J3r:C, 39.76 H, 2.02; N, 12.36. Found: C, 39.73; H, 2.03; N, 12.32. Slow heating of the crystals of l g (R = Br) in a melting point capillary to 118 "C caused the vigorous breakup of the crystals and formed the same product 5 [10-(trinitromethy1)anthronel,45b which was obtained by heating la (R = NO2) (vide supra). Fractional recrystallization of the filtrate afforded a small amount of additional lg (R = Br) (which was unstable in solution), and it was separated mechanically from another product (orange needles). The new product was derived from the thermal decomposition of lg (R = Br), and its spectral characteristics were consistent with it being an anthracene derivative. 9-Phenylanthracene. A solution of 127 mg (0.50 mmol) of 9-phenylanthracene and 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM dissolved in 5 mL of CH2Clzwas irradiated for 7 min. The solvent was removed, the residue was taken up in -2 mL of CH2C12,and -1 mL of CC14was added. Crystallization occurred after a few hours, and the very pale yellow crystals were collected by filtration. After washing with a small amount of cold CCl,, 61 mg (30%) of the alcohol 4 [g-phenyl-9-hydroxy-lO-(trinitromethyl)-9,1O-dihydroanthracene] was obtained. The structure of 4 was determined
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(55) 9-Nitro-9,lO-dihydroanthracenes characteristically undergo dramatic and violent decomposition when heated, see ref 53. (56) The NMR of tetranitromethane (neat with 1% C6D for locking) is a nonet nine lines due to coupling to four equivalent IIN, 6 119.6 relative to C6D6,6 128, J = 9.5 Hz).This indicates that the predominant species present is C(N02)4(rather than isomers such as trinitromethyl nitrite). The resonances of the trinitromethyl groups in the products might be difficult to observe because of their multiplicity, quadrupolar effects of the I4N nuclei, and the absence of Overhauser enhancement.
by X-ray crystallography: 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4Si) 6 2.43 (s, 1 H), 6.32 (br s, 1H), 7.23-7.32 (m, 7 H), 7.41 (t, 2 H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.62 (t, 2 H, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.19 (d, 2 H, J = 7.8 Hz); UV (log e ) 220 (5.52) sh, 254 (4.75), 284 (4.52) sh nm; IR (KBr) 3058 (w), 2867 (w), 1605 (vs), 1595 (vs), 1578 (vs), 1549 (vs), 1493 (m), 1448 (m), 1385 (m), 1340 (s),1295 (vs), 1217 (w), 839 (m), 812 (m), 809 (m), 795 (s),776 (m), 767 (s), 752 (s), 737 (s),697 (s), 689 (s),648 (w), 640 (w), 579 (w) cm-'. Alternatively, a solution of 5 mg of 9-phenylanthracene and 8 pL (-3 equiv) of TNM in 1mL of pentane was irradiated for 5 min. It resulted in the precipitation of colorless crystals of li (R = C6H5). Concentration afforded a high yield (4.5 mg, 90%) of li (R = C&) which was very unstable in solution, decomposing autocatalytically. It was however successfully recrystallized from cyclohexane to afford colorless plates, which showed the characteristicallycomplex melting behavior typical of the photoadducts 1 from 85 to 200 "C. The structure of l i (R = C6H5)was established by X-ray crystallography: 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4Si)6 6.41 (br s, 1H), 7.25 (dt, 2 H, J = 1.6, 7.5 Hz), 7.36 (t,2 H, J = 7.6 Hz), 7.44 (m, 5 H), 7.52 (td, 2 H, J = 1.0, 7.6 Hz), 7.63 (td, 2 H, J = 1.0, 7.3 Hz); W (log e ) 230 (5.14) sh, 258 (4.71),283 (4.29 sh nm; IR (KBr) 3401 (m), 3264 (w), 3032 (w), 1614 (vs), 1599 (vs) 1578 (vs), 1493 (w) 1484 (w), 1450 (m), 1355 (m), 1292 (s), 1163 (w), 1036 (w) 1027 (m), 1016 (m), 1005 (m), 913 (w) 837 (m), 812 (m), 794 (s), 773 (s), 768 (s), 753 (s), 694 (s), 636 (m), 590 (m), 496 (m) cm-l. Anthracene. A solution of 93 mg (0.50 mmol) of anthracene and 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM dissolved in 5 mL of CH2C12 was irradiated for 10 min. The solvent was removed, the residue was taken up in -3 mL of CH2C12,and 1mL of CC14was added. Slow crystallizationoccurred over a period of several hours to give a low yield of a single colorless glassy crystal identified as lh (R = H). An improved yield of 1 resulted when a saturated solution of anthracene (1-2 mg) and 8 pL (-5 equiv) of TNM in 1 mL of pentane or CCb was irradiated. Under these conditions, crystals of lh (R = H) formed during the irradiation, and they were collected by filtration. After washing with several small portions of cold CC14,l h (R = H) was obtained. Recrystallization of 1 from cyclohexane afforded colorless, thin plates, which melted at 160-161 "C with vigorous evolution of gas:55 'H NMR (CDC13, Me4Si)6 6.26 (br s, 1 H), 6.41 (s, 1 H), 7.44 (dd, 2 H, J = 1.4, 7.6 Hz), 7.51 (td,2 H, J = 1.4,7.6 Hz), 7.58 (td,2 H, J = 1.4,7.6 Hz), 7.76 (dd, 2 H, J = 1.4, 7.6 Hz); UV (log e ) 227 (5.15) sh, 252 (4.68), 280 (4.32) sh nm; 13CNMR spectrum (CDCl,, 13CDC136 77.00 at 75.46 M Hz (C)) 6 48.4 (d, J = 139 Hz), 85.3 (d, J = 149 Hz), 128.9 (s), 129.5 (d, J = 160 Hz), 130.0 (s), 130.3 (dd, J = 6.3, 170 Hz), 130.7 (dd, J = 8.3,167 Hz), 133.1 (d, J = 172 Hz) [the 13C(N02)3 resonance was not observeds6];IR (KBr) 2928 (w), 1624 (s), 1594 (vs), 1580 (vs), 1557 (vs), 1493 (m), 1452 (w), 1385 (w), 1353 (s), 1294 (s),1257 (w), 864 (w), 852 (w), 824 (w) 814 (m), 793 (m) 781 (w) 769 (w), 762 (m), 722 (m), 633 (w), 579 (w) cm-'. Anal. Calcd for C15HloN408:C, 48.14; H, 2.69; N, 14.97. Found: C, 48.27; H, 2.70; N, 14.87. 'H NMR analysis of the filtrate indicated that it contained a mixture of products suggestive of symmetrically disubstituted meso derivatives of 9,10-dihydroanthracene. Recrystallizationof 1 from a 4 1 mixture of CH2C12and p-xylene afforded large colorless plates suitable for an X-ray determination. 9-Anthraldehyde. A solution of 103 mg (0.5 mmol) of 9anthraldehyde and 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM dissolved in 5 mL of CH2C12was irradiated for -15 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was taken up in -2 mL of CH2C12, and 1 mL of CC14was added. Slow crystallization afforded 60 mg (30%) of powdery pale yellow crystals of IC (R = CHO). Recrystallization from a mixture of CH2C12 and CC14 afforded colorless plates: 'H NMR (CDC13Me4%) 6 6.28 (br s, 1 H), 7.59 (m, 6 H), 7.65 (m, 2 H), 10.11 (s, 1 H); UV (log e) 230 (5.19) sh, 250 (4.57) sh nm; IR (KBr) 2952 (w), 1744 (s), 1623 (vs), 1595 (vs), 1578 (vs), 1556 (vs), 1493 (w), 1450 (w), 1384 (w), 1334 (m), 1297 (s),842 (m), 814 (m), 795 (s), 772 (m), 712 (w), 690 (w), 584 (w) cm-'. Anal. Calcd for C16HloN40g:c, 47.77; H, 2.51; N, 13.93. Found: C, 47.90; H, 2.54; N, 13.93. Fractional crystallization of the fdtrate afforded two morphologically distinct crystalline forms, which were mechanically separated to give an additional 27 mg (13%) of IC (R = CHO) and 21 mg (12%) of 3. Recrystallization from a mixture of CH2C12and CC4 afforded colorless needles of 3, which melted at 95-97 "C with gas evolution: 'H NMR (CDC13,
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-
Charge-Transfer Photochemistry Me&) 6 6.58 (br s, 1 H), 5.50 (d, 1 H, J = 1.5 Hz), 7.43 (d, 4 H, J=2.8Hz),7.53-7.60(m,4H),9.60(d,lH, J = 1.5Hz);IR(KBr) 2950 (w), 1740 (s), 1624 (vs), 1576 (vs), 1559 (vs), 1384 (s), 1332 (m), 1297 (s),841 (m), 814 (m), 794 (s), 773 (m), 713 (m), 692 (m), 582 (m) cm-'. 9-Anthryl Acetate, 9-Acetylanthracene, 9-Chloroanthracene, a n d Methyl 9-Anthroate. Irradiations of 0.50 mmol of these arenes with 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM in CHzClz for 10 min proceeded in a manner described above to afford in good yields the adducts 1 (R = COZCH3,OCOCH3,COCH3,and C1) after evaporation of the solvent. The yields of the crude products were about 80% in each case. The spectroscopic data for these products, reported below, allow the identification of the products as the photoadducts 1. (However, the stereochemistry has not been established by X-ray crystallography.) Id (R = COZCH3):'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4Si) 6 3.97 (s,3 H), 6.19 (br s, 1 H), 7.4-7.55 (m, 6 H), 7.66 (br d, 2 H, 8.0 Hz); IR (KBr): 2957 (vw), 1676 (vs), 1661 (vs), 1626 (m), 1601 (vs), 1592 (vs), 1574 (w), 1543 (m), 1460 (m), 1435 (m), 1400 (w), 1385 (w), 1368 (w), 1330 (s),1321 (vs), 1304 (s), 1285 (s), 1261 (s), 1240 (s), 1185 (m), 1173 (m), 1163 (m), 1130 (m), 1076 (m), 932 (m), 730 (m), 694 (m), 687 (m), 621 (w) cm-'. l k (R = OCOCH,): 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4Si) 6 2.17 (s, 3 H), 6.36 (br s, 1 H), 7.42-7.54 (m, 8 H). l e (R = COCH,): 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4%) 6 2.59 (s, 3 H), 6.26 (br s, 1 H), 7.48-7.54 (m, 6 H), 7.60 (m, 2 H); UV (log t) 230 (4.91) sh, 260 (4.31) sh nm; IR (KBr) 2948 (w), 2880 (w), 1731 (s), 1633 (vs), 1631 (vs), 1588 (vs), 1585 (vs), 1558 (vs), 1490 (m), 1449 (w), 1419 (w), 1356 (s), 1347 (s), 1298 (s),1162 (s), 840 (m),817 (s), 796 (s), 768 (m), 738 (e), 601 (m), 586 (m) cm-'. Anal. Calcd for C1,HlZN4O9:C, 49.05; H, 2.91; N, 13.46. Found C, 48.98; H, 2.93; N, 13.40. If (R = Cl): 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4Si) 6 6.31 (br s, 1 H), 7.49-7.60 (m, 6 H), 7.65 (br d, 2 H, J = 8.1 Hz); IR (KBr) 2961 (m), 2889 (w), 1684 (m), 1676 (w), 1671 (w), 1653 (m), 1611 (vs), 1592 (vs), 1577 (vs), 1561 (s), 1489 (m), 1457 (w), 1450 (m), 1351 (m), 1332 (s), 1294 (s), 1282 (s), 1170 (w), 933 (s), 837 (m), 816 (m), 795 (s),770 (m), 735 (s), 725 (s), 698 (m), 685 (m), 668 (m), 580 (m), 442 (m), 419 (m), 408 (m), 401 (m), 391 (m), 374 (m), 366 ( 8 ) cm-'. Anal. Calcd for C16H9N408C1:C, 44.08; H, 2.22, N, 13.71. Found C, 44.66; H, 2.31; N, 13.66. l k (R = OCOCHJ: 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me4Si)6 2.15 (s, 3 H), 6.38 (br s, 1H), 7.45-7.55 (m, 8 H); IR (KBr) 2942 (m), 1669 (vs), 1620 (s), 1597 (vs), 1574 (s), 1551 (m), 1460 (w), 1400 (w), 1353 (w), 1322 (s),1314 (s), 1297 (s), 1286 (s), 933 (w), 812 (m), 795 (m), 775 (w), 724 (m), 695 (w), 687 (w), 635 (w) cm-'. 9-Cyanoanthracene. A solution of 101 mg (0.50 mmol) of 9-cyanoanthracene and 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM dissolved in -5 mL of CHzClzwas irradiated for 15 min. The solvent was removed, the solid residue was taken up in -3 mL CHZClz,and -1 mL of C C 4 was added. The crystals obtained by slow evaporation of the solvent contained approximatelyequal amounts of two compounds which could not be completely separated by repeated recrystallizations in this manner. These materials may be steriosomers of l b (R = CN). 9-Methoxyanthracene. A solution of 104 mg (0.50 mmol) of 9-methoxyanthracene and 100 mg (0.51 mmol) of TNM dissolved in 5 mL of CHzCl2slowly decomposed thermally at room temperature. Therefore the irradiation was performed immediately after mixing the components at 0 OC. The major product initially formed, however, was determined to be the anthrone 5 and no adduct l j (R = OCH,) was observed. 9-Methylanthracene. Irradiation of a solution of 0.073 M 9-methylanthracene and 1.0 M TNM in 1mL of CHzClzor CDC1, for 1.5 min. with light passed through a Corning 3-70 (500 nm) cut-off filter at 4 "C afforded a mixture of products. Immediate analysis of the crude reaction mixture by 'H NMR spectroscopy indicated a complex mixture of products (at least 12 major products formed). These products include adducts such as 1 and 4, as indicated by the broadened singlet resonances observed between 6 6.3-6.8 6.43 (br s, 15%), 6.35 (br s, 5%), 6.47 (br s, 4%), 6.61 (br s, 4%), 6.80 (br s, 2%). For the substitution of the methyl group the partial assignments are 6 8.37 (d, 2 H, J = 8 Hz),7.97 (dt, 2 H, J = 1.5, 7.5 Hz), 7.83 (dd, 2 H, J = 1.3,7.8 Hz), 6.75 (s, 2 H)[-8%], 8.31 (d, 2 H, J = 8 Hz),7.92 (d, 2 H, J = 7.5 Hz), 6.71 (9, 2 H) [-6%]. For other meso addition products the 'H NMR spectrum in CDC1, (Me4Si)shows the following: 6 6.90 (s, 12%),5.62 (s,7%), 6.89 (s,4%), 6.55 (s,4%), 7.13 (s, 2%),
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J. Org. Chem., Vol. 50, No. 25, 1985
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7.15 (s, l%), 5.86 (s, l%), 5.76 (s, l%), 5.71 (s, l%), 5.86 (8, l % ) , 5.63 ( 8 , 1%). Associated with these signals are resonances for the methyl groups between 6 1.8 and 2 . 8 2.48 (s, 15%),2.42 (s, 9%), 2.37 (5, 9%), 1.86 (s, 6%), 2.26 (s,4%), 1.83 (s, 3%), 2.15 (s, 3%), 2.10 (s, 3%), 2.03 ( 8 , 3%), 2.69 (s,2%), 2.27 (s,2%), 2.78 (s, I%), 2.74 (s, l%), 2.68 (s, l%), 2.66 (s, 1%)2.32 (s, 1%),2.30 (s, I%), 2.29 ( 8 , l % ) , 2.27 (s, 1%). 9,lO-Diphenylanthracene. A solution of 0.05 M 9,lO-diphenylanthracene and -0.2 M TNM in 1mL of CH2ClZor CDCl, was irradiated for 2 min by passing the light through a Corning 3-70 (500 nm) cut-off filter at 4 "C. Immediate analysis of the crude product by 'H NMR spectroscopy indicated the formation of two principal products in a ratio of 7:3, and an overall yield of -90%. The major product exhibited resonances at 6 4.25 (d, 1 H, J = 5.6 Hz), 5.30 (d, 1 H, J = 5.8 Hz), 5.77 (m, 1 H),6.80 (t, 1 H, J = 1.3 Hz), 6.87 (dt, 1 H, J = 1.4, 9.9 Hz), 7.1-7.7 (m, 13 H) in CDC1, (Me4&). The minor product exhibited a similar NMR spectrum: 6 4.29 (d, 1H, J = 5.6 Hz), 5.00 (br s, 1H), 5.72 (m, 1H), 5.87 (t,J = 1.3 Hz),6.84 (dd, 1H, incompletely resolved), 7.05 (br d, 1 H, J = 7.6 Hz),7.1-7.7 (m, 12 H). The similarity of the NMR spectra of these products suggests they may be isomers. The cis/trans isomers of the TNM adducts to the terminal ring of the anthracene are consistent with the observed spectra. Such a formulation is reasonable if one considers that 9,lO-diphenylanthracene is sufficiently hindered a t the meso positions that it preferentidy reacts in one of the terminal rings.5I 9,lO-Dimethylanthracene. Irradiation of a solution of 0.05 M 9,lO-dimethylanthracene and 0.3 M TNM in 1mL of CHZClz or CDC1, at 4 "C [Corning 3-70 (500 nm) cut-off filters] for 2 min afforded 7 as the major product in 20% yield 'H NMR (CDCl,, Me,&) 6 8.42 (d, 2 H, J = 8.8 Hz), 8.33 (d, 2 H, J = 8.8 Hz), 7.66 (m, 2 H), 7.58 (m, 2 H), 6.54 (s, 2 H), 3.17 (s, 3 H). Adduct 1 was observed in 15% yield: 'H NMR (CDC13,Me4Si) 7.40-7.55 (m, 8 H), 2.40 (s, 3 H), 2.12 (s, 3 H). 9,lO-Dibromoanthracene and 9,lO-Dimethoxyanthracene. The reactions of these arenes with TNM gave complex mixtures of products. For example, with 9,10-dibromoanthracene,end-ring adducts similar to those observed with 9,lO-diphenylanthracene appeared to be the major primary products. With 9,lO-dimethoxyanthracene these and other (demethoxylated) products were observed. Hydrolysis leading to loss of the meso substituent and the formation of anthraquinone was especially facile for both of these arene derivatives. General Procedure for t h e Determination of Product Yields. The yields of the principal photoproducts were obtained upon the irradiation of an equimolar (0.1 M) solution of the arene and TNh4 in a Pyrex cuvette. The light from a 500-W xenon lamp was focused through a heat filter (water) and a Corning glass filter (cut off X >480 nm). Irradiation for a brief period (50-300 s) was followed immediatelyby 'H NMR analysis of the photolysate after the solvent (either CHzClzor CHC1,) was removed in vacuo below room temperature and the residue taken up in CDCl,. Glass filters with different vis cut offs were also employed. At constant irradiation times, the photochemical conversion times were found to be lower with filters with longer wavelength cut offs. However, the relative distribution of the products were unchanged with CHzClzand CH,COCH, as the internal standards. The yields of products determined in this manner at 90-95% conversions are reported in Tables I1 and 111. Irradiations at low temperatures were performed in sealed NMR tubes which were either air saturated or thoroughly degassed by four successive freezepumpthaw cycles at x0.05 torr. A constant external temperature could be maintained as low as 77 K with a transparent Pyrex Dewar flask. The irradiated samples were stored at 77 K and analyzed by 'H NMR spectroscopy at either -65 (CDCl, bath) or -95 "C (CD2ClZbath). Although small amounts of thermally unstable species were sometimes observed, none was found to afford 1. This photoadduct was isolated as the principal (or exclusive) product irrespective of whether the irradiations were carried out a t room temperature or at -65 OC. Determination of Quantum Yields. Quantum yields were measured with a 500-W xenon lamp focused through aqueous and IR heat filters, followed by a 480-nm interference filter (10-nm
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(57) Cook, J. W.; Hunter, L.
J. Chem. SOC.1953, 4109.
5254
J. Org. Chem., Vol. 50,No. 25, 1985
band-pass) used as monochromator. Samples containing 0.050 M of the anthracene and either 0.050 M or 0.50 M TNM in 1.0 mL of deareated CHzClzwere irradiated for periods of 0.5-5.0 min. at room temperature (-22 "C). The CT absorptions of the EDA complexes were monitored periodically by W spectroscopy. The decrease in the intensity of the arene absorptions between 350-400 nm also could be monitored after appropriate (250-fold) dilution. Conversions were kept to less than 10%. Potassium ferrioxalate and Reinecke's salt were used as actinometers.@ The decrease in the CT absorptions of the EDA complexes were about twice the decrease in the absorptions of the arenes. The consumption of TNM thus was approximately the same as the consumption of the anthracenes listed in Table 11. For the dependence of the quantum yield on concentration, consider the CT equilibrium in eq 1, then
K = [D,AI(Do - [D,Al)-'(Ao - [D,Al)-' where the subscript zero refers to the initial concentration. A. For Do = A, < 0.06/K, then [D,A] < 0.05 D,. It follows that the change in the concentration of the EDA complex is A[D,A]
-
Therefore for AD = AA
K[2Do(AD) - (AD)']
> Do, a similar treatment yields A[D,A] = KA,,(AD - A[D,A]) < (19K)-l, [D,A] < 0.05Do and it follows that A[DAI/[D,Al
AD/Do
In the anthracene-TNM system, the foregoing conditions are satisfied by K < 1,19Do = A,, 5 0.1, and photochemical conversions 55%. Instrumentation. A Hewlett-Packard HP 8450A diode-may spectrometerwas used to obtain the W-vis spectra in cyclohexane (sh = shoulder). NMR spectra were taken on a Nicolet NT 360 (360 MHz) spectrometer in the FT mode (1-s delay between pulses) using dilute solutions in chloroform-d, dichloromethane-dz, or acetonitrile-d,. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm upfield from Me4Sivs. internal chloroform (6 7.26) in the following form: chemical shift (multiplicity, integration, apparent coupling constants in Hz), where s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = unresolved multiplet, and br = broadened. A Perkin-ElmerModel 298 spectrophotometer was used to obtain IR spectra of Nujol mulls. (Identical spectra were obtained in KBr pellets on a Nicolet 1ODX FTIR spectrometer.) Melting points were taken in capillary tubes using a Mel-Temp (Laboratory Devices) apparatus. The presence of paramagnetic species was probed on a Varian E l l 0 EPR spectrometer. Photochemical irradiations were performed with a focused beam from a 500-W xenon lamp which was passed through a Corning glass sharp cut-off filter [either a 3-69 (500 nm), 3-72 (430 nm), or 2-63 (560 nm)] or an Edmund interference filter [which transmitted a t 480 f 10 nm] to assure the selective and specific CT excitation of the EDA complexes. X-ray Crystallography of the Photoproducts. General. A single crystal of either Ig,li, or 4 was mounted on a glass fiber with the aid of silicone grease and placed in a locally interfaced Picker goniostat equipped with a graphite monochromator to collect the continuous 8-20 at -160 "C. The general procedures and a descriptionof the equipment and data reduction techniques have been described elsewhere in detail.59 The structure was generally solved by direct methods (MULTAN 78) and Fourier techniques and the structure refined by full-matrix least squares. All atoms, including the hydrogens were located and refined. Information pertinent to the collection and refinement of the crystal data, as well as the final cell constants are enumerated separately. (58) Rabek, J. F. "Experimental Methods in Photochemistry and Photophysics"; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1982; pp 944 ff. (59) Lau, W.; Huffman, J. C.; Kochi, J. K. Organometallics 1982, 1, 155.
Masnovi and Kochi
A. Photoadduct lg: empirical formula, C15H9N40J3r;crystal dimension, 0.12 X 0.24 X 0.24 mm; space group P2,la; cell dimensions at -160 'C (30 reflections), a = 17.486 (6) A, b = 13.443 (4) A, c = 7.838 (2) A, 0 = 118.02 (1)";2 (molecules per unit cell) = 4; volume, 1626.46 A3; calculated density, 1.851 g cm-,; wavelength, 0.71069 A; molecular weight, 453.16; linear absorption coefficient 25.557 cm-'; collection range, 6O < 28 < 50'; scan width and speed, 2.0 + dispersion at 4.0' min-'; single background time at extremes of scan, 10 s; total reflections collected 3524, number of unique intensities, 2 W , number with F > 0,2699; number with F > u(F),2583; number with F > 2.33u(F), 2427; final residuals, R(F) = 0.0562, R,(F) = 0.0588. A final difference Fourier was featureless, the largest peak being 0.45 e A-3. B. Photoadduct li: empirical formula, C2'H14N408;crystal dimensions, 0.08 X 0.17 X 0.23 mm; space group P2,/m; cell dimensions at -162 "C (34 reflections),a = 9.119 (4) A, b = 13.211 (6) A, c = 16.037 (7) A, p = 101.12 (2)'; 2 = 4; volume, 1895.78 A3, calculated density, 1.578 g cm-,; radiation (Mo Ka),0.71069; molecular weight, 450.3 6;linear absorption coefficient, 1.160 cm-'; collection range, 6" < 28 < 45"; scan width and speed, 2.0 + dispersion at 4.0" mi&; total reflections collected, 2742; number of unique intensities, 2489; number with F > 3.00 u(F),1983; fiial residuals, R(F) = 0.0465, R,(F) = 0.0487. A difference Fourier was essentially featureless, the largest peak being 0.19 e A-3. C. Hydroxy photoadduct 4: empirical formula, CzlH1&0r'/&H2Cl2; crystal dimensions, 0.21 x 0.18 x 0.17 mm; space group, P1; cell dimensions at -160 "C (26 reflections), a = 14.530 (4) A, b = 14.793 (5) A, c = 10.486 (3) A, a = 110.45 (l)', p = 95.90 (l)",y = 102.85 (1)"; 2 = 4; volume, 2018.42 A3; calculated density, 1.523 g cm-,; radiation (Mo Ka),0.71069; molecular weight, 467.83; linear absorption coefficient, 2.363 cm-'; collection range, 6' < 28 < 45'; scan width and speed, 2.0 + dispersion at 4.0" min-'; total reflections, 6003; number of unique intensities, 5289; number with F > 0,5042; number with F > u(F), 4873; number with F > 2.33a(F), 4631; final residuals, R(F)= 0.0834, R,(F) = 0.0884. The structure was solved with minor difficulty owing to two independent molecules that were located in the asymmetric cell as well as a disordered solvent molecule. There are four of the units which are hydrogen bonded to yield tetramers. Pertinent distances for the hydrogen bonds are 0(1)-O(1') = 2.738 A and O(1')-O(1') = 2.699 A. The two independent molecules in the cell have slightly different conformations, and other than torsional difference they have essentially identical distances and angles. All hydrogens with the exception of the 20H hydrogens were located and refined isotropically. A final difference Fourier was featureless, the largest peak being 0.43 e 8-3.
The X-ray crystallographicdetermination of the photoadduct l h was carried out at ambient temperatures on an Enraf-Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer? empirical formula, CI5Hl0N4O4; crystal dimensions, 0.60 X 0.60 X 0.20 mm; space group, P2,2,2,; cell dimensions at -25 "C, a = 7.276 (1)A, b = 10.410 (2) A, c = 20.942 (2) A; 2 = 4; volume, 1586 8,;calculated density, 1.57 g cm-,; radiation (Mo Ka),0.71073 A; molecular weight, 374.3; linear absorption coefficient, 1.22 cm-'; collection range, 4' < 28 < 50'; scan width, time, and speed range; 0.90 + 0.35 tan 0,1205,0.7-5.0 m i d ; total reflections, 1646; number of independent data with I > %(I), 851; total variables, 109; final residuals, R(F) = 0.168; R,(F) = 0.164. The structure was solved by MULTAN?~ which revealed the positions of 18 non-hydrogen atoms in the molecule, missing only the three nitro groups of the trinitromethane moiety. In subsequent difference Fourier syntheses, several small peaks of electron density appeared in the vicinity of the missing nitro groups, but when placed into least-squares refinement, they invariably took on unreasonably large thermal parameters and displayed nonmeaningful geometry. Even when the population factors were cut, based on the assumption of a severe disorder of this group, no chemically reasonable model could be obtained. Attempts to refine the nitro groups as rigid bodies with partial occupancies also failed, and we thus conclude that there is a massive disorder of the trinitromethyl group. Thus little can be ascertained regarding the identity of this portion of the molecule. (60) For details, see ref 19. (61) Germain, G.; Main, P.; Woolfson, M. M. Acta Crystallogr.,Sect. A 1971, A27, 368.
J. Org. Chem. 1985,50, 5255-5257 Considering the magnitude of the missing group, the remaining atoms are quite well behaved if the remaining nitro group at c-9 is located in a pseudoaxial syn configuration. AU calculations were made by using Molecular Structure Corporations TEXRAY 230 modification of the SDS-PLUS series of programs.
Acknowledgment. We thank J. C. Huffman and J. D. Korp for the X-ray crystallographic determination of the
5255
photoadducts and the National Science Foundation and the Robert A. Welch Foundation for financial support. Supplementary Material Available: Tables of the crystallographic data for the photoadducts including the fractional coordinates, thermal parameters, and bond distances and angles (15 pages). Ordering information is given on any current masthead page.
Reinvestigation of the Bicycle[ 2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl Dication' Armin de Meijere,* Otto Schallner, Peter Golitz, and Walter Weber Institut fur Organische Chemie, Universitat Hamburg, 0-2000 Hamburg, West Germany
Paul von R. Schleyer Institut fur Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander- Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, 0-8520 Erlangen, West Germany
G. K. Surya Prakash and George A. Olah* Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661
Received June 18, 1985 The reaction of 1,4-dihalobicyclo[2.2.2]octanes2-C1 and -F with SbF5/SOZC1Fwas reinvestigated and found by 13CNMR spectroscopy and quenching experiments to yield only the 4-halo-l-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl monocation mono-donor-acceptor complexes 3-X-SbF5 under any of the tested conditions. In SOz-containing solutions disulfoxonium ion 7 formed, indicating that if dication 1 were intermediately formed it alkylates SOz. 7 may, however, also be formed by stepwise alkylation. The previously reported stable 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanediyldication 1 could not be detected. The results are consistent with the observation that the structurally similar 1,5-trishomobarrelenediyl dication 4, which is expected to be more stable than 1, could not be observed.
Previously Olah et al. reportedzathat treatment of 1,4dichlorobicyclo[2.2.2]octane (2-C1) with SbF, in SOzCIF gave the elusive 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanediyldication 1 characterized by its lH and 13C NMR spectra as well as its methanol quench product 1,4-dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.2]octane (10). The 13Cchemical shift additivity criterion was consistent with a carbodication.3 The existence of 1 with two positive charges l,&disposed and separated by only two carbons in a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl skeleton was rationalized with positive charge delocalization into a pseudo 27r aromatic like skeletal system on the basis of MIND0/3 theory.zb In contrast the related 1,Btrishomobarrelenyl dication 4 could not be observed by de Meijere et al., when 1,5-dihalotrishomobarrelenes5 were treated with SbF5/S0zC1F.4 Instead, halo monocations 6 were formed:', although MIND0/3 calculations predicted the same degree of stabilization. This was unexpected since cyclopropylcarbinyl cations in anellated bicyclooctyl systems are known to be stabili~ed.~?'Indeed, (1)Considered Carbocations. 265. At University of Southern California. (2) (a) Olah, G. A.; Schleyer, P. v. R.; Engler, E. M.; Dewar, M. J. S.; Bingham, R. C. J . Am. Chem. SOC.1973,95, 6829. (b) The theoretical argument put forward on the basis of MIND0/3 theory in ref 2a has been justified by the recent two-electron a-oxidation of pagodane (an undecacyclic CzoHmhydrocarbon containing a planar cyclobutane skeleton) to pagodane dication, see: Prakash, G. K. S.; Krishnamurthy, V. V.; Herges, R.; Bau, R.; Yuan, H.; Olah, G. A.; Fessner, W.-D.; Prinzbach, H. J . Am. Chem. SOC., in press. (3) Schleyer, P. v. R.; Lenoir, D.; Mison, P.; Liang, G.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Olah, G. A. J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1980, 102, 683. (4) de Meijere, A.; Schallner, 0. Angew. Chem. 1973,85,400; Angew. Chem., Znt. Ed. Engl. 1973,12, 399. ( 5 ) de Meijere, A.; Schallner, 0.; Mateescu, G. D.; Golitz, P.; Bischof, P. Helu. Chim. Acta 1986, 68, 1114.
1
2
X=CI.F
-
3 X = C1.F
CI SbFs F --rSbFs
h4&-& 4
5
X=F.CI,Br.l
6
X=F,CI.Br I-SbFS
MIND0/3 calculations predicted a large degree of extra stabilization (14 kcal/mol) for the dication 4 over the parent 1 due to the three anellated cyclopropyl group^.^^^ Experimentally, the 1-trishomobarrelenyl monocation is more stable than the l-bicyclo[2.2.2]octy1 bridgehead mono~ation.~ The behavior of bridgehead dihalides similar to 5 with only one or two anellated cyclopropanes is a n a l o g o u ~ . ~Hence, ?~ a thorough reinvestigation of the reaction of 1,4-dihalobicyclo[2.2.2]octanes2 (X = C1, F) with SbF5-S02C1F was initiated. This has now been carried out independently in two of our laboratories and elsewhere.1° (6) Cf.: Rhodes, Y. E.; Di Fate, V. G. J.Am. Chem.SOC. 1972,94,7582. (7) de Meijere, A.; Schallner, 0.; Weitemeyer, C.; Spielmann, W. Chem. Ber. 1979, 112, 908. (8) Chandrasekhar, J., unpublished MINDO/3 calculations at Erlangen on mono-, di-, and tricyclopropyl anellated bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes with one and two bridgehead carbenium ions. (9) Andenen, B.; Schallner, 0.; de Meijere, A. J. Am. Chem. SOC.1975, 97, 3521. (10) We thank Prof. T. S. Sorensen, Calgary, and Dr. D. Bruchmann, Hamburg, for their reconfirmation of our results on 1 and 4.
0022-3263/85/1950-5255$01.50/0 0 1985 American Chemical Society
