Disposal and Decontamination of Pesticides - American Chemical

12 Dieldrin Elimination from Animal Tissues K. L. DAVISON

Downloaded by UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST on June 1, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 30, 1978 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1978-0073.ch012

U.S. Department of Agriculture, S.E.A. Metabolism and Radiation Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102

In 1974, dieldrin residues above U. S. Food and Drug Administration tolerances for human consumption were discovered in body fat of turkeys from two flocks in North Dakota. Turkeys from one of these flocks were used to investigate the effectiveness of phenobarbital for causing the turkeys to eliminate the dieldrin. Phenobarbital did not cause a detectable change in the rate of dieldrin elimination but did stimulate our most recent investigations of dieldrin elimination from animal tissues. This report provides a brief review of recent research on dieldrin elimination from animals and a summary of attempts to remove dieldrin from chickens and turkeys. A thorough review of dieldrin accumulation, storage, metabolism and elimination by animals is not intended. Brief Review When ingestion of dieldrin remains constant, storage of dieldrin in body tissues, predominately adipose tissue, apparently plateaus (1). Presumably, a steady state has occurred, and excretion of dieldrin or its metabolites equals ingestion. The time required to reach this steady state was 6 weeks in rats and 22 to 26 weeks in chickens. A steady state for storage and excretion probably also occurs for other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides when ingestion remains constant. Heath and Vandekar (2) showed that fecal elimination of [ Cl]dieldrin, or its metabolites, was increased in rats during intermittent periods of starvation. The [ Cl]dieldrin accumulated in adipose tissue of the rats when it was fed to them before the periods of starvation. In the early 1960s, milk from a number of Maryland dairy farms contained excessive amounts of heptachlor. The heptachlor residues were traced to heptachlor-contaminated forage eaten by the cows. At that time, USDA officials suggested starvation as a means of removing the heptachlor residues from the contaminated cattle, but apparently 36

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0-8412-0433-0/78/47-073-141$05.00/0 This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright. Published 1978 American C h e m i c a l Society

Kennedy; Disposal and Decontamination of Pesticides ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.


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the i d e a was not t e s t e d . More r e c e n t l y , Cook and h i s colleagues a t Michigan State U n i v e r s i t y recommended using a combination of c h a r c o a l and phénobarbital f o r removing d i e l d r i n residues from c a t t l e . They observed t h a t c h a r c o a l f e d c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h d i e l d r i n increased the amount of d i e l d r i n e l i m i n a t e d i n the feces ( 3 ) . They a l s o observed that phénobarbital induced h e p a t i c mixed-function oxidases i n c a t t l e (k). Cook never conducted c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i ments w i t h phénobarbital alone f o r removing d i e l d r i n residues from c a t t l e , but he d i d t r y using the combination of phénobarbi t a l and carbon on a farm on which d a i r y c a t t l e were contaminated w i t h d i e l d r i n (_5). The herd was s p l i t i n t o two groups. One group was untreated and the other group was t r e a t e d w i t h both phénobarbital and c h a r c o a l . D i e l d r i n residues were reduced more r a p i d l y i n m i l k from t r e a t e d cows than i n m i l k from untreated cows. Phénobarbital i s e f f e c t i v e i n removing d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e s from r a t s (6) and p i g s ( 7 ) . When f e d c o i n c i d e n t w i t h d i e l d r i n , c h a r c o a l was e f f e c t i v e i n reducing the amount o f d i e l d r i n accumulated i n body t i s s u e s of r a t s ; but once d i e l d r i n had accumulated i n body t i s s u e s , c h a r c o a l feeding had l i t t l e e f f e c t on reducing these r e s i d u e s ( 6 ) . Summary of Research w i t h Chickens and Turkeys When the d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e s were found i n body f a t o f turkeys i n two North Dakota f l o c k s i n 1974, the d e c l i n e i n r e s i d u e l e v e l s was f o l l o w e d i n one of the f l o c k s . The~values obtained f i t the equation Y = 5.34 - 0.187X + 0.0Ό252Χ 0.000Ό114Χ , where Y i s the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of d i e l d r i n i n body f a t i n ppm^and X i s the time i n days. The c o r r e l a t i o n coef f i c i e n t , R , f o r t h i s equation was 0.989. C o r r e l a t i o n coef f i c i e n t s f o r f i r s t - o r d e r and q u a d r a t i c equations were 0.868 and 0.957, r e s p e c t i v e l y . C l e a r l y , i n t h i s f l o c k o f t u r k e y s , the c u b i c equation described the change i n r e s i d u e l e v e l s w i t h time b e t t e r than the f i r s t - o r d e r o r q u a d r a t i c equations. A t l e a s t two f a c t o r s a f f e c t e d the r e s i d u e l e v e l s . The f i r s t f a c t o r was d i l u t i o n by growth, and the second was d i e l d r i n e l i m i n a t i o n . A f t e r the d i s c o v e r y of the d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e s i n t u r k e y s , research was begun t o f i n d ways of e l i m i n a t i n g d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e s from chickens and turkeys. Because of h i g h g r a i n p r i c e s i n 1974, the feeding regimen f o r turkeys i n North Dakota was screenings ( p r i m a r i l y seed of green and y e l l o w f o x t a i l ) p l u s a 40% p r o t e i n , commercial supplement. An experiment (8) was conducted w i t h turkeys r a i s e d a t North Dakota State U n i v e r s i t y . The turkeys were f e d the screenings p l u s supplement d i e t used by the turkey growers. D i e l d r i n was f e d i n t h i s d i e t f o r 5 days t o b u i l d r e s i d u e s i n the bodies o f the t u r k e y s , and then removed from the d i e t . The turkeys were then d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e groups. One group was the c o n t r o l and was f e d the screenings p l u s



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DAVIDSON

Dieldrin

Elimination

from Animal

Tissues

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supplement d i e t f o r 68 days. One group was s t a r v e d f o r 5 days and then fed the c o n t r o l d i e t . Another group was given about 200 mg of sodium b a r b i t a l per turkey i n t h e i r d r i n k i n g water. The 4th group was fed a h i g h f i b e r d i e t (33% a l f a l f a meal i n the c o n t r o l d i e t ) , and the 5th group was fed a h i g h energy h i g h p r o t e i n d i e t . These treatments d i d not d e t e c t a b l y reduce r e s i d u e s below those of the c o n t r o l turkeys. A second experiment (8) was conducted w i t h turkeys that had been fed d i e l d r i n t o b u i l d r e s i d u e s i n t h e i r bodies. These turkeys were d i v i d e d i n t o two groups. The f i r s t group was the c o n t r o l and was fed a normal r a t i o n f o r 61 days. The second group was subjected to three periods of s t a r v a t i o n (7, 7 and 4 days) i n t e r r u p t e d by periods of feeding (7, 12 and 24 days). P e r i o d i c s t a r v a t i o n was e f f e c t i v e i n a c c e l e r a t i n g the d e c l i n e i n both the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of d i e l d r i n i n body f a t and the t o t a l amount of d i e l d r i n i n the carcasses of the t u r k e y s . A s e r i e s of balance experiments were c o n d u c t e ^ w i t h chickens (9) and turkeys (10) g i v e n d i e l d r i n and [ C ] d i e l d r i n . Severe s t a r v a t i o n , c h a r c o a l , cholestyramine (a r e s i n ) , probucol (a c h o l e s t e r o l lowering drug), C h o l i s t i p o l (a r e s i n ) , imbiber beads (an absorbent), Dowex SBR-C1 r e s i n and Dowex XFS-4022 r e s i n were t e s t e d f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o a c c e l e r a t e the e l i m i n a t i o n of d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e ^ . Severe s t a r v a t i o n was e f f e c t i v e i n lowering d i e l d r i n o r [ C ] d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e s i n e i t h e r chickens o r turkeys. S t a r v a t i o n was e f f e c t i v e o n l y i f severe enough t o reduce the amount of body l i p i d s t o 10% or l e s s of the carcass dry matjer. Cholestyramine was e f f e c t i v e i n low e r i n g d i e l d r i n or [ C ] d i e l d r i n r e s i d u e s i n chickens, but was not e f f e c t i v e i n t u r k e y s . The other m a t e r i a l s t e s t e d were not e f f e c t i v e i n e i t h e r chickens o r t u r k e y s .

Literature Cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Davison, K. L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (1973) 10, 16-24. Heath, D. F., and Vandekar, M. Brit. J. Industr. Med. (1964) 21, 269-279. Wilson, Κ. Α., and Cook, R. M. J. Agr. Food Chem. (1970) 18, 437-440. Cook, R. Μ., and Wilson, K. A. J . Agr. Food Chem. (1970) 18, 441-442. McGuire, J. R. Des Moines Sunday Register (July 20, 1969) p. 1-F. Engebretson, Κ. Α., and Davison, K. L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (1971) 6, 391-400. Dobson, R. C., and Baugh, E. R. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (1976) 16, 567-571. Sell, J. L. , Davison, K. L . , and Bristol, D. W. Poultry Sci. (1977) 56, 2045-2051.


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9.


10.

Davison, Toxicol. Davison, Toxicol.

K. L . , and Sell, J. L. Arch. Environ. Contam. (Accepted 1978). K. L . , and Sell, J. L. Arch. Environ. Contam. (Accepted 1977).

Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. MARCH 23,

1978


Disposal and Decontamination of Pesticides - American Chemical

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