Review of Fundamental Develonments in Analvsis
Distillation Analysis R. T.
Leslie and
E . C. Kuehner, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C,
T
HE present revieLv covers the period from 1960 to 1962. The two preceding biennial reviews of distillation analysis began with reference to the importance of gas-liquid chromatography because of its great resolving power. I n the last biennium a t least two stills of very high srparating power have been described. A still with 450 transfer units (31-1) has been constructed and the possibility of constructing one equivalent to 1000 theoretical plates is predicted (26-4). If -these figures are squared (the approximate equivalence of still plates to gasliquid chromatograph plates) , the separating power of such stills becomes respectable compared to chromatography. Such complicating factors as azeotropism and thermal decomposition still remain.
LABORATORY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
An unusual method of analytical distillation, and one which can possibly be claimed by chromatography, is that of Eggertsen, Groennings, and Holst (%A). Samples of a few milligrams of 50R
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petroleum distillate are srparated into constituents by passing the material through a gas-liquid chromatograph column with a stationary phase which separates in order of boiling points. The temperature of the column is programmed and either the retention time or the temperature of emergence can be used to determine the presence or the boiling point of a constituent by the appropriate calibration. ilnalytical results in half an hour comparable to those obtained Tvith a 20-plate still are claimed. A somewhat similar use of chromatography is the determination of the vapor pressures of constituents of a mixture by calibration with reference materials (%A). A related procedure for separating hydrocarbons has been disclosed in a patent. The mixture is adsorbed on certain organic condensation products from which the constituents can be distilled off in fractions (69il). Another unusual method for separating constituents which boil close together is reported in a German patent (4A). The distillation is done at a temperature between the melting point of the lowest
and highest melting constituents. The residue from the distillation is solid. The still with 460 transfer units which was mentioned in the introductory paragraph was 9 meters long and constructed of parallel, unpacked channels. Such stills have lower pressure drop and holdup and greater flexibility of throughput and reflux ratio than packed columns. This type of still has been described frequently in recent years (L4,S9d, 41L4,42A) and is apparently very effective. The prediction that columns equivalent to 1000 theoretical plates are possible was based on an inirestigation of a packed column over a n ide range of throughput. Such a still would be 5 meters high and would be packed x i t h long sections of very fine wire mesh (26A). Descriptions of stills with rotating members in the columns are numerous. Columns with multiple-blade rotating bands are more effective than singleblade types (34.4). A review of stills with rotating members has been published by a Russian investigator, who also tested one Kith a smooth cylindrical
rotor ( J I A ) , and a German patent describes a similar column (SA). HOWever, aftrr studying the characteristics of stills with spinning bands, one group of investigators concludes that the performance of such columns has sometimes been over estimated (30A). A simple laboratory column consisting of a series of bulbs connected by short, constricted sections and filled with glass beads is reported to be 20 to 30Ya more effective than a column of uniform diameter similarly packed (45.4). A glass laboratory column which has removable, stninless steel plates is constructed in three separable sections each containing 15 plates, and tests showed that each plate is equal to about one half of a theoretical plate (6Sd). A stripping column with the feed a t the top of the packing is especially adapted to removing high boiling impurities. It has an efficiency of 100 theoretical plates ( 2 l A ) . A number of laboratory stills for controlling refinery products have also been described (60.4, 65A). Accessories for stills can be nearly as important as columns, but few new developments have been reported. A large number of fraction collectors designed for use with chromatographic columns can be adapted to stills operated at atmospheric pressure (64A). One collector suitable for stills operating a t reduced pressure is a funnel rotated in a desiccator-like container by an external magnet (5'7A). Designs for reflux regulators which depend on capillary tubes (7A), a swinging funnel (&?A), or a movable drip nose (%A) have been published. One suitable for two-phase distillates (6A) has also been described. 4 transistor-operated device controls boil-up rates b y the pressure drops in columns (33'4) and a device for keeping material out of vacuum lines (2'7A) is interesting. An unusual amount of effort has been concentrated on the study of the c.fficiencies of stills and still packings during the last few years. Only columns of laboratory size are considered in this revieiv, although many conclusions concerning the factors affecting efficiency can be drawn from investigations on larger stills. The effects of volatility, viscosity, density, and diffusivity on a 1-inch, prrforated plate column were found to be too interrelated to be expressed separately (16-4). A study of 2.5- and 5-meter columns of 30-rnni. diameter packid M ith Raschig ring5 showed t h a t the efficiency increased n-ith increasing vapor velocity a t reduced pressure and passed through a n optimum value Tests with s-vera1 different mixtures showed the same behavior (24A). The effect of take-off rate can be related to efficiency for film rectifying columns (19A). T h e tests were made using two columns of different dimen-
sions, both of the type generally described as concentric tube columns. The height of a theoretical plate for the columns was about 1 cm., which agrees with the results obtained b y other investigators. For convenience in expressing the effect of reflux ratio on the efficiency of packed columns, a quantity, K , was defined as the ratio of the number of theoretical plates found a t a finite rate of take-off, h 7 ~to , the number a t total reflux, S,. AYE and X, were determined a t the same rate of feedback to the top of the column in all tests. Five columns with different packings and six binary test mixtures were used. It was found that K was independent of changes in feedback, type of packing, and height of packing a t constant reflux ratio ( I 0 A ) . Thecurves relating K to reflux ratio were nearly identical for all six mixtures. By drawing a n average curve, it is possible to predict K from values of reflux ratio ( I I A ) . T h e effect of take-off rate on the efficiency of plate stills has also been tested (208). T o compare the results of testing still packings with different test mixtures, five columns with different packings were used with nine binary mixtures of widely differing relative volatilities. Again for convenience a quantity, p, was defined as the ratio of the number of theoretical plates using a given mixture to the number observed using benzene and carbon tetrachloride. All tests were made a t total reflux and comparisons were made a t equal feedback to the heads of the columns. For the same mixture in different columns, p varied b y k0.05 from the average for all columns. p was independent of the feedback rate for all systems in the same column, although it ranged from 0.52 to 1.18 for the eight mixtures. For unpacked columns the values of p are different (8A). Five commonly used binary mixtures were recommended as standards, trro of them for columns equivalent to more than 80 plates (9A). The effect which the concentration of the mixture has on the results when efficiency is calculated by using a single value of the relative volatility, 01, can be eliminated b y a stepwise calculation uqing an average CY for each step. Thus for n-heptane and methylcyclohexane, a ~ i - a sfound to be related to the concentration, 9, of n-heptane b y the relation a: = 1.074 - 0.00007X. The appropriate value of 01 can be calculated for each of a series of intervals b e t m e n the concentrations a t the head of the column and in the boiler. The number of plates in each interval is calculated and the efficiency of the column is the sum. Generally the use of a halfdozen intervals is sufficient to make the calculated efficiency practically independent of the concentration of the
mixture with which the test is made (12A). There are advantages in using dilute test mixtures. Relative volatilities do not vary much over composition changes in dilute ranges, composit'ion does n o t change much by evaporation in handling during t,ransfer, and analysis is easier because materials with very dissimilar physical propcrtics can he usc3d (29.4). Silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane form a nearly ideal solut'ion and should be a good tcst' misturc ( I T A ) . Two discussions of methods for espressing efficiency favor the use of transfer units instead of theoretical plates, and one of them proposes the use of the difference in chemical potential in place of the driving force used by Chilton and Coburn. For mixtures of methylcyclohexane and n-heptane, calculations by both methods agree closely, but for other systems thcy do not (%A, 65-4). An approximate method for calculating the equivalence of transfer units (,?A) and a method of calculating theoretical plates using determinant notation n-as tested using benzene and toluene. The results agree with graphical methods (66A). Other factors affecting the operation of laboratory stills were investigated. A pat'ent claims that separations are better if air is excluded from the reflux. Tests in a small column with carbon tetrachloride and bmzene showed 100 theoretical plates wit'h air excluded but only 20 when air n a s admitted (40-4). Entrainment n-as studied by introducing NaI131 into the boilrr (444). Capacities including the flood point were dctermined for highly efficient laboratory columns (5A). A relation was developed for calculating the efficiencies of uninsulated columns from data for insulated ones (64A). Isothermal distillat,ion n.as compared with isobaric distillation (61A). The separation of pure components from mixtures iii which t'hey are present in sniall concent'rations is best' done in steps, brcause the amount of mat'c4al retained in the concentration gradient is reduccd (@A). The unusual nicthod of operating columns knon-n as cycling, in n-hich vapors are a h i t t e c l to the column interrnitt)ently, has been disccsscd in a general ~ a y ,though not with particular application to laboratory columns. The metliod might' produce some desirable results such as increasctl capacity and flexibility of operation in small stills (13 6 ) . The efficiencies of some of the newer packings have bet,n studied. h ivovcn material frequently called knittnesh wiis investigated a t 50- and 10-mm. Hg pressure. The minimum heights equivalent to a theoretical plate (H.E.T.P.) a t the two pressures were 1.4 and 1.3 inches when the packing was partially flooded and minima were observed VOL. 34, NO. 5 , APRIL 1962
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in the curves correlating H.E.T.P. with boil-up rate (48A). Another study was made of six types of glass textiles (46A). Tests with four mixtures demonstrated that 80- to 100-mesh wire is considerably better than Raschig rings (62A). H.E. T.P., pressure drop, holdup, and porosity were determined for packings made of 6 X 3 mm. metal rectangles folded at 120' around the short axis, 4-mm. folded washers, and 1.5 X 2 mm. stampings (18.4). The characteristics of a modified Stedman packing were determined (88-4). Automation of laboratory distillation is desirable both to decrease the personal attention required and to increase efficiency by holding conditions constant. A review of such devices which has escaped this review before includes the description of an assembly with an automatic reflux control, automatic charger, sample collector suitable for reduced pressure, and automatic control of column temperature (388). Another automatic assembly performs analytical distillations lasting several weeks. The reflux ratio is controlled b y the difference in temperature between the top and a lo1ver point in the column. Fractions are taken when a predetermined weight of distillate has accumulated, and the distillate flows into a container R hich is then closed by a glass sphere (SZA). Automatic determination of the end points of distillation tests and automatic laboratory distillation equipment are covered by patents (S7A,47A, 5 3 A ) . A still for automatic distillation a t low temperatures is made of "molybdenum glass." I t cooled with liquid nitrogen and shons a separating power of about 35 theoretical plates (I2A). A patent assigned to Podbielniak describes an arrangement which automatically decreases the take-off rate of low-temperature stills during periods of rapidly changing composition ( 5 2 8 ) . Two papers report a peculiar behavior of vapor in contact with liquid. Partial condensation of the vapors of a number of binary mixtures occurs when they are heated in a sealed space in contact with the liquid phase. An explanation in terms of kinetic thcor y and temperaturecomposition isobar was suggested ( @ A , 5 0 A ) . Two British patents disclose a method of causing separations especially of azeotropic and isotopic mixtures based on infrared absorption. It is said that the separation results from changes in the state of aggregation of the components induced by absorption of radiation by complexes (14A, 1 5 9 ) . EXTRACTIVE A N D AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
Extractive and azeotropic distillations, which are very necessary procedures for extending the usefulness of fractional distillation, have received more than usual attention in the period
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covered by this review. Here again information is equally valuable for laboratory or plant scale operation, so that i t is difficult to avoid overlapping some good reviews with other titles (56B, 57B). A good discussion of the techniques of azeotropic and extractive distillation with examples and calculations has been published ( I I B ) . A monograph is devoted to the same subject and the practical problems encountered in the laboratory (49B). A survey has been made of superfractionation, azeotropic and extractive distillation, and liquid-liquid extraction (61B). The optimum conditions for extractive distillation are discussed (S5B) and the theory of rectifying absorption is developed (5B). The effect of pressure on the relative volatilities of five common binary test mixtures to which varying amounts of furfural or aniline were added was studied. The amount of solvent required for a given separation a t a given relative volatility was less a t reduced pressure ( S I B ) . A survey was made of the effect of 33 solvents on the separation of pentane from 1-pentene b y extractive distillation. None of the solvents was very effective (25B). Specific problems for which extractive distillation has been found useful include the separation of Cshydrocarbons from olefins and dienes using aqueous acetonitriles (SB, YB); the preparation of 99% cyclohexane from petroleum fractions using anhydrous phenol (8B, 9B) ; the separation of ethylalcohol from isopropyl, propyl, or amyl alcohol using water (SOB); the removal of aldehydes, except methylvinylaldehyde, and acetal from ethanol using water (45B); concentration of 1, 3-butadiene using aqueous acetone, furfural, or bis-2-chloroethyl ether (S9B); the use of phenol for concentrating toluene ( I B , 6 B ) , xylene (2B),or benzene (S8B); and the separation of acetone from methyl acetate (SSB). Inorganic additives can also be used to alter relative volatilities and effect separation. For example, 40 to 60% acetic acid can be distilled from aqueous solutions by adding salts (IOB). There are so many types of azeotropism that classification has sometimes been confusing. A rationalized system of naming and a shorthand method of designating them have been developed which should simplify the situation (54B). A novel use of azeotropism is the confirmation of the identity of unknown liquids by the boiling temperatures of their azeotropes with known solvents. About 0.5 ml. of material is used ( 4 B ) . Either this review has not been as complete as preceding ones or there has been a decrease in the reporting of azeotropic data. The data which have been found are classified below. The composition in mole per cent and boiling
point of the azeotrope in degrees centigrade are given in brackets for each system. They are arranged alphabetically with respect to one of the constituents. Binary Homoazeotropes. Acetic acid a n d dioxane [85, 15; 119.4'1 (SIB),or o-xylene [86.1, 13.9; 116.6'1 (60B); benzene and cyclohexane [54.5, 45.5; 77.4'1 (19B) or methyl ethyl ketone [51, 49; 78.1'1 (19B); ethylbenzene and pyridine [no azeotrope formed (nonaz.)] (59B), or nonane [nonaz.] (59B); isoprene and pentane [72.5, 27.5; 73.6' ] (4SB), methylethylethylene [nonaz.] (4SB) or trimethylethylene [nonaz.] (4SB); isopentane and isopropylethylene [nonaz.] (4SB); 2, 6-lutidine and 3-picoline [70.6, 29.4; 143.5'1 (6B); 2-methyl- or 3-methylbutanol and n-octane [34, 66; 117' and 30, 70; 117'1 (44B), chlorobenzene [43, 57; 124.4' and 38, 62; 123.9'1 ( 4 4 B ) ,ethylbenzene [53, 47; 125' and 49, 51; 125.7'1 (44B), toluene [12, 88; 109.9' and 10, 90; 109.7'1 ( 4 4 4 , 2,2,5-trimethylhexane [29,71; 115.5' and 26,74; 116'1 (44B), o-methyfluorobenzene [16, 84; 112' and 26, 74; 116'1 ( M B ) ,isopropyl ketone [21, 79; 124.1' and 8, 92; 124.5'1 (44B), 2-picoline [76, 24; 132.6' and 61, 39; 132.8'1 (44B), 2,6dimethylpiperidine [54, 46; 130.7' and 49, 51; 132.8'1 (44B), 1,2-dimethyl130.3' and 81, 19; piperidine [-,-; 132.5'1 (44B), 1-ethylpiperidine [nonaz.] (QB), o-fluorophenol [nonaz.] (44B), cyclopentanone [nonaz.] ( 4 4 B ) , or 3,3,4,Ptetrafluoropropanol [nonaz.] (&B) ; pentane and trimethylethylene [nonaz.] (4SB); toluene and methanol [12.5, 87.5; -1 (S6B) or propanol [38, 62; - ] (S6B); titanium tetrachloride and chloroacetyl chloride [13,87; 105'1 (50B) or trichloracetyl chloride [nonaz.] (50B). Ternary Homoazeotropes. Acetone, chloroform, and ethanol [35, 46, 19; 63.2'1 (4OB); benzene, cyclohexane, and ethyl methyl ketone [0, 52.3, 47.7; 71.5'1 (2OB); ethanol, benzene, and nhexane [azeotrope, no data] (55B), nheptane [33.1, 64.6, 2.3; 32.38'1 (42B), or methylcyclohexane [azeotrope, no data] (55B); ethanol, water, and n-hexane [27.4, 11.2, 61.4; 54.4'1 (55B), or methylcyclohexane [41.8, 22.4, 35.8; 69.58'1 (55B); ethylbenzene, n-nonane, and acetic acid [nonaz.] (59B), or pyridine [nonaz.] (59B); pyridine, acetic acid, and o-xylene [33.0, 25.2, 41.8; 132.2'1 (60B), or n-nonane [33.6, 31.2, 35.2; 128'1 ( 6 ' 3 ) . Quaternary Homoazeotropes. Ace tic acid, pyridine, nonane, and ethylbenzene [17, 27, 38, 18; 127.9'1 (59B), or o-xylene [nonaz.] (60B); water, ethanol, benzene, and n-hexane [azeotrope nearly tangential] (55B), or methylcyclohexane [azeotrope nearly tangential] (65B). Heteroazeotropes. Water and cyclohexanol [94.31, 5.69; 90'1 (d6B)
or methyl acetate [90.4, 9.6; 56.0'1 (37B); water, methyl acetate, chloroform [20.0, 36.0, 44.0; - O , ternary saddle type] (37B). The addition of sodium chloride to ethanol-water mixtures mas found to enrich the vapor in ethanol a t compositions more dilute than the azeotrope b u t had no effect on the latter (17B). The effect of calcium chloride ( I @ ) , barium and sodium (18B) and chloride (QYB), potassium acetates (16B)on ethanol and water was investigated extensively. Calcium nitrate modifies the azeotrope sufficiently to permit absolute ethanol to be obtained (47B). The addition of 1 mole of calcium chloride per liter to the azeotropic mixture of %propanol and water causes it to become nonazeotropic. The relative volatilities a t other compositions are also affected (15B). Other investigations report the effect of sodium chloride (28B), potassium chloride ( 2 8 B ) , sodium sulfate ( 2 8 B ) , and sodium hydroxide (27B) on aqueous diethylamine and the effect of a number of inorganic salts on aqueous methanol, ethanol, or propanol (23B). 'The change in aseotropic composition with pressure below atmospheric was studied in detail for azeotropic mixtures of the following: propanol and water or propyl acetate ( 5 2 B ) ; butanol and ethylbenzene (22B); aniline and p-cymene ( 2 2 B ) ; acetone and n-heptane (4SB); see-butanol, benzene, and water (1%). The binary and ternary systems of benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, ant1 cyclohexane were investigated from 14.7 t o 186.8 p.s.i. Above 125 p.s.i. all the binary systems of these materials showed azeotropism except benzene and methyl ethyl ketone. The ternary system was nonazeotropic (53%). Aniline and water were investigated from 1 to 16.6 atm. The maximum concentration of water v a s 5.88 mole yo a t 9.5 atm. (41B). The use of azeotropic distillation for the separation of certain materials has been reported. Anthracene forms an azrotrope with glycol which boils a t 197" and readily separates from tetracene (51B). Aniline can be used to separate 98 t o 99% xylene from mixtures with ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (S4B). Xylene can be removed from the 120' to 150' C. fraction of gasoline using methanol, but ethanol, propanol, or butanol was ineffective. Phenol, cresols, and three higher boiling cracked distillates containing xylenols and trimethylphenols were also rffective for the same purpose (48B). Azeotropic distillation nil1 separate ethyl acetate from other esters and fatty acids (MB), aqueous mixtures of formic-acetic acid ( I d B ) , and see-butanol from water (58B). However, attempts to use paraldehyde and lJ2-dibromoethane for separating xylenes were not very successful (24B).
MICRO-, STEAM, AND MOLECULAR DISTILLATION
Distillation of small quantities often requires ingenuity in designing apparatus. A small hearbshaped flask with a sinusoidal side arm for collecting distillate is simply constructed (21C). A small still consisting of a series of metal plates to cause rectification has been used to separate C14-labeled acetic acid from mixtures (3C). A patent describes a more elaborate microstill with a rotor in the column and controlled take-off (22C). Samples of 15 mg. or less of 1,10-diphenylanthracene were fractionated by sublimation in a stream of nitrogen (14C). An apparatus is described for fractionally distilling solid material onto electrodes which are subsequently to be used for spectrometric analysis
(doc).
From a study of the steam distillation of 12 liquids ranging in boiling point from carbon tetrachloride t o oleic acid, equations for vaporizing efficiency have been developed (25C). h mathematical analysis of the rectification of binary hydrocarbon systems in the presence of steam has been made (SC, 4C). A simple apparatus for the steam distillation of organic liquids and solids is said to be unusually rapid (27C). An apparatus for the quantitative analysis of steamvolatile material such as hexamethylenetetramine, volatile acids in wines, and formic acid ( I C , 2C) and a simple arrangement for general analytical purposes have been described (6C). Molecular and high-vacuum distillation are extensively used on a plant as well as laboratory scale and advances in the two domains overlap. A review (7C) and two general discussions (18C, 23C) cover both fields. Mass transfer was studied in a falling-film molecular still using the wax and glycerol in sperm oil as a test mixture (26C). The effect of the temperature of molecular distillation on thermally unstable materials was investigated ( 1 3 2 ) . Placing baffles of various types between the rotating member and the wall of a small crntrifugal still affected the efficiency (lac). A packed column for high-vacuum .i\-ork R hich recycles liquid mechanically in stages ( I N ) , a nine-step still n ith units of rectangular design (IrC') , and a falling film still with a rotating scraper on the surface (16C) are described. A device called a microfractor is an ingenious method for obtaining effective molecular distillation. Materials of lower and higher molecular weight are continuously moved toward opposite edges of moving steel belts as they are repeatedly distilled from one belt surface to another ( 5 C ) . Semimicromolecular stills with capacities of 0.2 to 10 grams have been designed and tested @E, 29C). An unusual use for vacuum distillation is the evaporation from a metal image
through a pinhole to a second metal surface on which an image forms (13C). A wide variety of materials such as high molecular weight petroleum (S4C), corn oil (8C),coconut oil (15C), and whale liver oil (1%) has been studied by molecular distillation. DISTILLATION
OF INORGANIC AND ISOTOPIC MATERIALS
.4 large number of applications of distillation to particular mixtures of materials has been reported. A detailed review of all the literature is scarcely justified, but some references to distillation of inorganic and isotopic materials are mentioned briefly to emphasize the fact that this method of separation is not confined to organic compounds. Aluminum and antimony were purified by distillation of their subfluorides ( 3 0 ) and trichloride (9D) , respectively; arsenic was determined by a modified bromine distillation (120) and boron by distillation as trimethylborate (7D): beryllium was purified by sublimation of the chloride ( 8 0 ) or distillation of the metal (140) and calcium by distillation from its alloys with silicon and aluminum ( 6 0 ) ; fluorine was determined in plant samples by steam distillation ( 4 0 ) ; lead was sublimed from natural formations in a stream of hydrogen for geological dating ( 2 2 0 ); ruthenium ivas removed from solutions of nitric acid (170, 2 4 0 ) ; selenium was separated from sulfur by sublimation below the melting point (150) ; titanium tetrachloride was purified by distillation above 700' C. to decompose the dioxide (10) or by distillation after a preliminary treatment with a mixture of po~vdered metals and alkali metal salts (1OD); and uranium tetrachloride was purified by sublimation n i t h fractional condensation (250). Special application has been made of the McCabe-Thiele diagram t o the separation of isotopes in exchange columns (6D).Boron isotopes were separated as fluorides ( 2 0 ~ 9 or ) chlorides ( 1 9 D ) ; compounds containing hydrogen isotopes were separated from liquid mixtures ( 2 D ) , from azeotropic acid-n ater mixtures ( 2 3 0 ), and from diusociable compounds (1301 by distillation; heavy helium \vas separated from tritium a t 1' K. ( 1 1 0 ) ; lithium isotopes could be separated in argon a t low pressure but not a t atmospheric pressure (180); H201@ concentratrs m-ere separated by diffusional distillation into argon (21D )' and heavy nitrogen was obtained by exchange distillation using nitric oxide and nitric acid (16D). VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM
Tables and charts of data on vaporliquid equilibria need to be constructed VOL 34, NO 5. APRIL 1962
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so that they can be continuously revised, since the flood of information continues to rise. A number of modifications of equilibrium stills have appeared. Two are designed for saving time (26E, 5 5 E ) ; five are suitable for partially miscible systems (SE, 15E, 4OE, 4lE, 59E); tmo for pressures above atmospheric (SgE, 67E); one uses partial condensation ( 4 8 E ) ; and three are modifications to improve results (RE, 19E, 45E). A method of determining the activity coefficients of constituents in binary mixtures requires only the total pressure and the equilibrium density ( 9 E ) . An article describes a method of predicting the effect of salts on the equilibria of mixtures by studying the effect of the same salts on the vapor pressures of the pure components (SPE’). Three articles discuss the prediction of unavailable equilibrium data from data which are available (28.73, 5SE, 6 I E ) . The folloning systems for nhich vapor-liquid equilibrium data are available have been arranged alphabetically n ith regard to one of the constituents. Binary Systems. Acetic acid a n d water ( I E , IOE), chloroform (IOE), formic acid (IOE),propionic acid (66E), butyric acid (66E), methanol (49E), ethanol ( S S E ) , propanol (SSE, 49E), or butanol (SSE’, 49E) ; acetone and nitroethane (4E)or acetonitrile (@‘) ; aniline and methylcyclohexane (51E) or toluene (51Ej ; benzene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (65E), n-hexane (6E), or dioxane (18E); butanol and heptane (29E), octane (29E), or nonane ( W E ) ; carbon tetrachloride and ethanol ( 2 l E ), butanol ( R I E ) , phenol (729, cyclohexane ( 7 E , 47E), hevane (7E), or ethyl acetate (4%‘) ; 6-caprolactam and water (62E); cyclohexanol and phenol ( I I E ) , cyclohexanone ( I I E ) ,and cyclohexane (YE); cyclohexanone and water (17 E ); diethylene glycol divinyl ether and diethylene glycol diethyl ether a t 10-mm. Hg pressure (IWE);ethanol and nine aldehydes of two to six carbon atoms (&?E) or methyl isobutyl ketone (S6E); ethane and ethylene (W7E); epichlorohydrin and lJ2,3-trichloropropane (63E); ethylbenzene and hexane (44E), hexylene glycol (44E),ethylcyclohexane (44E) or ityrene (25E); ethyl ether and chloroform (30E); isopropyl alcohol and 1,4-dioxane (8E), isopropyl chloride and alljl chloride ( 1 S E ) ; methane and ethane (14B) or nitrogen (14E); niethyldichlorosilane and trimethylchlorosilane (6%) or silicon tetrachloride (SIE); methyltrichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride ( S I E ) ; methyl esters of common normal fatty acids with each other (56E); nitric acid and mater (43E); oleic and ricinoleic (24Ej or palmitic acid (8423) a t 5-mm. Hg pressure; palmitic and stearic acids ( % $ E ) ; 2picoline and pyridine ( 6 E ) or 2,6-lutidine (6E); phenol and acetophenone at
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
100- and 300-mm. Hg pressure (16E); toluene and p-cresol (%$E), d’ioxane ( 1 8 E ) , or butanol (18E); stannic chloride trichloroethylacetate or anisole (64E); tetrachloroperitane and tetrachloroethane (%E) or tetrachloropropane (S8E)a t 12- to 15-mm. Hg pressure (suggested for test mixture); tritiated water and normal water (52E); water and propyl acetate (54E)a t reduced pressures, ethyl ketone ( % E ) , or formic acid (50E). Ternary Systems. Acetaldehyde, ethanol, and water (2OE); aniline, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexane (S7E); sec-butanol, isobutyric acid, and water (35E); carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexane (47Ej; ethylbenzene, ethylcyclohexane, and hexylene glycol a t 400-nim. H g pressure (44E); ethylene glycol, ethanol, and water (46E); ethyl acetate, TTater, and acetic. propionic, or butyric acid (66E); phenol, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone a t 90-mm. Hg pressure ( 1 I E ) . Quaternary. Ethanol, benzene, nhexane. and water ( 2 S E ) ; ethanol, acetone, butanol, and water ( % E ) ; ethanol, hrptane, %-picoline, 2,4-lutidine, and a fraction of coal tar distilling betneen 142’ and 145’ C. (60E). LITERATURE CITED
Laboratory Fractional Distillation ( 1 A ) Agliulov, N. Kh., Devyatykh, G. G., Trudy Khim. i Khzm. Tekhnol. 1, 623 (1958). (2A) Batuner, L. M., Trudy Leningrad. Khim. Farm. Inst. 1958, 19. (3A) Belcher, H. H., Ger. Patent 1,050,317 (1959). (4A) Bergmann, G., Zohrer, F., Ibid., 1,014,995 (1957). (5A) Billet, R., Chem. Tngr. Tech. 32, 544 (1960). (6A) Bukala, %I.,Burczyk, B., Witek, S., Przemys! C h m . 3 8 , 4 3 5 (1959). (7A) Ibid., p. 629. (8Ai Bushmakin. I. K.. Zhur. Priklad. k h i m . 32, 2416 (1959).’ (9X) Ibid., p. 2638. (1012) Ibid., 33, 127 (1960). (11A) Ibid., p. 296. (12A) Bushmakin, I. X., Kutznetsova, N. P.. Ibid.. 32. 1751 (1959). (13.4) dannon, 31. R.,’Ind. ’ Eng. Chem. 53. 629 ’1. - ~ (1961 (144) Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur A. G., Brit. Patent 823,297 (1960). (15A) Ibid., 836,857 (1960). (16A) Chaivavech. P., Van Winkle,. M.,. ‘ Ind. Eng.’Chem. 53, 187 (1961). (17.4) Chernyaev, V. N., Nisel’son, L. -4., \ -
- - I
\ - - - -
Izvest. Vysshzkh Ucheb. Zavedenii, Tsvetnaya M e t . 13, 135 (1960). (18-4) Darmois, R., Rev. inst. franc. petrole et Ann. combustihles l i p i d e s 25, i 7 0 8 (1960). (19A) Devyatykh, G. G.. Agliulov, N. Kh., Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 34, 2509 (1960). (20-4) Devyatykh, G. G., Agliulov, IL’. Kh., Froiov, I. A., Ibid., 33, A61 (1959). (21A) Devyatykh, G. G., Zorin, A. D., Zavodskaya Lab. 24, 496 (1958). (22A) Devyatykh, G. G., Zorin, A. D., Danov, S. M., Ibid., 25, 1271 (1959). (23A) Eggertsen, F. T., Groennings, S., Holst, J. J., ANAL. CHEM. 32, 404 (1960). (24A) Gel’perin, N. I., ZelenetskiI, N. N., Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 32, 2001 (1959).
(25,4) Gianetto, A4, Panetti, M., Ann. chim. (Rome)50, 1713 (1960). (26A) Grein, F., Dechema Xonograph. 32, 183 (1959). (27A) Haase, H. J., Chem. Tech. (Berlin) 1 1 , 3 8 2 (1959). (28A) Handley, R., Holgate, B., Chem. & Znd. (London)1959,1087. (29A) Herington, E. F. G., Energia nucleare (Milan)7, 590 (1960). (30A) Hollo, J., Lengyel, T., Papp, J., Budapestz Muszakz Egyetem Mezogazdasdgi Kdm. Technol. Tanszdkenek Kozlemdnyei 11, l ( 1 9 5 9 ) . (31A) Huber, M., Sulzer Tech. Rev. (Switz.)42, 25 (1960). (32A) Huppes, N., de Jong, J. J., Chim. anal. 41, 436 (1959). (33A) Hutla, V., Krivanek, E., Chem. listy 54, 1064 (1960). (34A) Jones, F. S., Nerheim, A. G., ANAL.CmM. 31, 1929 (1959). (351%)Kafarov, V. V., Vigdorov, A. is., Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 33, 1506 (1960). (36A) Kamphausen, H. A,, Chem. & Ind. (London) 1959, 1152. ( 3 7 4 ) Katff, S. F., Jacob, R. B., U. S. Patent 2,967,425 (1961). (38-4) Krell, E., Chem. Tech. (Ber!in) 9 , 266 (1957). (39A) Kuhn, W.,Chem. lng. Tech. 29, 6 (1957). (40A) Kuhn, Ger. Patent 970,432 (1958). (41A) Kuhn, W.,Baertschi, P., Ger. Patent 1,056,588 (1959). (42A) Kuhn, W., Baertschi, P., Swiss Patent 339,610 (1959). (43A) Kuhn, W., Narten, a4., Peterli, E., Chimia (Switz.) 12, 131 (1958). (44A) Lengyl, T., Magyar KBmi Lapja 1 4 . 3 1 4 11959). (45Aj Le&, 8. I., Khina. i Technol. Topliva 4 , 5 5 (1959). (46Aj Majer, J., Sbornik ved. praci, Vusokri Skola chem.-technol. Pardubice 1660, 167. (47A) Maschlanka, H., Ger. Patent 1,016,466 (1957). (48A) hliskln, L. G., Qureshi, M. S., Birmingham Univ. Chem. Engr. 11, 4 5 (1960). (49A) Piazza, J., Ana2es soc. cient. arg. 167, 98 (1959). (50.4) Piazza, J., Rev. fac. inq. 27, . quim. 165 (1958): . (51A) Portugal’tsev, I. G., Trudy Gosud m s t ‘1la7ich.-Issledovatel.i Proekt. Inst. Azot. Prom. 1957,231. (52A) Preston, S. T., U. S. Patent 2,968,939 (1961). (53A) Rhodes, J.C.,Ibid., 2,967,423(1961). (54-4) Rius, -4., Otero de la Gandara, J. L., Casado, J. 11.C., ilnales real SOC. espaE. fis. y quim. ( 3 I a d r i d ) 53B, 391 (1957). (55-4) Stabnikov, V. K., Trudy Kier. Filiala, Vsesoziuz. Tauch.-Issledovatel Inst. Svir.-i Likero-Vodoch. Prom. 1958,
m.,
~
141.
(.56.4) Surowiec. il. J., Ind. Enq. Chern. 5 3 , 2 8 9 (1961). (57A) Tarbes, H., Chem. -4naZ. 42, 308 (1960). (58il) Tendulkar, h!. S., Brit. Chem. Enq. 5, 137 ((1960). Thompson, R. B., U. S. Patent (59A) Th 2,944,093 2,944 ,O (1960). W. H., J . Inst. Petrol (60.4) Topham, To 4 5 , 3 3 5 (1959). (61-4) Ulusdy, Ul E., Cakaloz, T., Rev. fnc. sci. uni univ. Istanbul 24c, 239 (1959). ((62.4) 6 2 8 ) Vi: Vian, il., Segura-hrias, .4, I o v 20,401 (196 (1960). (63A) Vigues, Sf., Compt. rrnd congr intern. chim. ind. 1, 1139 : (1959). ( 64A4) 6 4 4 ) Wolfgang, H., Seiler, R., Chem Tech. (Berlin)1 1 , 381 (1959). (6jA4) Zvkov. (65ii) Zykov, D. D., Khlebnikovrt, V. V., . Soboley, G: G. V., Koksi Khim. 1959, p. 36.
Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation
(1B) Black, C., U. S. Patent 2,981,661 (1961). (2B) Ibad., 2,981,662 (1961). (3B) Bogdanov, M. I., Aronovich, Kh. A., U.S.S.R. Patent 131,349 (1961). (4B) Bohme, H., Bohm, R. H., Arch. Pharm. 293, 867 (1960). (5B) Bruijn, P J., van Wijk, W. R., Physzca 25, 935 (19591. (6B) Brzostovski, W., Alalanowski, S., Zieborak, K., Bull. acad. polon. sci., Ser. scz., chzni , geol. et geograph. 7, 421 (1959). (7B) Burova, G. V., Nemtsov, AX. S., Kogan. V. B., Ogorodnikov, S K., U.S.S.R. Patent 132,196 (1980). (8B) Cier, H. E., Waddell, &I. T., Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 259 (1959). (9B) Cier, H. E., Waddell, AX. T., U. S. Patent 2,891,894 (1959). (10B) Ciparis, J., Parmop Respub. Chem. Konf., Lzetuvos T S R Mokslu Akad., Chenz. zr Chem. Technol. Inst. 1958, 49 (1959). (11B) Coates, J., Chem. Eng. 67, 121 (1960). (12B) Conti, J. J., Univ. llicrofilms, L. C. Card No. hlic 59-3623. (13B) Davis, J. R., Evans, L. R., J . Chem. Eng. Data 5,401 (1960). (14B) Dobroserdov, L. L., Trudy Leninorad. Tekhnol. Inst. Pishchevoi Prom. 15,55 (1958). (15B) Dobroserdov. L. L.. Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 32,2582 (i959). ' (16B) Dobroserdov, L. L., Il'ina, V. P., Trudy Leningrad. Technol. Inst. Pishchevoi Prom. 14, 139 (1958). (17B) Ibid., p. 143, (18B) Ibid., p. 147. (19B) Donald, M. B., Ridgway, K., J. Appl. Chem. (London)8, 403 (1958). (20B) Ibid., p. 408. (21B) Eisenlohr, K. H., Wirth, K. H., Chem. Ingr. Tech. 32, 789 (1960). (22B) Ellis, S. R., Razavipour, M., Chem. Eng. Sei. 11,99 (1959). (23B) Filippov, B. N., Gidroliz i Lesokhim. Prom. 13, 15 (1960). (24B) Garber, Y., Zelenevskaya, S. I., Rabukhina, G. G., Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 33,644 (1960). (25B) Gerster, J. A., Gorton, J. A., Eklund, R. B., J . Chem. Eng. Data 5,423 (1960). (26B) GorodetskiI, I. Y. A., Dlevskil, V. hl., Vestnik Leningrad. Univ. 15, KO.16, Ser. Fiz. i Khiin. No. 3, 102 (1960). (27B) Ishiguro, T., Yagyu, RI., Takagi, K., I*akugaku Zasshi 80, 30 (1960). (28B) Ibid., p. 311. (29B) Johnson, A. I., Furter, IT. F., Can. J . Chem. Eng. 38, 78 (1960). (30B) Kirshenbaum, I., Janach, F. L., Etherington, 1,. D., U. S. Patent 2,901,404 (1959). (31B) Iiorneev, Yu. K., Skoblo, A. I., Izvest. Vysshikh Ucheb. Zavedenii Xeft i Gaz 1958, No. 7 , 57. (32B) Kovalenko, K. N., Balandina, N. I., Uchenye Zapiski Rostov. nu Donu Gosudarst. Vniv. 41, 31 (1958). (33B) Kunimerle, K., Chem. Ingr. Tech. 32, 513 (19GO). (34B) Kummerle, K., Ger. Patent 1,041,936 (1958). (35B) LeBec, L., GBnie chinz. 84, 41 (1960). (36B) Lu, B. C. Y., Can. J . Technol. 34,468 (1957). (37B) Lutugina, N. V., Kalyuzhnyi, V. M., Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 32, 2526 (1959). (38B) Mahrwald, R., Hiittig, E., Chem. Tech. (Berlin) 12, 467 (1960). (39B) blervart, Z., Kren, J., Loucka, P., , - - - I
Chem. Prumysl 10,132 (1960). (40B) MorachevskiI, A. G., Leont'er, N. P Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 34, 347 (1960). (41B) gorvna, J., Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Communs. 24,3258 (1959). (42B) Oakeson, G. O., Weber, J. H., J. Chem. Eng. Data 5,279 (1960). (43B) Ogorodnikov, S. K., Kogan, V. B., Nemtsov, M. S., Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 33, 1599 (1960). (44B) Perry, T. D., Keper, R. E., Dinsmoor, A,, J . Chem. Eng. Data 5 , 403 (1960). (45B) Piha. P.. Suomen Kemistilehtz 32B, 100 (1959). (46B) Pludde-Mann, H., Schafer, Kl , 2. Elektrochem. 63, 1024 (1959). (47B) Rius, A., Alvarez Gonzalez, J. R., Anales real SOC. espaii. f i s . y Hueda, E., quim (Madrzd)56B, 629 (1960). (48B) Robu, I. Y., Soare, S., Bul. znst. petrol. gaze sa geol. (Bucharest) 6, 261 (1960). (49B) Rock, H., Fortschr. physik. Chem. (1959). (50B) Seryakov, G. V., Vaks, , S. A,, Sidorina, L. S., Zhur. Obshchez Khzm. 30,2130 (1960). (51B) Sizmann, R., Angew. Chem. 71, 243 (~ l%iq _ _ _ 'i._ (52B) Smirnova, N. A., Vestnik Leningrad Univ. 14, No. 16, Ser. Fiz. i Khim., N o . 3, 80 (1959.). (53B) Swami, D. R., Rao, V. N. K., Rao. M. X., Trans. Indian Inst. Chem. Engk. 4, Pt.'2, 47 (1958). (54B) Swietoslanski, W., Bull. mad. polon. sca., Ser. xi., chim. geol. et geograph. 7, 1 (1957). (55B) Smietoslawski, W., Zieborak, K., Galska-Krajewska, A., Ibid., 7, 43 (lQ5CI). \----,.
(56B) Walsh, T. J., Ind. Eng. Chem. 52, 277 (1960). (57B) Ibid., 53,248 (1961). (58B) Yamamoto. Y.. Maruvama. T.. ' Kagaku Kogaku'23,635 (1959-). (59B) Zieborak, K., Gaiska-Krajewska, A., Bull. acad. polon. sci., Ser. sci., chim., geol. et geograph 7,263 (1959). (GOB) Zieborak, K., Wyrzykowska-Stankiewicz, D., Ibid., 7, 247 (1959). I
,
Micro-, Steam, and Molecular Distillation
(IC) ilntonacopoulos, S., 2. Lebensm.Untersuch. u.-Forsch. 113, 113 (1960). (2C) Ibid., p. 116. (3C) Bagaturov, S. A, Tzvest. Vysshikh Ucheb. Zavedenii -Veft i Gaz 1958, 133. (4C) Ibid., 1959, 71. (5C) Chem. Eng. AVews 39, S o . 10, 50 (1961). (6C) Duboff, G. S., Analyst 84, 619 (1959). (7C) Knobloch, E., Chem. listy 53, 718 (1959). (8C) Kuksis, A, Beverage, J. M., J . Lipid Research 1,311 (1960). (9C) Larrabee. hl. G.. Anal. Biochem. 1,151 (196Oj. (1OC) Leister, K., Schneider, R., Ger. Patent 1,010,501 (1957). (11C) hXalpsov, V. A., Malafeev, N. 4., Zhavoronkov, N. M.,Khim. Mashinostroenie 1959, Xo. 4, 4. (12C) Malyusov, Ti. A , , Malafeev, N. A., Zhavoronkov, S. RI., Khim. Prom. 1959, 695. (13C) Malyusov, V. A., Zhavoronkov, N. M.. Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Commuks. 23, 1720 (1958). (14'2) Melhuis, W. H., Nature (London) . 184, 1933 (1959). ' (15C) Naudet, M., Sambue, E., Pasero, J., Desnuelle, P., Bull. SOC. chim. France 1959, 718. 1
,
(16C) Nester, R. G., Rev. Sci. Instr. 31, 1002 (1960). (17C) Omote, Y., Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 80,804 (1959). (18'2) Pimazzoni, I. O., Olii minerali, . grissi e saponi colori vernici 37, 23i (1960). (19C) Preuss, L. E., Vacuum 9, 233 (1Y59). (20C) Pszonicki, L., Rept. Inst. NucLeaI Research (Warsaw) S o . 88/VILI, 8 pp., (1959). (21C) Ricciardi, ,4. I. A,, Rev. Sac. ing. quim. 28,37 (1960). (22C) Rousseau, J. C., French Patent 1,167,797 (1958). (23C) Ychiffers, A, Vide 15,481, (1960). (24C) Sergienko, S. R., Sozhkina, I. A., hlayorov, L. S., Izvest. Akud. S a u k S.S.S.R., Otdel. Khim. X a u k 1960, 27%
(2sCj.Siirde, E. K., Romankov, P. G., Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 32, 2197 (1959). 126C) Tozari. Y., Uveha, A., Kagaku Kogaku 24,281 (1960). (27C) Wallenberger, F. T., O'Connor, It'. F , Moriconi, E. J., J . Chrm. Educ. 36, 251 (1959). (28C) \Yatt, P. R., Chem. & Ind. (London) ' 1960, 713: (29C) Ibid., p. 1207. ~
Distillation of Inorganic and Isotopic Materials
( I D ) Aradi, A, Fdmipari Kutatd Intezet Kozlemenyei 3,412 (1959). (2D) Bailey, B. &Proc. I., 2nd U . 1":. Intern. Conf. Peacejul Uses Atomzc Energy, Geneva, 1958,556. (3D) Belyaev, A. I., Firsanova, L. A., Chistye Metal. i Poluprovodn., Trudy 1-OZ (Peruoi) Mezhvuz. Konf.,Moscow 1957,260 (1959). (4D) Brewer, R. F., Liebig, G. F., Jr., ANAL.CHEM.32, 1373 (1960). (5D) Connier, E., Poyet, P., Caboz, R., Compt. rend. 251,1512 (1960). (6D) Dietze, >I., Pilz, S., Chem. Tech. (Berlin)12,81 (1960). (7D) Ehrlich, P., Keil, T., 2. anal. Chem. 165, 188 (1959). (8D) Furby, E., Wilkinson, K. L., J . Inorg. & .Vuclear Chem. 14, 123 (1960). (9D) Gorshein, G. I., Danielova, G. T., Rif, E. A,, Zhur. Priklad. Khim. 33, 2180 (1960). (10D) Hansley, V. L., Schott, f3#, U. S. Patent 2,958,574 (1960). (11D) Hanson, E. R., Otsuki, H. H., Passell, L., Lien, W.S., Phillips, N. E., Rev. Sei. Instr. 30, 591 (1959). (12D) Hoffman, I., Rowsome, 11.; Analyst 85, 1-51 (1960). (1311) Holmberg, I(. E., Proc. 2nd U . N. Intern. Cons. Peacejul Uses Alomic Energy, Geneva 1958, 540. ( l 4 D ) Ivanov, V. E., Amonenko, V. AI., Tikhinskit, G. F., Kruglykh, A. A., Fiz. Metal. i Metalloued. d k n d . .Vauk S.S.S.R. 10, 581 (1960). ( l 5 D ) Kazhlaeva, R. I., Abdullaev, G. B., Kuliev, A. A., Izvest. Akad. Nauk Azerbaidzhan.-S.S.lZ., Ser. Tekh. i FizJIat. iyauk 1959, 39. (16D) Nakane, R., Watanabe, T., Isomura, S., Kurihara, O., Rikagaku Kenkyusho Hokoku 34, 197 (1958). (17D) Nikolaev, -4.Y., Sinipsyn. N. hl., Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 4, 1935 (1959). (18D) Perret, L., Rozand, L., Saito, E., Proc. 2nd U.N.Intern. Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva 1958, 595. (19D) Sevryugova, N. N., Uvarov, 0. V., Zhavoronkov, N. M., Souiet J . Atomic Energy 1, No. 4,483 (1957). (20D) Sevryugova, N. N., Uvarov, 0. V., Zhavoronkov, N. M., Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 34,1004 (1960). VOL. 34, NO. 5, APRIL 1962
55R
(21D) Silvestri, M., Villani, S., Adorn, K.,Angelino, G. C., Proc. 2nd U. N . Intern.- Conf. Peaceful Uses Atomic Energy, Geneva 1958,619. (22D) Sobotovich, E. V., Byull. Komissii Opredelen. A bsol yut. Vozrasta Geol. Formatszi, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 1958, Xo. 3, 52. (23D) Wetzel, X., Schulze, H., Krelzschman, G., Muhle, K., Naturwissenschaften 47,374 (1960). (24D) Wilson, A. S., J . Chem. Eng. Data 5,521 (1960). (25D) Young, H. S., U. S. At. Energy Comm. TID-5290, 759 (1958). Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (1E) Arich, G., Tagliavini, G., Ricercn sci. 28, 2493 (1958). (2E) Balson, E. IF7.. J . Chem. Educ. 36. 214 (i959j. (3E) Boublik, T., Collection Czechoslou. Chem. Communs. 25,285 (1960). (4E) Brown, I., Smith, F., Australian J . Chem. 13, 30 (1960). (5E) Brzostowskl, It7.* Roczniki Chem. 35, 291 (1961). (6E) Brzostowski, IT, Malanowski, S., Bull. n c a d . Polon. Scz., Ser. sci. chzm., gcol., et geoqraph. 1959, 669. (7E) Chevnlley, J., Bull. soc. chim. France 1961, 510. (8E) Choff’e, B., Cliquet, Rf., Rleunier, S.. Rev. znst. franc. wktrole et Ann. combzLstibles liyiides 15,’1051 (1960). (DE) Christian, S. D., Separko, E., Affsprung, H. E., J . Phys. Chem. 64,442 (1960). (10E) Conti, J. J., Othmer, D. F., Gilmont, R., J . Chem. Eng. Data 5, 301 (1960). (11E) Cova, D. R., Ibid., 5,282 (1960). (12E) Delzenne, A. O., Ibid., 5, 413 (1960) j
-
_
_
_
(13E) Dgkyj, J., Paulech, J., Seprarova, M., Chem. zvesti 14,327 (1960). (14E) Ellinrrton, R. T.. Eakin. B. E.. Parent, J: 0.; Gami, ’D. C., Bloomer; 0. T., Thermodynamic Transport Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids, Symposium, Lafayette, Ind., 1959, p. 180. (15E) Ellis, S. R. M., Garbett, 12. D., Znd. Eng. Chem. 52,385 (1960). (16E) Fried, V., Pick, J., Collection Czechoslou. Chem. Coinmuns. 26, 954 (1961). (17E) GorodetskiI, I. Ya., Morachevskii, A. G., Olevskii, V. SI., Vestnik Leningrad. Univ. Ser. Fiz. a Kham. 14, 136
56R
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