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Aqueous Photochemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol of #-Pinene and #-Humulene Oxidized with Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, and Nitrate Radical Dian E. Romonosky, Ying Li, Manabu Shiraiwa, Alexander Laskin, Julia Laskin, and Sergey A. Nizkorodov J. Phys. Chem. A, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10900 • Publication Date (Web): 18 Jan 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 23, 2017
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry
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Aqueous Photochemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol of α-Pinene and α-Humulene
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Oxidized with Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, and Nitrate Radical
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Dian E. Romonosky,1 Ying Li,2 Manabu Shiraiwa,1 Alexander Laskin,3 Julia Laskin,4 and Sergey A.
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Nizkorodov1,*
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1. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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2.
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3. Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
8 9 10
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Richland, Washington 99352, USA. 4. Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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* Corresponding author phone and e-mail: 949-824-1262,
[email protected] 12
ABSTRACT: Formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic volatile organic compounds
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(BVOC) occurs via O3- and OH-initiated reactions during the day and reactions with NO3 during the
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night. We explored the effect of these three oxidation conditions on the molecular composition and
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aqueous photochemistry of model SOA prepared from two common BVOC. A common monoterpene, α-
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pinene, and sesquiterpene, α-humulene, were used to form SOA in a smog chamber via BVOC + O3,
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BVOC + NO3, and BVOC + OH + NOx oxidation. Samples of SOA were collected on filters, water-
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soluble compounds from SOA were extracted in water, and the resulting aqueous solutions were
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photolyzed in order to simulate the photochemical aqueous processing of SOA. The extent of change in
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the molecular level composition of SOA over 4 hours of photolysis (roughly equivalent to 64 hours of
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photolysis under ambient conditions) was assessed with high-resolution electrospray ionization mass
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spectrometry. The analysis revealed significant differences in the molecular composition between SOA
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formed by the different oxidation pathways. The composition further evolved during photolysis with the
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most notable change corresponding to the nearly-complete removal of nitrogen-containing organic
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compounds. Hydrolysis of SOA compounds also occurred in parallel with photolysis. The preferential
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loss of larger SOA compounds during photolysis and hydrolysis made the SOA compounds more volatile
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on average. This study suggests that aqueous processes may under certain conditions lead to a reduction
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in the SOA loading as opposed to an increase in SOA loading commonly assumed in the literature.
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INTRODUCTION
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Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) produced by the gas- and aqueous-phase oxidation of biogenic volatile
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organic compounds (BVOC) have both health and climate relevance.1 Following the initial formation,
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SOA are known to undergo chemical aging processes from reactions with sunlight and atmospheric
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oxidants.2,3 The mechanisms of chemical aging and the role of aging processes in determining climate and
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health relevant properties of SOA, such as distribution of volatilities of the SOA compounds, remain
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poorly explored.4 Part of the challenge is the inherent chemical complexity of both SOA and their aging
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processes.5
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Aqueous processing of atmospheric organic compounds include reactions with aqueous oxidants
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and aqueous photolysis, and is now recognized as an important mechanism of chemical aging of SOA.6,7
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The SOA particles produced from BVOC often nucleate cloud and fog droplets making the SOA
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compounds dissolved and accessible to the aqueous photochemical processes. We previously showed that
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exposure of dissolved SOA produced from a number of VOC precursors to actinic radiation leads to
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significant changes in the molecular composition of SOA.8–10 The effect of photolysis on SOA
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composition was greater for SOA prepared by ozonolysis of VOC in dark conditions compared to that for
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SOA prepared by OH+NOx photooxidation of VOC.10 This is a reasonable result as the most photolabile
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compounds are photolyzed already during the photooxidation in the smog chamber. Formation of SOA in
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the BVOC+NO3 reactions is another example of a process that occurs in dark conditions. This type of
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SOA may contain a larger fraction of photolabile molecules relative to the SOA prepared from the same
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VOC under OH+NOx photooxidation conditions. If this were correct, the SOA produced by night-time
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chemistry would quickly change its composition after sunrise. One of the motivations for this work is to
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test this hypothesis.
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Monoterpenes (C10H16) are the major precursors of SOA. Formation of SOA from monoterpenes,
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such as α-pinene, has been extensively documented, especially for the OH and O3 initiated oxidation
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pathways.11–17 Several studies have examined the oxidation of monoterpenes by the nitrate radical
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(NO3).11,14,18–29 The NO3-driven oxidation mechanism appears to be a major sink for BVOC and a major
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source for SOA at night in regions characterized by elevated NOx (NO + NO2) and O3 levels.11,30
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Sesquiterpenes, such as α-humulene, are less abundant in ambient air than monoterpenes.31
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However, their higher molecular weights and higher reactivity towards ozone and OH32–34 make them
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more efficient SOA precursors compared to the monoterpenes in terms of the SOA mass yields.25,35 There
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have been limited studies on the NO3 oxidation of sesquiterpenes. Canosa-Mas et al.26 and Shu and
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Atkinson33 measured the rate constants for the reactions between selected sesquiterpenes and NO3 radical.
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Fry et al.23 investigated the NO3 oxidation of β-caryophyllene, observing high SOA yields with a low
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organonitrate yield in the condensed phase. Jaoui et al. observed efficient SOA formation in reactions of
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several sesquiterpenes with NO3.25
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While numerous studies on each oxidation pathway (OH, O3, or NO3) have been performed for
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both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, only one study has attempted to systematically compare all three
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oxidation conditions for the same VOC precursor.25 The first goal of our work is to compare the SOA
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formed in an environmental chamber from a model monoterpene (α-pinene) and a model sesquiterpene
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(α-humulene) under these three oxidation conditions. By using electrospray ionization high-resolution
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mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS), we detect a much broader array of SOA compounds than previously
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possible and investigate the effect of the oxidation conditions on the molecular distribution of the SOA
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products. The second goal of this work is to examine the effect of photolysis on the molecular
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composition of SOA produced by NO3 oxidation. Our results suggest facile photolysis of dissolved SOA
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compounds, especially the nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC). Based on the elemental
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composition assignments inferred from the ESI-HRMS data, we predict that photolysis should increase
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the volatility of SOA compounds using a recently proposed “molecular corridors” parameterization36,37
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between the molecular composition and volatility.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
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Secondary Organic Aerosol Generation. SOA was prepared in a similar manner as previously
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described for the O3 and photooxidation experiments.10,38 Briefly, in a 5 m3 chamber approximately 650
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ppb of ozone was added for ozonolysis experiments, while approximately 300 ppb of nitric oxide and 2
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ppm of hydrogen peroxide were added for photooxidation experiments. H2O2, added to the chamber by
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evaporation of its 30 v/v% aqueous solution with a stream of zero air, was used to generate the hydroxyl
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radical. Initial mixing ratios of α-pinene (APIN) and α-humulene (HUM) were 500 ppb for all
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experiments, except for the APIN/NO3 experiment, in which the concentration of APIN was increased to
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1000 ppb. For OH+NOx experiments, UV-B lamps (FS40T12/UVB, Solarc Systems Inc.) were turned on
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and photooxidation time was 2 hours for α-pinene experiments and 1 hour for α-humulene experiments.
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To simulate the nighttime NO3 radical chemistry, approximately twofold excess O3 was added to 300 ppb
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NO to drive the following reactions:
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O3 + NO → NO2 + O2
(R1)
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O3 + NO2 → NO3 + O2
(R2)
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NO3 + NO2 ⇌ N2O5
(R3)
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After that, either α-pinene or α-humulene was added to the chamber. All experiments were performed
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under dry conditions at 21-25 °C and in the absence of seed particles. All chemicals noted above were
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purchased from Sigma Aldrich at highest available stated purities and used without further purification. 3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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SOA formed in the chamber were monitored by a TSI model 3936 scanning mobility particle
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sizer (SMPS), O3 was monitored using a Thermo Scientific model 49i ozone analyzer, and a Thermo
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Scientific model 42i-Y NOy analyzer recorded NO/NOy data. The particles were collected through an
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activated carbon denuder at 17 SLM (standard liters per minute) onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)
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filters (Millipore 0.2 µm pore size). We had to use high concentrations of precursors in order to collect a
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sufficient amount of SOA material (>0.2 mg) for both photochemical and control experiments (Table 1).
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Although the chemical composition of SOA formed at the high precursor and oxidant concentrations is
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not the same as that formed at ambient concentrations,39 the major products as well as the degree of
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chemical complexity of SOA should be comparable. Therefore, these SOA samples should be suitable for
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studying the general features of the photodegradation process. The filters were vacuum-sealed and
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immediately frozen at -20 °C in anticipation of offline aqueous photolysis experiments and mass
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spectrometry analysis.
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Table 1. Experimental Conditions for the SOA Samples Prepared from α-pinene (APIN) and α-
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humulene (HUM) VOC
oxidant
precursor
initial
initial
initial
reaction
amount
collection
amount
VOC
O3
NO
time (h)
of SOA
time (h)
of SOA
(ppb)
(ppb)
(ppb)
created
collected
(mg/m3)
(mg)
APIN
O3
500
640
