4584
J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 4584-4595
Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer in 2-(2′-Arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole Derivatives: Insights into the Origin of Donor Substituent-Induced Emission Energy Shifts Yonggang Wu, PaDreyia V. Lawson, Maged M. Henary, Karin Schmidt, Jean-Luc Bre´ das, and Christoph J. Fahrni* School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic DriVe, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400 ReceiVed: December 21, 2006; In Final Form: March 13, 2007
Donor-substituted 2-(2′-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazoles undergo efficient excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) upon photoexcitation. The tautomer emission energy depends strongly on the substituent attachment position on the fluorophore π-system. While substitution with a donor group in the para-position relative to the sulfonamide moiety yields an emission energy that is red-shifted relative to the unsubstituted fluorophore, fluorescence of the meta-substituted derivative appears blue-shifted. To elucidate the origin of the surprisingly divergent emission shifts, we performed detailed photophysical and quantum chemical studies with a series of methoxy- and pyrrole-substituted derivatives. The nature and contribution of solvent-solute interactions on the emission properties were analyzed on the basis of solvatochromic shift data using Onsager’s reaction field model, Reichardt’s empirical solvent polarity scale ET(30), as well as Kamlet-Abboud-Taft’s empirical solvent index. The studies revealed that all ESIPT tautomers emit from a moderately polarized excited-state whose dipole moment is not strongly influenced by the donor-attachment position. Furthermore, the negative solvatochromic shift behavior was most pronounced in protic solvents presumably due to specific hydrogen-bonding interactions. The extrapolated gas-phase emission energies correlated qualitatively well with the trends in Stokes shifts, suggesting that solute-solvent interactions do not play a significant role in explaining the divergent emission energy shifts. Detailed quantum chemical calculations not only confirmed the moderately polarized nature of the ESIPT tautomers but also provided a rational for the observed emission shifts based on the differential change in the HOMO and LUMO energies. The results gained from this study should provide guidelines for tuning the emission properties of this class of ESIPT fluorophores with potential applications in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, or materials science.
Introduction Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) represents an intriguing photophysical process that can be exploited for the design of fluorescent labels1-3 and probes for sensing changes in pH,4 membrane potential,5-7 lipid bilayer structure,8,9 electric field,10 local hydration,11,12 temperature,13 as well as anion14 and metal cation4,15-23 concentrations. Fluorophores that undergo ESIPT are typically composed of a proton donor and acceptor connected through an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Upon photoexcitation, the proton moves toward the acceptor moiety, thus generating a phototautomer that fluoresces with an unusually large Stokes shift at lower energy. Although numerous studies have been devoted to understanding fundamental aspects of the ESIPT process, most of the work focused on unsubstituted fluorophore platforms.24-29 Recent studies demonstrated that the peak emission energies of the ESIPT phototautomer of substituted 2-(2′-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazoles30 and 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzazoles31 depend not only on the nature of the substituent but also on its attachment position on the fluorophore π-system. Variation of the latter revealed a surprisingly divergent shift of the respective emission energies. For example, compound 2 containing a methoxy group in the para-position relative to the sulfonamide * To whom correspondence should be addressed: Telephone: 404-3851164/fax: 404-894-2295. E-mail:
[email protected].
moiety displayed a peak emission energy that is red-shifted relative to the unsubstituted parent fluorophore 1, while emission of the meta-substituted derivative 3 appeared blue-shifted (Chart 1).30 Understanding of the origin of the observed emission shifts in relation to the substituent attachment position is key for the rational design of ESIPT fluorophores with tailored photophysical properties. In principle, the divergent shifts might be caused by differences in excited-state polarization that would be particularly pronounced in polar solvents such as water through isotropic solute-solvent interactions. Alternatively, differences in the strengths of the intramolecular hydrogen bond might influence the excited-state energetics and extent of geometrical reorganization in the course of the proton-transfer process, thus resulting in substantially different Stokes shifts. Finally, it would be also conceivable that the energy of the frontier orbitals involved in fluorescence emission might be differentially affected by the attachment position of the substituent. To evaluate the contribution of each of these effects and thus to elucidate the true nature of the divergent phototautomer emission shifts of para- vs meta-substituted 2-(2′-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazoles, we decided to perform detailed photophysical and quantum chemical analyses of the para- and metasubstituted methoxy-derivatives 2 and 3 as a case study. In addition, we utilized the pyrrole derivatives 4 and 5 to explore whether hydrogen-bonding interactions with the methoxy oxy-
10.1021/jp068832s CCC: $37.00 © 2007 American Chemical Society Published on Web 05/10/2007
Intramolecular Proton Transfer CHART 1
gen lone-pair electrons are important for the photophysical properties of 2 and 3 in protic solvents. Experimental Section Synthesis. Fluorophores 1a/b, 2a/b, and 3a/b were synthesized following published procedures.16,30 NMR: δ in ppm vs SiMe4 (0 ppm, 1H, 400 MHz), br ) exchange broadened signal. MS: selected peaks; m/z. Melting points are uncorrected. Flash chromatography (FC): Merck silica gel (240-400 mesh). TLC: 0.25 mm, Merck silica gel 60 F254, visualizing at 254 nm or with 2% KMnO4 solution. a. 2-Nitro-5-pyrrol-1-yl-benzaldehyde (8). In a Schlenck tube 2-nitro-5-bromobenzaldehyde32 (6, 500 mg, 2.17 mmol), freshly distilled pyrrole (133 mg, 1.97 mmol, 0.137 mL), palladium acetate (4.4 mg, 0.02 mmol), xantphos (34 mg, 0.059 mmol), and potassium carbonate (817 mg, 5.91 mmol) were mixed in 5 mL of o-xylene. The mixture was degassed and the tube refilled with argon. After heating at 120 °C overnight, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, washed with water, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel (FC, EtOAchexanes, 2:9) providing 367 mg (1.7 mmol, 78% yield) of 8 as a yellow solid: mp 74-76 °C. Rf 0.47 (EtOAc-hexanes, 2:9); 1H NMR (CDCl , 400 MHz) δ 6.46 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.22 3 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (dd, J ) 8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J ) 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J ) 8.9 Hz, 1H), 10.53 (s, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 216 ([M+], 100), 186 (31), 158.1 (23), 141.1 (52), 130 (30), 115.1 (38); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C11H8N2O3 216.05349, found 216.05407. b. 2-(2-Nitro-5-pyrrol-1-yl-phenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (10). A mixture of aldehyde 8 (200 mg, 0.925 mmol), o-phenylenediamine (120 mg, 1.11 mmol), acetic acid (0.08 mL, 1.4 mmol), and copper(II) acetate monohydrate (183 mg, 0.92 mmol) in 20 mL of ethanol-water (1:1) was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched by addition of 10 mL of concentrated aqueous NH4OH. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel (FC, EtOAchexanes, 1:3), affording 85 mg (0.28 mmol, 30% yield) of benzimidazole derivative 10 as a tan solid: mp >210 °C dec; Rf 0.18 (EtOAc-hexanes, 1:3); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 6.39 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (br, 2H), 7.64 (br, 2H), 7.64 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (dd, J ) 8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.150 (d, J ) 8.9 Hz, 1H), 8.154 (d, J ) 2.5 Hz, 1H), 13.02 (s, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 304.1 ([M+], 100), 287.1 (83), 262.1 (23), 257 (12), 155.1 (15), 141 (15); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C17H12N4O2 304.0960, found 304.1004. c. 2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-pyrrol-1-ylphenylamine (12). A solution of 10 (80 mg, 0.26 mmol) in 8 mL of ethanol was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure in the presence of Pd on activated carbon (5 wt %, 13 mg) as catalyst. Upon completion
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007 4585 of the reaction (TLC) the mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated under reduced pressure, affording 60 mg (0.22 mmol, 84% yield) of amine 12 as a tan solid: mp 163-165 °C; Rf 0.65 (EtOAc-hexanes, 1:2); 1H NMR (DMSOd6, 400 MHz) δ 6.24 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J ) 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (dd, J ) 8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.64 (m, br, 2H), 8.00 (d, J ) 2.5 Hz, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 274.1 ([M+], 100), 246.1 (8), 137 (9); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C17H14N4 274.1219, found 274.1208. d. {4-[2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-pyrrol-1-ylphenylsulfamoyl]phenoxy}acetic Acid Ethyl Ester (4a). A solution of amine 12 (54 mg, 0.20 mmol) and ethyl (4-chlorosulfonylphenoxy)acetate16 (14, 66 mg, 0.24 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (1 mL) was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with aqueous HCl (1 M, 5 mL) and extracted twice with EtOAc (10 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried with MgSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified on silica gel (FC, EtOAc-hexanes, 1:2), providing 45 mg (0.087 mmol, 44% yield) of 4a as a tan solid: mp >106 °C dec; Rf 0.25 (EtOAchexanes, 1:2); 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 1.23 (t, J ) 7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.17 (q, J ) 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 6.21 (d, J ) 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (t, J ) 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.06-7.12 (m, 4H), 7.327.37 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.81 (br, 1H), 7.83 (d, J ) 9.5 Hz, 1H), 9.98 (s, br, 1H), 11.20 (s, br, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 516.1 ([M+], 48), 273.1 (100); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C27H24N4O5S 516.1467, found 516.1417. e. {4-[2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-pyrrol-1-ylphenylsulfamoyl]phenoxy}acetic Acid (4b). Ester 4a (40 mg, 0.077 mmol) was dissolved in THF (1.5 mL), and a solution of LiOH‚ H2O (97 mg) in MeOH-water (1:1, 3 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 4 h and then cooled to room temperature. After removal of the organic solvent under reduced pressure, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (2 mL). Aqueous HCl (1 M) was added until the product started to precipitate. The product was filtered off, washed with little water, and dried in vacuo, affording 38 mg (0.082 mmol, 99%) of acid 4b as a tan solid: mp >130 °C dec; Rf 0.44 (MeOH-CH2Cl2, 1:3); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 4.68 (s, 2H), 6.31 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (d, J ) 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.41 (t, J ) 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.72 (br, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 13.22 (br, 2H); MS (70 eV) m/z 488.1 ([M+], 23), 273.1 (100), 299 (79); EIHRMS calculated for [M+] C25H20N4O5S 488.1154, found 488.1141. f. 2-Nitro-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzaldehyde (9). 2-Nitro-4-bromobenzaldehyde33 (7, 250 mg, 1.09 mmol) was converted to pyrrole derivative 9 as described for the synthesis of 8, yielding 102 mg (0.47 mmol, 43% yield) of 9 as a yellow solid: mp 113115 °C; Rf 0.18 (EtOAc-hexanes, 1:9); 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 6.47 (t, J ) 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, J ) 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (dd, J ) 8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J ) 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J ) 8.5 Hz, 1H), 10.40 (s, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 216.1 ([M+], 100), 186.1 (64), 141 (78), 130.1 (50), 115.1 (42); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C11H8N2O3 216.0535, found 216.0544. g. 2-(2-Nitro-4-pyrrol-1-yl-phenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (11). Aldehyde 9 (102 mg, 0.47 mmol) was converted to benzimidazole derivative 11 as described for 10, providing 114 mg (0.37 mmol, 80% yield) of 11 as a yellow solid: mp >200 °C (dec); Rf 0.26 (EtOAc-hexanes, 1:2); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 6.37 (t, J ) 2.0 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.65 (t, J ) 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J ) 8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (dd, J ) 8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J ) 2.4 Hz, 1H), 13.06 (s,
4586 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007 br, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 304.1 ([M+], 100), 287.1 (18), 141 (15). EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C17H12N4O2 304.0960, observed 304.0937. h. 2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-pyrrol-1-yl-phenylamine (13). Nitrocompound 11 (110 mg, 0.36 mmol) was reduced to amine 13 as described for the synthesis of 12, yielding 76 mg of 13 (0.28 mmol, 77% yield) as a tan solid: mp 253-255 °C; Rf 0.67 (EtOAc-hexanes, 1:1); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 6.28 (t, J ) 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (dd, J ) 8.5 Hz, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J ) 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.34 (t, J ) 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (s, br, 2H), 7.50 (d, br, J ) 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, br, J ) 7.6 Hz ,1H), 7.92 (d, J ) 8.6 Hz, 1H), 12.69 (s, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 274.1 ([M+], 100), 246.1 (12); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C17H14N4 274.1219, found 274.1211. i. {4-[2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-pyrrol-1-yl-phenylsulfamoyl]phenoxy}acetic Acid Ethyl Ester (5a). Amine 13 (20 mg, 0.073mmol) was reacted with ethyl (4-chlorosulfonylphenoxy)-acetate16 14 as described above for the synthesis of 4a, affording 25 mg (0.048 mmol, 66% yield) of 5a as a tan solid: mp 193-195 °C; Rf 0.55 (EtOAc-hexanes, 3:2); 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 1.30 (t, J ) 7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.27 (q, J ) 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.32 (t, J ) 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J ) 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (t, J ) 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (dd, J ) 8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J ) 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, J ) 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J ) 8.6 Hz, 1H); MS (70 eV) m/z 516.1 ([M+], 28), 365.1 (9), 274.1 (100), 273 (50), 212.1 (28); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C27H24N4O5S 516.1467, found 516.1460. j. {4-[2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-pyrrol-1-ylphenyl-sulfamoyl]phenoxy}acetic Acid (5b). Ethyl ester 5a (10 mg, 0.019 mmol) was hydrolyzed as described for the synthesis of 4b, yielding 10 mg (0.082 mmol, 99% yield) of acid 5b as a tan solid: mp >190 °C (dec); Rf 0.53 (MeOH-CH2Cl2, 1:3); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz) δ 4.69 (s, 2H), 6.35 (t, J ) 2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J ) 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.37 (m, 4H), 7.51 (dd, J ) 8.3, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.73 (m, 3H), 7.75 (d, J ) 8.9 Hz, 2H), 8.13 (d, J ) 8.8 Hz, 1H), 13.40 (s, br, 2H); FAB-MS (thioglycerol) m/z 489 ([M+], 13), 327 (25), 274.1 (18), 273 (17), 237 (100); EI-HRMS calculated for [M+] C25H21N4O5S 489.1233, found 489.1268. Steady-State Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. All sample solutions were filtered through 0.45 µm Teflon membrane filters to remove interfering dust particles or fibers. UV-vis absorption spectra were recorded at 25 °C using a Varian Cary Bio50 UV-vis spectrometer with constant-temperature accessory. Steady-state emission and excitation spectra were recorded with a PTI fluorimeter and FELIX software. For all measurements the path length was 1 cm with a cell volume of 3.0 mL. The fluorescence spectra have been corrected for the spectral response of the detection system (emission correction file provided by instrument manufacturer) and for the spectral irradiance of the excitation channel (via calibrated photodiode). Quantum yields were determined using quinine sulfate dihydrate in 0.5 M H2SO4 as fluorescence standard (Φf ) 0.54 ( 0.05).34 Determination of pKa Values. Measurements were performed with a combination glass microelectrode (Orion, Thermo Electron Corp, Waltham, MA). The electrode was calibrated for -log[H3O+] by titration of a standardized HCl solution (Aldrich, 0.1 N volumetric standard) with KOH (Aldrich, 0.1 N volumetric standard) at 25 °C and 0.1 M ionic strength (KCl). The end point, electrode potential, and slope were determined by Gran’s method35 as implemented in the software GLEE.36 The calibration procedure was repeated three times prior to each
Wu et al. pKa value determination. The electrode potential was measured with the Corning pH/ion analyzer 355, and the emf measurements were reproducible with ( 0.1 mV accuracy. For the determination of the pKa’s of a compound, a series of UV-vis spectra were acquired for which -log[H3O+] was varied between 3 and 10. The emf of each solution was directly measured in the quartz cell and converted to -log[H3O+] using E° and the slope as obtained from the electrode calibration procedure described above. The raw spectral and emf data were processed via nonlinear least-squares fit analysis using the SPECFIT software package,37 providing deconvoluted spectra for each species present as well as the acidity constants for the relevant protonation equilibria. Computational Methods. Quantum chemical calculations were performed for the unsubstituted parent compound 1c and the methoxy-substituted derivatives 2c and 3c using the QChem38 computational package. The ground state (S0) equilibrium geometries for each compound were optimized at both ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) levels. The first excited singlet states (S1) corresponding to the excited proton-transfer (PT) tautomers were modeled using postHF configuration interaction including singly excited determinants (HFCIS). The diffuse 3-21+G(d,p) (3-21+G**) basis set was used in conjunction with HF methods, while the split valence polarized 6-31G(d) (6-31G*) basis set was employed with DFT considering the B3LYP hybrid exchange correlation functional.39 The corresponding Hessian calculation was carried out for each optimized structure. The MOLEKEL software package40 was used to visualize all molecular orbitals and electron attachment/detachment densities produced from QChem plot data. The vertical excitation energies, state (µ) and transition (M) dipole moments, and oscillator strengths (f) were obtained using the semiempirical intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) Hamiltonian41 in combination with a configuration interaction scheme including singly excited configurations (SCI) with an active space including 24 occupied and 24 unoccupied molecular orbitals, implemented in ZINDO.41 To account for extrinsic solvent effects, INDO (SCI) was combined with the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) method42 for solvents methanol (MeOH) and water (H2O) as implemented in ArgusLab.43 Results and Discussion 1. Synthesis. The parent compound 1 and the two methoxysubstituted derivatives 2 and 3 were synthesized following recently published procedures.30 Fluorophores 4 and 5 were obtained from the corresponding pyrrole-substituted aldehyde precursors 8 and 9, respectively, both of which were synthesized through palladium-catalyzed amination of the corresponding bromine derivatives 6 and 7 (Scheme 1). Coupling of aldehydes 8 and 9 with 1,2-phenylenediamine using copper(II) acetate as mild oxidant yielded the corresponding benzimidazole derivatives 10 and 11, respectively. After palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation of the nitro group at ambient pressure, the resulting amines 12 and 13 were reacted with sulfonyl chloride16 14 to give the desired sulfonamide substituted fluorophores 4a and 5a, respectively. While the ester derivatives 1a-5a were suitable for solvatochromic shift studies in organic solvents, their solubility was insufficient for aqueous solution experiments. For the latter purpose, the corresponding acid derivatives 1b-5b were used which were obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl esters 1a-5b with lithium hydroxide in methanol-water. 2. Protonation Equilibria. Deprotonation of the sulfonamide nitrogen in 2-(2′-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole derivatives results in a strong bathochromic shift of the lowest energy
Intramolecular Proton Transfer
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007 4587
SCHEME 1
absorption band.16,28 A comparison of the absorption spectra of fluorophores 1a-5a is therefore only meaningful if the spectra represent a well-defined protonation state. We determined therefore the UV-vis traces for the fully deprotonated species L2- and the monoprotonated species LH- from a series of pH titrations by means of spectral deconvolution, which at the same time also yielded the pKa value of the sulfonamide nitrogen for each derivative. The corresponding deconvoluted spectra for each fluorophore are shown in Figure 1 (left), and a compilation of the protonation constants together with selected photophysical data for the deprotonated and monoprotonated species is given in Table 1. The measured pKa values of the sulfonamide nitrogen range between 7.3 and 8.3, and depend strongly on the attachment position of the donor-substituent (Table 1). Compared to the parent compound 1b, substitution with a methoxy-group in the para-position to the sulfonamide group raised the pKa by 0.3 units (compound 2b), while substitution in the meta-position lowered it by 0.4 units (compound 3b).30 The observed differences follow closely the expectation based on the interplay between resonance stabilization and inductive effects. While for the para-substituted derivative 2b, the electron-donating resonance contribution outweighs the inductive effect imposed through the electronegative oxygen, the reverse situation is present for the meta-substituted compound 3b. Similarly, the sulfonamide group of the para-substituted pyrrole derivative 4b is less acidic compared to its meta-substituted analog 5b; however, both pKa’s are significantly lower compared to the unsubstituted parent compound 1b. These data indicate that the pyrrole group acts in the ground state primarily as a σ-accepting substituent with a stronger electron-withdrawing inductive component compared to the π-donating resonance contribution. 3. Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra in Aqueous Solution. UV-Vis Spectra. According to previous studies, the photophysical properties of 2-(2′-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole fluorophores are significantly influenced by donor or acceptor substituents attached to the fluorophore π-system.30 While the deconvoluted absorption spectra corresponding to the monoprotonated species LH- showed only small changes for the methoxy-substituted fluorophores 2b and 3b compared to the parent compound 1b (Figure 1a-c, left, solid traces), the pyrrole-substituted derivative 4b revealed a substantially different spectrum indicating significant electronic interactions between the pyrrole-ring and the fluorophore π-system (Figure 1d, left). In contrast, derivative 5b containing the pyrrole-ring
in the meta-position relative to the sulfonamide group showed a UV-vis spectrum that is, with the exception of overall redshifted bands, qualitatively very similar compared to the spectrum of the analogous methoxy-substituted fluorophore 3b. Interestingly, both meta-substituted derivatives 3b and 5b revealed an additional low-energy band centered around 360370 nm (Figure 1, parts c and e, left). On basis of photophysical studies on structurally related 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole derivatives15,44 this band originates most likely from a prototropic tautomer that is already present in the ground state equilibrium (vide infra). The fully deprotonated species L2showed for all derivatives 1b-5b a substantially red-shifted absorption maximum compared to the monoprotonated species LH- (Figure 1a-e, left, dashed traces). The bathochromic shift was strongest for the pyrrole-substituted fluorophore 4b and 5b, followed by the 5-methoxy-substituted derivative 2b, while the spectrum of the 4-methoxy-substituted derivative 3b revealed no significant changes compared to the parent compound 1b. Fluorescence Spectra. While attachment of a methoxysubstituent to the central benzene ring resulted only in minor changes of the absorption spectra, the fluorescence emission maxima were altered significantly compared to the unsubstituted parent compound 1b (Figure 1, right). When excited at 300 nm, all derivatives 1b-5b showed a single emission band with large Stokes shifts ranging between 9120 to 13 430 cm-1 (Table 1). Upon deprotonation of the sulfonamide nitrogen at high pH, the fluorescence maxima of all derivatives were shifted by more than 2000 cm-1 to higher energy, indicating disruption of the ESIPT process that was responsible for the large Stokes shifted emission band at neutral pH. Notably, none of the derivatives exhibited dual emission,30 suggesting that formation of the ESIPT tautomer is very efficient and compromised by neither solvent hydrogen-bonding interactions45 nor ground-state stabilization of a rotamer that cannot undergo ESIPT.15,44 Further inspection of the emission energy trends revealed a surprising difference. While for the 5-methoxy-substituted derivative 2b the fluorescence emission of the ESIPT tautomer appears at lower energy by 1620 cm-1 compared to the parent compound 1b (Figure 1b), the 4-methoxy-substituted derivative 3b showed a hypsochromic shift by 1145 cm-1 (Figure 1c). As apparent from the data in Table 1, the observed shifts of the tautomer emission energies are primarily an expression of changes in Stokes shifts, thus indicating significant differences in the relaxation energetics of the initially formed Franck-Condon state. It is conceivable that the opposing shifts might be a result
4588 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007
Figure 1. Deconvoluted UV-vis absorption spectra (left) and normalized fluorescence emission spectra (right) of fluorophore: (a) 1b, (b) 2b, (c) 3b, (d) 4b, and (e) 5b in aqueous solution (0.1 M KCl, 25 °C). UV-vis traces for the species with protonated (-) and deprotonated (---) sulfonamide group were obtained through deconvolution of a series of spectra with pH ranging between 6 and 10. The emission spectra were directly recorded at pH 6.0 (-) and 11.0 (---) without deconvolution analysis (excitation at the isosbestic point).
of different solvation modes of the methoxy substituent. Naturally, the methoxy group would be expected to adopt a coplanar conformation with regard to the benzene ring. Such a conformation benefits from resonance stabilization through π-donation of the oxygen lone-pair electrons, while at the same time still offering a nonbonding orbital for H-bonding interactions with the solvent. However, H-bonding interactions with the second lone-pair of oxygen might outweigh the resonance stabilization, particularly in a strongly H-bonding solvent such as water. Consequently, the methoxy substituent would be rotated out-of-plane, thus acting as a σ-accepting rather than π-donating group. If conformational differences mediated through H-bonding interactions with the methoxy lone-pair
Wu et al. electrons were to play a key role in dictating the tautomer emission energy, we would expect a significantly different behavior for the pyrrole-substituted compounds 4b and 5b. In these derivatives, the N-pyrrolyl-substituent can still act as a π-donor, but the nitrogen lone-pair is now an integral part of the aromatic heterocycle rendering H-bonding induced conformational changes energetically highly unfavorable. As is evident from Figure 1, parts d and e (right), the pyrrole-substituted derivatives revealed qualitatively the same trends as observed for the methoxy-substituted fluorophores 2b and 3b, namely an increased emission energy for the 4-substituted derivative 5b, and a decreased energy for the 5-substituted derivative 4b. Hence, it is unlikely that conformational differences through H-bonding interactions with the methoxy-group are responsible for the opposing emission energy shifts. Ground-State Tautomer Equilibrium. To further clarify the nature of the low-energy absorption band that is observed for derivative 3b but absent in 2b, we acquired the fluorescence emission spectra of 3b in aqueous solution at -log[H3O+] ) 6.0 covering a broad excitation energy range between 26 00040 000 cm-1. At this proton concentration, the fraction of monoprotonated species LH- vs fully deprotonated L2- is greater than 97%. A contour plot of the emission intensities revealed a symmetrical profile with a single emission maximum centered at 437 nm (22 883 cm-1) throughout the entire excitation energy range (Figure 2a), suggesting that only one emitting species is formed regardless of the excitation energy. Normalized individual slices of the contour plot at various excitation energies are identical within experimental error and further support the presence of a single species undergoing excited-state radiative deactivation (Figure 2b). If the low-energy absorption band were due to the presence of ground-state rotamers that cannot undergo ESIPT, excitation into this band should yield emission with a normal Stokes shift at significantly higher energy. The absence of such a high-energy band together with the uniform nature of the emission profile suggests that the monoprotonated species LH- is engaged in a ground-state equilibrium between the protonated sulfonamide and its prototropic imino tautomer, which is usually only formed through intramolecular proton transfer upon photoexcitation. Excitation into the low-energy absorption band thus yields the same emissive species as formed through ESIPT at higher excitation energies. Quantum chemical calculation additionally confirmed that the ground-state imino tautomer is more effectively stabilized by attaching a donor-substituent in the 4- rather than 5-position of the central benzene ring (see section 5.1). The surprisingly divergent dependence of the emission energy on the donor-attachment position may be simply a reflection of an increased or decreased excited-state polarization. Particularly in polar solvents such as water, variations in dipole moment differences between ground and excited states would be expected to significantly alter the corresponding Stokes shifts. Alternatively, the divergent emission energy trends could originate from a solvent-independent effect. For example, the attachment position of the donor substituent might differentially stabilize excited vs ground state of the emissive ESIPT tautomer, thus leading to large variations in the Stokes shifts. To explore the first possibility we performed a systematic solvatochromic shift analysis, while the latter scenario was investigated by quantum chemical calculations (vide infra). 4. Solvatochromic Shift Studies. Solvatochromism is a direct consequence of solvent-solute interactions, either through specific, anisotropic interactions of the fluorophore with solvent molecules in the first solvation shell, or through nonspecific,
Intramolecular Proton Transfer
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007 4589
TABLE 1: Protonation Constants and Photophysical Data of Benzimidazole Derivatives 1b-5b in Aqueous Solutiona species
data
1bb
2b
3b
4b
5b
8.34 ( 0.02 4.54 ( 0.05 305 (1.10) 334 (0.70) 297 444 0.27 7420 298 (1.00)
7.60 ( 0.01 4.79 ( 0.01 302 (1.62) 329 (1.54) 330 396 0.06 5140 305 (1.57)
7.28 ( 0.01 4.44 ( 0.02 310 (1.61) 340 (1.43) 310 404 0.32 4660 316 (1.72)
295 497 13 430 0.14 292 (1.07)
308 437 9640 0.17 303 (1.69)
7.69 ( 0.01 4.32 ( 0.05 277 (2.28) 339 (0.76) 337 (sh) 438 0.32 6660 270 (2.36) 303 (sh) n/a 485 12 380 0.16 272 (2.35)
pKa1 pKa2 L2-
[L ][H ]/[LH ] [LH-][H+]/[LH2] absorption[c] λmax(nm)
LH-
excitation[d] λmax (nm) emission[d] λmax (nm) quantum yield[e] Stokes shift (cm-1) absorption[c] λmax(nm)
8.04 ( 0.03 4.50 ( 0.04 301 (1.59) 329 (1.09) 296 418 0.26 6470 299 (1.23)
LH2
excitation λmax (nm) emission λmax (nm) Stokes shift (cm-1) quantum yield[e] absorption[c] λmax(nm)
300 460 11 700 0.23 290 (1.31)
2-
+
-
321 444 9120 0.13 316 (1.79)
0.1 M KCl, 25 °C. b Data from ref 16. c From deconvolution analysis, molar extinction coefficient [104 L mol-1 cm-1] in parentheses. d pH 11.20, 0.1 M KCl. e Quinine sulfate in 1 N H2SO4 as standard. a
Figure 2. Fluorescence emission profiles for fluorophore 3b (0.1 M KCl, -log[H3O+] ) 6.0). (a) Two-dimensional fluorescence contour plot showing the emission profile as a function of excitation energy. (b) Normalized emission spectra for selected emission energies.
isotropic interactions in which the solvent is assumed to act as dielectric continuum.46 The complexity of intermolecular solventsolute interactions has led to the development of numerous theories as well as empirical approaches to interpret the solvatochromic shift behavior of a molecule. Such analyses can provide significant insights into the role of dipole-dipole interactions, H-bonding, and other intermolecular interactions in the ground and excited states of a fluorophore. For the following solvatochromic shift studies, the UV-vis and fluorescence emission spectra of each fluorophore were acquired in a set of 15 solvents. To avoid artifacts caused by partial dissociation of the carboxylic acid moiety in polar solvents, the experiments were carried out with the ethyl ester derivatives 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a rather than the carboxylic
Figure 3. Normalized UV-vis absorption (left) and fluorescence emission spectra (right, excitation at peak absorption energy) for derivatives (a) 1a, (b) 2a, and (c) 3a, in selected organic solvents illustrating the solvatochromic shift behavior (solvent legend : no. 1 1,4-dioxane, no. 6 ethylacetate, no. 10 butyronitrile, no. 11 acetonitrile, no. 13 ethanol). For comparison, the fluorescence emission spectra of the water-soluble compounds 1b, 2b, and 3b in aqueous buffer (pH 6.0, 0.1 M KCl) have been also included (dashed traces).
acids used for the photophysical studies in aqueous solution. A compilation of all peak energies is given in Tables S2-S6 provided with the Supporting Information. To illustrate the trends in solvatochromic shift behavior, Figure 3 shows the normalized absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of the methoxy-substituted compounds 2a and 3a compared to the unsubstituted parent compound 1a in a few representative solvents. As is evident from Figure 3 (left), the various solvents have only little effect on the appearance and peak energies in the UV-vis absorption spectra, revealing overall a slight increase
4590 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007
Wu et al.
Figure 4. Correlation of the peak emission energies of derivative 1a, 2a, and 3a with the solvent polarity parameter f (,n). The plotted linear regression line does not include acetonitrile (no. 11) and any protic solvents (nos. 12-15). The solvent numbering scheme and values for f (,n) are given in Table S1 provided with the Supporting Information.
in energy with increased solvent polarity. The observed, small negative solvatochromic shifts suggest a slightly decreased dipole moment in the Franck-Condon excited-state compared to the ground state for all three compounds. The differences in the peak fluorescence emission energies are slightly more pronounced, exhibiting also negative solvatochromic shifts for all three fluorophores. It is worthwhile mentioning that protic solvents appear to induce a stronger blue shift than would be expected solely based on their polarity. For example, for all three derivatives, the emission energy in ethanol is higher by more than 500 cm-1 compared to butyronitrile, despite the fact that both solvents have nearly identical dielectric permittivities of 24.55 and 24.56, respectively. To further explore and quantify differences between the three derivatives regarding the importance of H-bonding vs dipoledipole interactions on the Stokes shifts and emission energies, we analyzed the solvatochromic shift data by means of Onsager’s reaction field model,47 Reichardt’s empirical solvent polarity scale ET(30),46 as well as Kamlet-Taft’s empirical solvent index.48 Onsager’s Reaction Field Model. In this model, the solute is considered to be located in a cavity of defined size and its permanent dipole moment is responsible for polarization of surrounding solvent molecules, which in turn gives rise to a field that electrostatically interacts with the solute, thus leading to a net stabilization.47 If the solute dipole moment is altered upon excitation, the ground and excited states are differently stabilized which leads to the solvatochromic shift behavior. In general, fluorophores with large dipole moment changes between ground and excited-state exhibit also a strong solvatochromism. Hence, if isotropic electrostatic solute-solvent interactions are the primary source of the observed solvatochromism, the Stokes shift, absorption, or emission energy should correlate linearly with the solvent polarity parameter f (,n) according to eq 149
ν ) m‚f (r,n) + constant
(1)
with
f (r,n) )
-1 n2 - 1 - 2 2 + 1 2n + 1
A plot of the peak emission energy vs the solvent polarity parameter f (,n) is shown in Figure 4 for fluorophores 1a, 2a,
Figure 5. Linear regression analysis of the solvatochromic emission shifts according to Reichardt’s ETN(30) empirical solvent polarity scale. (a) Linear correlation of the peak emission energies of the methoxysubstituted compounds 2a and 3a. (b) Linear correlation for compounds 4a and 5a. For ease of comparison, the data for the unsubstituted parent compound 1a are included in both graphs.
and 3a. Linear regression analysis reveals a good correlation for all non-protic solvents, while the emission energy is significantly offset in H-bond donating solvents such as butanol, ethanol, methanol, or water (solvent nos. 12-15). This behavior is independent of the position of the methoxy-substituent attached to the central benzene ring. In fact, all three derivatives 1a-3a exhibit similarly flat slopes in Figure 4, suggesting only small and uniform changes in the dipole moments between excited and ground states. From this analysis, we can conclude that the observed divergent dependence of the emission energy on the donor-attachment position cannot be explained in terms of variations in dipole moment differences ∆µ between excited and ground states of the emissive phototautomer. Reichardt’s ET(30) SolVent Scale. This empirical solvent polarity scale is based on the negative solvatochromism of a pyridinium N-phenolate betaine dye as a probe molecule, and is particularly useful for the analysis of the solvent dependence of UV-vis absorption and emission energies.46 Although solvatochromic shift correlations with solvent parameters based on a single molecule probe are inherently limited to reveal solute-solvent interactions that are specific to the probe, such correlations benefit from the fact that the properties of the reference system are well understood and clearly defined. For example, the basic character of the betaine dye probe is known to cause more pronounced shifts in H-bond donor solvents. As a consequence, Reichardt’s ETN(30) polarity scale includes specific solvent acidity effects.46 As is evident from Figure 5 and Table 2, the solvatochromic shifts of the peak emission energies of all five fluorophores 1a-5a correlate well with the ETN(30) solvent polarity scale. Even the emission energies measured for the corresponding water-soluble derivatives 1b-
Intramolecular Proton Transfer
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 111, No. 21, 2007 4591
TABLE 2: Fitted Parameters for the Regression Analysis of the Solvatochromic Peak Fluorescence Emission Shifts According to the ET(30) Empirical Solvent Modela
a
parameter
1a
2a
3a
4a
5a
slope [cm-1]b intercept [cm-1]b correlation coeff
1605 ((148) 20 140 ((68) 0.949
1882 ((147) 18222 ((68) 0.962
1941 ((166) 21 114 ((76) 0.956
1597 ((127) 18 966 ((58) 0.961
1803 ((145) 20 658 ((67) 0.960
Linear regression includes all 15 solvents listed in Table S1. b Standard deviation in parentheses.
TABLE 3: Fitted Parameters for the Multiple Regression Analysis of the Solvatochromic Peak Fluorescence Emission Shifts According to the Kamlet-Abboud-Taft Empirical Solvent Model parameter
1a
2a
3a
4a
5a
dielectric interactions (s, [cm-1]) H-bonding donor (a, [cm-1]) H-bonding acceptor (b, [cm-1]) ν0 [cm-1] correlation coeff r
369 ((198) 842 ((91) 224 ((199) 20221 ((163) 0.976
580 ((262) 910 ((121) 540 ((263) 18131 ((216) 0.968
386 ((208) 977 ((96) 322 ((209) 21215 ((171) 0.980
304 ((182) 824 ((84) 349 ((183) 19010 ((150) 0.977
388 ((212) 904 ((98) 330 ((214) 20727 ((175) 0.976
5b (solvent no. 15) in aqueous buffer agree well with an overall linear fit. As also observed for the correlation with Onsager’s reaction field model, the slope of the linear regression is very similar for all five derivatives, indicating similar strengths of the solute-solvent interactions regardless of the nature of the substituent on the central benzene ring. In contrast, the intercept for both 4-substituted derivatives (3 and 5) is shifted to higher energy compared to the parent compound 1, while the 5-substituted derivatives 2 and 4 are shifted to lower energy. This observation further supports our earlier conclusion that the divergent emission behavior between the 4- and 5-methoxysubstituted derivatives is not caused through specific or nonspecific solvent interactions but must be routed in differences of their respective electronic structures (vide infra). In addition, the excellent correlation with Reichardt’s empirical solvent polarity scale unequivocally confirms the importance of H-bond donor solvent-solute interactions for understanding the observed solvatochromism. Kamlet-Abboud-Taft’s solVent index (KAT).48 The solvatochromic shift analysis according to Onsager’s model demonstrated the importance of anisotropic interactions for this fluorophore class; however, it did not provide any information to quantify these interactions relative to nonspecific dielectric contributions. Kamlet and Taft proposed a multiple linear regression approach that can be used to correlate a set of solvatochromic shift data with additional solvent-dependent parameters. According to this model the UV-vis absorption or emission energies are fitted to three (or more) solvent-specific indices π*, R, and β according to eq 2:
ν ) ν0 + s‚π* + a‚R + b‚β
(2)
where ν0 refers to the absorption or emission energy in vacuum, and s, a, and b are the corresponding fitted parameters obtained from a multiple linear regression analysis. Comparable to Onsager’s reaction field model, the index π* is a measure for the dipolarity and polarizability of a solvent, thus expressing the ability to stabilize a solute charge or dipole through nonspecific dielectric interactions. The indices R and β describe the solvent’s ability to act as hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, respectively. A comprehensive list of the 3 indices for each of the 15 solvents used in this study is given in Table S1 (Supporting Information).50 Multiple regression analysis of the solvatochromic shift data of all five fluorophores 1a-5a yielded excellent correlation coefficients (Table 3). A comparison of the three fitted parameters s, a, and b indicates that the solvent’s hydrogen bonding donor strength is the dominant contribution to the
solvatochromic emission shifts of all five derivatives. In agreement with the Onsager reaction field analysis, the polarizability parameter s is relatively small and remains within experimental error almost identical across all five derivatives. Furthermore, the gas-phase emission energies ν0 correlate qualitatively well with the trends in Stokes shifts, further corroborating the previous conclusion that solute-solvent interactions do not play a key role in explaining the peculiar donor-substituent effects on the emission energies. 5. Quantum Chemical Calculations. In order to investigate whether the observed dependence of the emission shifts on the substituent position correlates with the intrinsic electronic properties of the excited proton-transfer tautomer, we performed a series of quantum chemical calculations. The observed emission shifts were more pronounced for the methoxy- than the pyrrole-substituted compounds; therefore, the computational studies focused exclusively on the 4- and 5-methoxy-substituted fluorophores and the unsubstituted parent compound as a reference. To further reduce computational costs, the pendent carboxymethyl-substituents (OCH2-COOR′) were replaced with methoxy groups (OCH3) yielding the corresponding model compounds 1c, 2c, and 3c (Chart 1). Variation of the substituent at the tosyl ring had a negligible effect on the resulting geometries or transition energies for which deviations were on the order of
