CHILDREN OF RECOVERY
“CHILDREN OF RECOVERY” BOOTH AT
THE
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FIFTEENTH EXPOSITION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
OF
In every instance the “children” are industrial products of research parentage which have been introduced within a specified time. Thus the “Children of Recovery” are those products which have given a good account of themselves in the business world during the years 1934-1935 and which are distinctly of research lineage. Since space was limited, it was necessary to make a choice, and the products included occupied every square inch available. I n response to popular demand, we print here the descriptions on the various placards together with that of the larger signs which sought to explain the reason for the display.
OR a number of years the AMERICAN CHEMICALSOCIETY has been pleased to participate in the Exposition of Chemical Industries. Space has been accorded by the management to present exhibits of an educational nature. In the fourteenth exposition in 1933, the “Children of Depression” were offered for public approval and attracted much interest from the technical as well as the general public. At the time it was hoped that by 1935 an exhibit under the title “Children of Prosperity” might be offered, but it seemed best under all the circumstances to arrange an exhibit for the fifteenhh exposition entitled “Children of Recovery.”
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY presents “CHILDFLENOF RECOVERY” Recovery of our economic balance has been materially hastened by the introduction of hosts of new products developed by research. Chosen from the many hundreds of novelties offered, these “Children of Recovery” illustrate the essential role played by research in economic as well as human affairs. Each product here shown was born of research and was first commercialized during the recovery period, 1934-1935. RESEARCH PAYS ?
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DRIERITE. Anhydrous calcium sulfate has proved a valuable dehydrating agent for removing moisture from liquids and gases. It is insoluble in organic liquids, does not swell or cake on absorbing moisture, and can be readily regenerated. By adding a moisture-sensitive color to the material, the progress of the drying operation can be followed visually. Courtesy, W. A. Hammond.
NATIONAL CARBANTHRENE PRIXTING POWDERS avoid many of the troubles of printing textiles with paste colors. They are instantly dispersible directly in the “printing gum,” yield a nonspecking, extremely homogeneous paste, possess extraordinary penetration, and produce brighter colors and clearer prints without waste than older products. Courtesy, National Aniline and Chemical Company, Inc. @
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O SATIOKAL D E T E R G E N T S New . wetting-out and d e t e r g e n t agents, based on sulfonated derivatives of synthetic compounds, meet needs in many fields. All are stable in acid, alkaline, or hard waters. The Nac0. 1 conols i r e useful in textile processing, l a u n d e r i n g , a n d household cleansing. Naccolene D. C. Paste is a dry cleaning soap. Novac removes spray residues from fruits. The Naccosols, Novonacco, Avonac, and Nacon facilitate dyeing and other textile processing operations. Courtesy, National Aniline and Chemical Company, Inc. 0 KATJONAL FUNGICIDE No, 66. A new fungicide containing no lead or copper is successfully used to control those fungus and insect pests commonly requiring these metals. It is a water-soluble aromatic sulfonate with excellent wetting and spreading powers. It leaves no poisonous spray residue. Courtesy, National Aniline and Chemical Company, Inc. 0 GENERAL RUBBERDRUM. A strong, light, noncorrodible container made eptirely of rubber for the handling, storage, and shipment of acids and corrosive chemicals formerly requiring the use of glass carboys. Danger of breakage and cost of upkeep have been eliminated by the new container, and freight charges have been materially reduced by its lower weight per unit of contents. Courtesy, General Rubber Company and Maurice A. Knight. @ KNIGHTWARE SADDLE PACKING. This new shape of tower packing for chemical plants materially increases the surface area per unit of tower volume (as much as 50 per cent) and a t the same time reduces the resistance to flow of gas or vapor through the tower as much as 50 per cent compared with Raschig rings ordinarily used. They are made of acid-proof stoneware. Courtesy, Maurice A. Knight. OM. C. A. STANDARD CARBOY.To minimize the hazards and inconveniences of glass carboys needed for handling the corrosive products of chemical industry, the Carboy Committee of the Manufacturing Chemists’ Association of the United States has investigated all existing carboy types and has established a standard for general use. The new carboy possesses longer life through reduced breakage, economy of production realized through universal use, interchangeability, and a form designed to make handling easier. Courtesy, Manufacturing Chemists’ Association and Gayner Glass Works. @ OLD GOLDRAKCIDITY-RETARDING SYLPHRAP. A viscose sheet (regenerated cellulose) so colored as to be transparent to visible light (except blue) and opaque to ultraviolet radiation. When used for wrapping foodstuffs, the new sheet allows the contents to appear in practically their natural colors but protects most foods against rancidity twenty-five times as long as uncolored sheets. Ordinary Sylphrap is shown for comparison. Courtesy, Sylvania InduRtrial Corporation. FLAME-RESISTANT S Y L P ~ A PA. transparent viscose sheet (regenerated cellulose) in which are incorporated chemical products that effectively prevent its burning. It is being used largely in the manufacture of ornaments, decorative items, etc., where the fire hazard from other materials has been significant. The process and materials used in flameproofing are entirely new. Courtesy, Sylvania Industrial Corporation. @ (‘CEL-0-SEAL” ‘(WIND-0-BAND.”An opaque cellulose band with transparent sections or ‘Lwindows.” It is applied over the Government tax stamp on bottles of distilled spirits and conforms perfectly to the package. The stamp is protected by the band and yet is readily legible through the transparent windows. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.
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O SITRAMON. This new and superior blasting agent has distinct and important advantages over the usual types of explosives used for quarrying and stripping operations. Nitramon is waterproof, will not freeze, will not cause headaches, and is loaded more quickly than explosives; when subiected to the usual tests amlied to exnlosives, it cannot be detonated by the strongest commercial blasting cap, by Cordeau, by flame, by friction, or by impact. It is exploded by the use of dynamite or blasting gelatin. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. ((THERMOFLEX A.” A new antioxidant especially effective for the prevention of flex-cracking. Repeated rapid stretching or bending of rubber gives rise to splitting, a type of failure known to the rubber industry as flex-cracking. It is used in rubber tires and other rubber articles subject to severe flexing in service. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. “LoRo.” This new contact insecticide contains no nicotine, pyrethrum, or rotenone, and replaces pyrethrum, derris extracts, and nicotine, (‘Loro” is effective against several groups of insects that have been difficult to control with insecticides heretofore available. It has been thoroughly tested under practical greenhouse, garden, and fieId conditions on flowers, fruits, and vegetables. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. ‘ASTROTONE.”This new perfume fixative is reminiscent of musk tonkin with a suggestion of ambrette seed; it gives new life, warmth, and lasting quality to perfumes. Because it is water-white and does not discolor, it may also be used in many preparations other than perfumes. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. o BRIGHTZINC. A low-cost, decorative, rust-resistant zinc coating produced on steel surfaces by a new electroplating process. Attractive zinc finishes, resistant to atmospheric tarnish and finger staining, can be produced in thicknesses up to 0.003 inch on a wide variety of articles. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. @ RH-35. This new colorless, transparent, practically odorless hydrocarbon resin with high refractive index, is quite resistant to heat, acids, and strong alkalies. It is solubIe in a number of petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons and all types of organic solvents except the lower alcohols. Various materials can be blended with RH-35 to give compositions with new and useful properties, Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. ACETICACIDFROM WOOD. When synthesis is so largely replacing methods of recovery of chemical products from natural raw materials, improvements in wood distillation methods have again put acetic acid from this source in a favorable economic position to compete with the synthetic product. By continuous direct separation of acetic acid, wood alcohol, acetone, and tar from the crude pyroligneous acid from the retorts, substantial savings are effected over the nbw obsolete process involving the intermediate production of calcium acetate. The azeotropic distillation process yields glacial acetic acid directly. Courtesy, Donald F. Othmer and the Gray Chemical Company. o NEW SYNTHET~C SOLVENTS.Octyl alcohol (2-ethyl hexanol) boiling a t 184.6’ C., octyl acetate (2-ethyl hexyl acetate) boiling a t 199.3’ C., methyl n-amyl ketone boiling a t 151’ C., 2-ethyl butyl acetate boiling a t 182.4” C. are new synthetic solvents which impart valuable properties to lacquer vehicles. Each has special abilities as a solvent for nitrocellulose, synthetic, and natural resins and other similar products. Courtesy, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. @ OCTYL ALDEHYDE (%ETHYLHEXANAL).A colorless, highboiling aldehyde (boiling point, 163.4” C.) with a mild, characteristic aldehyde odor, It is only slightly soluble in water (
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
but is miscible with most of the common organic solvents. It is used in chemical synthesis where an aldehyde with its particular properties is required. Its characteristic odor is useful in the preparation of perfumes. Courtesy, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. @ ACETOACETANILIDE. Although acetoacetanilide has been known for half a century, its extensive use, especially for the manufacture of dyestuffs, has been retarded by comparatively high cost and lack of a ready source of supply. By treatment with suitable reagents, it can be made to yield potentially interesting halogen, alkali metal, acyl, alkyl, and other derivatives. It can undergo ring closure, yielding substituted quinolines, and can be condensed with a large number of other substances to form such ring compounds as pyrazolones, pyrimidines, and others. Courtesy, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. o ETH~LEXEDIAMINE. This water-soluble liquid of ammoniacal odor boils a t 116.1" c. and is employed in various organic syntheses, such as the preparation of medicinals, dyes, rubber accelerators. Since its equivalent weight is very low (only 30 pounds neutralize a pound equivalent of acid), it is valuable for neutralizing acidity, preparing casein and shellac solutions, stabilizing rubber latex, and as an inhibitor in antifreeze solutions, textile lubricants, and other corrosion problems requiring pH control. It is being used a t present to remove objectionable acids, aldehydes, and sulfur compounds in the purification of sulfate wood turpentine. Other liquids, such as gasoline, oils, benzene, etc., may be similarly treated to remove sulfur compounds, the amine being recovered by extraction with water. Courtesy, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. o ETHYLSILICATE.This colorless liquid boils a t 165" C. and has a faint odor. Water slowly hydrolyzes it to alcohol and silicic acid which, in turn, dehydrates to an adhesive form of silica. Hence, it is used as a preservative for the hardening of stone and arresting decay and disintegration. Paints formulated with ethyl silicate are unaffected by heat and are used for coating furnace castings. Mixed with siliceous powders, it forms weather- and acid-proof mortar and cements as well as refractory bricks and other molded objects. Courtesy, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. Q METHYL ACETOACETATE. The structure of the acetoacetates permits them to function as esters, ketones, or alcohols, and thus they are extremely useful in many synthetic reactions which yield valuable dyes, intermediates, and pharmaceuticals. Since methyl acetoacetate has the lowest molecular weight of any member of this homologous series, the ratio of the acetoacetate group to total ester is high, and fewer pounds of the methyl ester are required to yield the same amount of end product. This may save 10 per cent or more, and, because of its relatively greater reactivity under certain conditions, the methyl ester reduces the time required for reaction. Courtesy, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. o AQUARESING. B. A modified glyceryl borate. This resin is sticky, nondrying, tasteless, and odorless. It is soluble in water and the alcohols but insoluble in hydrocarbons. On heating above 275' C. it loses combined water and becomes harder and nontacky until it finally forms a slowly soluble glass. It is used for glues, gelatins, and gums, as an adhesive for viscose and glassine sheets, as a fire retardant for paper and textiles, and in certain cosmetic preparations. Courtesy, Glyco Products Company. 8 NEW EMULSIFYIXG AGENTE. Glyceryl nionoricinoleate, diglycol oleate (U. 8.Patent 1,914,100),diglycol laurate, and diglycol stearate are new emulsifying agents used in making emulsions of oil and water, which are important in many manufactures. Cutting oils, polishes, cleaners, agricultural
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sprays, cosmetics, and other similar products are made better by their use. Courtesy, Glyco Products Company. o ABOPON. This complex sodium borophosphate is soluble in water but not in organic solvents. Upon drying, its water solutions yield films of high adhesive power which make it useful in cements, in sizing paper, in shoe dressings, in aqueous inks, as a fire-proofing and sealing compound, and as a wave set for the hair. Its properties resemble those of sodium silicate but its p H value in solution is much lower. Courtesy, Glyco Products Company. o HIBLAK. A pure colloidal carbon black suspension for tinting or coloring concrete highways, pavements, flooring, and architectural concrete in general. It produces permanently dark colored and attractive concrete streets, sidewalks, and driveways, and thus eliminates eyestrain and fatigue resulting from glaring surfaces. Uniform color in repair work is now made simple and practical. Repairs and oil drippings are no longer unsightly. The color of HiBlak is permanent, uniform, and safe for the concrete. Since the color is gray, and not black, there is no harmful effect on night traffic; in fact, the reflection of the oncoming headlights is minimized. Courtesy, Binney & Smith Company. @ COBLAC. Through Coblac (U. S. Patents 1,848,213 and 1,987,980) the difficulties inherent in the old type of grinding carbon blacks in nitrocellulose lacquers are eliminated. The only operations required to produce a superquality black lacquer are the solution of Coblac in the customary lacquer solvents, plus the addition of desired resin and plasticizer. Because of the complete colloidal dispersion of the carbon black the resulting film shows the following new properties: (1) improved gloss and intensity of blackness; (2) retention of gloss during exposure to the elements, (3) elimination of fading, checking, and chalking; (4) elimination of the need for toners or other dyestuffs. Courtesy, Binney &- Smith Company. @ NEO-SPECTRA.Neo-Spectra (U. S. Patents 2,013,774 and 2,013,775) has been developed to meet the special requirements of synthetic resin finishes and exemplifies a new principle in the surface chemistry of carbon black. Whereas ordinary high-intensity color blacks are difficult to wet with synthetic resin, Keo-Spectra is vehicle-seeking instead of vehicle-repellent. It has been widely adopted in the field of alkyd resin enamels. Courtesy, Binney & Smith Company. @ HOMMELAYA PROCESS OF PORCELAIN ENAMELING. The salient feature of this process is the substitution of a cobalt coating for the traditional dark-ground coat on porcelain enameled ware, achieving a greater degree of opacity, and therefore depth of color, in two coatings and firings than are possible with three in other processes. It depends on the fact that cobalt is necessary in some form or other to bond the enamel to the steel. It yields a better product less liable to chip or craze, realizes an important saving in raw material cost, increases plant production capacity by one-third, and avoids the hazards of a third firing. Courtesy, The 0. Homme1 Company. @ ABBOTT'S A-B-D CAPSULES. These capsules contain vitamins A and D concentrated from fish liver oils, and vitamins B and G concentrated from brewer's yeast. Each capsule is equivalent to three teaspoonfuls of cod liver oil in A and D content, to two cakes of moist compressed yeast in B1 potency, and to one-half cake of yeast in G(B2) potency. They are of special value i n v i t a m i n t h e r a p y so i m p o r t a n t i n modern m e d i c i n e . C o u r t e s y , A b b o t t Laboratories. @ THIOCLYCEROL. A compound containing the sulfohydryl group, valuable in accelerating the healing of wounds, ulcers, and similar areas. It is used in a concentration
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of 1 to 5000 in glycerol, M ater, or physiological saline solution for the treatment of sluggish wounds, varicose ulcers, and bed sores, in skin grafting, and for thickening recent and tender scars with thin epithelium. Courtesy, Abbott Laboratories. @ PERLITON LIQUIDCARBURIZER. A new process for carburizing (case-hardening) steel parts in a liquid bath. Perliton liquid heat (a special chemical compound melting at 1100" F.) is melted down in any salt bath furnace capable of sustaining a heat of 1500" to 1675" F., and Perliton Carbon (a prepared activated amorphous carbon) is added to supersaturate the bath. Steel parts suspended in the bath are given a true carbon case, free from nitriding, to a depth of 0.040 inch. Its other advantages are uniformity of depth and carbon content, longer pot life, no decarburization, reduced heating time, high thermal conductivity, and saving of time over the slower pyocess of pack-hardening, It yields neither noxious fumes nor nitriding as does cyaniding. Courtesy, E. F. Houghton & Company. @ THIOXOL MOLDINGPOWDER. An oil-resistant, rubberlike material is formed from this powder by heating at 300" F. under pressure for only 3 minutes, a considerable saving in molding time over ordinary rubber goods. The Thiokols are made by the reaction of polysulfides with ethylene dichloride or dichloroethyl ether compounds, Also shown are samples of raw and cured ThiokoIs and Thiokol coating compound. They resist solvents, particularly hydrocarbons, acids, and mild alkalies. Courtesy, Thiokol Corporation. 8 MORU-QUIN. A 5 per cent colloidal solution of sodium morrhuate with 2 per cent of quinine alkaloid, to which benzyl alcohol (2 per cent) is added for its anesthetic action. This new obliterative agent has been found on clinical tests to be effective in the injective treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, hydrocele, and angiomatous and serous tumors. It represents a distinct advance over previous injective materials in being nontoxic, nonallergic, and powerful in its action. Courtesy, National Drug Company. @ KODACHROME. A new process for producing colored motion pictures by the use of a single film. The details of the process and the film are shown in the exhibit. Selective dyeing and treatment of the several emulsion layers are the basis of the process. Courtesy, Eastman Kodak Company. Q VITAMINB1. This sample represents the purest form, so far known, of vitamin B1 (in the form of hydrochloride) occurring in several foodstuffs, notably whole cereals. It was obtained from rice polishings, 6 to 10 tons of the polishings being used to supply 1 ounce of the vitamin. In the form of the hydrochloride, it is a white crystalline substance, freely soluble in water and neutral in reaction. This vitamin is considered essential for the maintenance of normal growth and proper body functions. Courtesy, Merck & Company. @ VITAMINC (ASCORBIC ACID). Vitamin C, the antiscorbutic principle present in vegetables and fruits (particularly citrus fruits), is a white, odorless, crystalline substance, readily soluble in water; the solution has an acid reaction. I t is optically active and melts a t about 190' C. It gradually oxidizes on exposure to air and light. The isolation of this vitamin in crystalline form has greatly stimulated activity and research in medical and allied sciences. Indications have been obtained that a deficiency of this vitamin may be responsible for other ailments than scurvy. Courtesy, Merck & Company. o ALLYL CHLOFUDI,ALLYL BROMIDE. These compounds (H&=CHCH2C1 and H2C=CHCH2Br, respectively) are used in the preparation of organic compounds which are components of pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyes, and other widely diversified products. They furnish an easy means of introducing an unsaturated group into a molecule and have the advantage of being far more reactive than the equivalent saturated compounds. Courtesy, Edwal Laboratories.
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This compound is indispensable as an analytical reagent, since it serves as a direct means for determining iron in the ferrous state. The determination is colorimetric and sensitive to 3 parts of iron in 10,000,000 of solution. There are very few interfering substances, and the presence of ferric ion or organic matter does not cause error. The flask contains a solution of ferrous sulfate to which has been added a,a'-dipyridyl. Courtesy, Edwal Laboratories. @ SODIUM-LEAD ALLOY,SODIUM-ZINC ALLOY. These alloys are made up of 2 per cent metallic sodium and 98 per cent base metal. They are used as deoxidizers in brasses and bronzes. An overdose of the material will not injure the mechanical or chemical properties of the nonferrous alloy being produced. A considerable degree of refinement is afforded by the violent boiling and stirring action which takes place when either is added to the molten metal. Sodium-lead alloy is used in applications where the addition of lead is more easily tolerated than that of zinc. Sodium-zinc alloy is the more universally applicable. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. o CRYSTALUREA. This exhibit represents the first commercial production of synthetic urea in the United States. It is totally synthetic, being made under high pressure and temperature from ammonia and carbon dioxide produced from atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen, water and coal. It is historically interesting as the first "organic" chemical compound made from the inanimate matter more than a hundred years ago (1828) by Wohler. It is used commercially as a fertilizer and in urea-formaldehyde resin, the basis of an important group of plastics. Courtesy, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. o REFINEDTETANUS TOXOID.An immunizing agent of great potency possessing no irritating properties and producing no serum sensitivity. It is capable of inducing active immunization to the tetanus bacillus lasting over a period of years. It is made by detoxifying a potent tetanus toxin with formaldehyde, incubating, and subsequently precipitating the toxoid with alum. The precipitate is suspended in sterile saline, to which a preservative is added, for use. Courtesy, National Drug Company. o TEGUL-VITROBOND, TEGUL-MINERALEAD. These cements based on plastic sulfur have superior bonding strength, greater resistance to thermal and mechanical shock, and a lower coefficient of expansion than the older sulfur cements. Tegul-Vitrobond, used in cementing acid-proof and other brick, makes the structure strong enough to need no outer metal shell. I t s advantages are low first cost (comparable with wood tanks), no upkeep expense, and permanent resistance to corrosive agents, Tegul-Mineralead is made specially for producing bell and spigot joints which are easily made, permanently leak-proof, vibration and temperature resistant, and cheaper than lead joints. Courtesy, Texas Gulf Sulphur Company and The Atlas Mineral Products Company of Pennsylvania. Q MANNITOL(MANNITE). From common American corn comes the modern manna. &Mannitol H H H H O H H O O O HZ C%C--C--C--C--CH2 O O H H H H
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
is the active ingredient of manna or “bread of Heaven” described in the Old Testament. From dextrose (corn sugar) this hexahydric alcohol is now produced in commercial quantities surpassing the quality of the natural product previously imported. Atlas mannitol is produced as fine, white crystals of exceptional purity. Mannitol is useful in making resins, plasticizers, laxatives, chemical reagents, electrolytic condensers, pharmaceutical preparations, and in organic syntheses. Courtesy, Atlas Powder Company. 8 SORBITOL. From American corn through dextrose, dsorbito1 H H H O H H O H O Hp C-C -C-C--C-CHo . O O H O H H H ~~
is now produced in quantity a t a cost which makes it an important industrial material. Formerly a rare, expensive laboratory curiosity, this hexahydric alcohol becomes available in the making of synthetic resins, electrolytic condensers, and pharmaceuticals. In the textile, paper-making, leather, and print roll industries, its softening and humectant properties are very favorable. It is the starting material in the synthesis of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Its six hydroxyl groups indicate great possibilities in production of ethers, esters, and other derivatives. Atlas sorbitol is offered as a commercial sirup of approximately 85 per cent concentration. Sorbose and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) samples shown were made by Chas. Pfizer & Company. Courtesy, Atlas Powder Company. o NORBIDE. Commercial boron carbide (B4C), the hardest material ever produced by man for commercial use. It is harder than any material known except the diamond and is widely used as an abrasive and an abrasion resistant in sandblasting nozzles, extrusion dies, etc. It is also used as a pure source of the element boron in alloying and scavenging metals. It can be molded in the electric furnace under pressure. Courtesy, Norton Company. o MURAL-TONE.A new washable casein paint in paste form especially valuable for painting cement and plaster surfaces. It yields an excellent film notably resistant to discoloration and having a water, wear, and weather resistance far superior to that of older water-vehicle paints. Courtesy, The Muralo Company. 8 VIGROC~DE.A new plant stimulator and insecticide. Applied as a dust or as a spray, alone or in combination with other insecticides or fungicides, it acts as a powerful stimulator on plants affected by little leaf. Used alone or in combination with oil sprays, it is an effective control of mites and red spider. When added to dusting sulfur, it renders the sulfur wettable and in this combination may be applied as a dust or as a spray for the control of thrips, mites, and red spider. Courtesy, Western Precipitation Company and Leffingwell Rancho Company. SPRAY-DRIEDBORDEAUX MTXTURE.By spray-drying, Bordeaux mixture, used to control fungus diseases of plants, to repel insects, and in combination with other agricultural poisons, is made available in a newly convenient form. Courtesy, Western Precipitation Company and Westwell Chemical Company. o TORNESIT. From this chlorinated rubber base can be formulated paints, emulsions, binders, adhesives, and plastics of remarkable chemical r e s i s t a n c e . It is an o d o r l e s s , white, fluffy material, inert to chemical a t t a c k , n o n f l a m m a b l e , and miscible with most plasticizers and common gums. It is highly i m p e r m e a b l e to water vapor and has good dielectric properties. Not only does it provide unusual protection
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against rusting of steel, but Tornesit coatings exhibit striking resistance to 50 per cent ammonium nitrate solution, 5 to 50 per cent sodium hydroxide, 5 to 70 per cent sulfuric acid, 85 per cent phosphoric acid, 10 per cent hydrochloric acid, 10 per cent nitric acid, organic acids (such as 5 to 80 per cent lactic), bleach solutions, and corrosive gases (such as chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia), Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. ETHYLCELLULOSE. This cellulose ether is produced in white granular form for use in films, lacquers, plastics, and related products. Its important advantages are its solubility in a wide range of cheap solvents, its nonflammability, its resistance to acids and especially to alkalies, its stability to light, and the flexibility of its films even a t low temperatures. Its melting point is 140’ C. It is miscible in all proportions with nitrocellulose, decreasing the burning rate and increasing the flexibility when more than 50 per cent ethylcellulose is used. I t is miscible with linseed, soy-bean, and perilla oils. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. By emulsifying nitrocellulose lacLACQUER EMULSIONS. quers, both clear and pigmented, in water, otherwise unsprayably viscous lacquers can be sprayed. Emulsification reduces fire hazard and reduces costs by minimizing the proportion of expensive solvent required. It allows the application of lacquers to porous surfaces, such as paper, plaster, cement, and other building materials, without requiring pretreatment of the surface. This opens new and important fields for the use of lacquers. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. 0 NITROCELLULOSE LACQUER FOR PAPER.For the first time it is possible to apply the tough, resistant, washable protection of nitrocellulose lacquers to paper, cardboard, packages, etc. Lacquer surfaces do not stick together and are beautiful, durable, and easily cleaned. The new lacquers may be applied to packages and to printed matter of all kinds, providing the effect of a protecting envelope made integral with the material so treated. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. o HERCOSE. Hercose C, a cellulose acetobutyrate, is a new protective coating ingredient. From it are made lacquers that will not discolor or disintegrate in the sun, that will not absorb moisture, and that can be formulated with a great variety of solvents, plasticizers, and gums. It is practically nonflammable, is soluble in nonflammable solvents, and produces clear, flexible, tough, adhesive films that will adhere tenaciously to metal. Its properties suggest its use as an overcoat for outdoor exposure such as on signs, filling stations, etc., as well as in clear coatings for the protection of polished metal, hardware, ornamental iron, and other architectural uses where weather exposure is encountered, and in bronzing lacquers that, do not gel or turn green. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. o CELLULOSE NITROACETATE. This nonflammable cellulose derivative is miscible with a large number of plasticizers and soluble in many solvents. It is a white, odorless, fluffy material that produces clear solutions when dissolved in organic liquids. It is superior to cellulose acetate in moisture resistance and in film properties. Free films show no tendency to curl or buckle. Suggested uses include protective coatings, molded plastics, and textile finishing. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. o VIV SELF-POLISHINGWAX. Viv is a nonflammable, creamy, carnauba wax emulsion, contains no grease, oil, or Detroleum. a n d i s n o n i n i u r i o u s . It is easilv and auicklv amlied. and solidifies rapicky, d‘r;in g bit a b r i l l i a n t , hard luster in 20 minutes. It e l i m i n a t e s the necessity of polishing and reduces maintenance expense from 50 to 60 per cent. Worn marks on floors can be retouched without
LA
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showing lap marks. Floors on which Viv is used are not dangerously slippery. It is adapted especially for linoleum, rubber-tile, asphalt, hardwood, composition-tile, terrazzo, and marble floors. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. 0 ZINC SULFIDEPIGMENT. A new process of manufacture of zinc sulfide yields a white pigment of remarkable strength. The ease of incorporation of zinc sulfide into the various media used in paint and plastic manufacture, its excellent dispersing and suspending properties, its tint-holding power in paints and plastics, and its freedom from acidity in rubber particularly recommend it. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. T & H PLASTIC RESINS. These resins are derived from a lignin base and exhibit remarkable thermoplastic properties. From them, either alone or mixed with other more expensive resins and incorporated with fillers of various kinds, boards, sheets, and a variety of molded pieces can be produced. If thermosetting characteristics are required, they can be mixed with a thermosetting resin. The T & H plastic resin in its original state, a laminated board surfaced with mixed resins, and molded pieces are shown. Courtesy, Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories, Inc. 0 DEGREENING OF WHISKY. By catalytic hydrogenation of freshly distilled spirits, the compounds responsible for “greenness” are converted into tasteless and odorless bodies. In natural aging of whisky, this removal of greenness is a slow operation which must be complete before the faster process of forming congeners (responsible for bouquet) can begin. Catalytic hydrogenation thus substantially accelerates natural aging. Courtesy, Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories, Inc. 0 SULFO. A new cutting oil of superior properties consisting of a suspension of finely divided sulfur in oil. The increasing viscosity of liquid sulfur with a rise of temperature offsets the thinning of the oil. The use of Sulfo allows higher cutting speeds on machine tools, improves the finish of work, and increases tool life. Courtesy, Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories, Inc. o NONSAND~NG LACQUERS.Smooth surfaces on sprayed lacquer coatings are secured without sanding by special care in removing all moisture during manufacture. Pentasol (amyl alcohol) is used to dehydrate nitrocellulose before it is made into lacquer, and Pentacetate is part of the vehicle. One panel shows “orange peel,” produced by ordinary lacquer, and the other shows the smooth finish of the new, nonsanding lacquer. Courtesy, Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories, Inc., and Sharples Solvents Corporation. 8 METSO99. Sodium sesquisilicate (U. S.Patent 1,948,730) corresponds to the formula 3Na20.2SiO2.1lH20. It is another link in the chain of soluble silicates for detergent uses. It is more alkaline (higher pH) than metasilicate and is more useful where Metso is not quite strong enough and caustic soda is too violent. This quality of sesquisilicate is especially useful in cleaning. Courtesy, Philadelphia Quartz Company. 0 PRECIOUS METALVENEERS. By veneering precious metals to hard base metal, the chemical resistance of the former is added to the strength and cheapness of the latter. Rupture disks €or the protection of pressure vessels against excessive strains are made by this method, which is in many ways superior to electroplating. Courtesy, General Plate Company. 0 CEMENTOP SHINGLES.By applying a coating of special hydraulic cement to asphalt shingles as the last) stex, in their manufacture, a new machine prtduces weather, light, heat,
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and fire resistance superior to that of other similar products. Increased rigidity allows greater proportionate exposure of shingle surface with consequent saving in first cost. Courtesy, Bakelite Building Products Company. 0 ALPHASOL WETT~NG AGENTS. A new series of wetting and emulsifying agents for strongly reducing the surface tension of liquids. The Alphasols are soluble in a wide variety of solvents-water, alcohols, hydrocarbons, esters, chlorinated compounds, oils, and waxes. They are useful wherever wetting spreading, penetration, or emulsification is required. Samples are Alphasol OT, pure and in 10 per cent aqueous solution. Courtesy, American Cyanamid and Chemical Corporation. 0 ARESKAP,ARESKET,ARESKLENE.These sulfonated and alkylated aromatic derivatives are efficient wetting and spreading agents, effective in reducing the surface tension of aqueous solutions. They are useful in formulating products for the textile, rubber, leather, ceramic, and insecticide industries. Aresklene is particularly useful as an emulsifying agent in the new nitrocellulose lacquer emulsions Courtesy, Rubber Service Laboratories Company (a division of the Monsanto Cheniical Company). @ SANTOPHENS. These phenolic derivatives are efficient germicides for formulating and intensifying disinfectants and for preserving industrial products. Courtesy, Monsanto Chemical Company. o 0- AND ~AMINODIPHENYL. Xew intermediates for the production of dyestuffs and allied chemicals Courtesy, Monsanto Chemical Company. o CYcLoHExYLAmm. This cyclic amine (CsHIln”s) is useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyestuffs and allied products, as a rust inhibitor in alcohol for automobile radiators, and as an emulsifying agent in combination with fatty acids. Courtesy, Monsanto Chemical Company. @TOLEDO PLASKON DUPLEXSCALE. This new weighing mechanism involves entirely new principles developed through cooperative research by several important industrial groups. The housing is the largest piece of plastic molding of its kind ever made commercially in quantity. The plastic is Plaskon. The molding was made by General Electric Company. Courtesy, Toledo Synthetic Products, Inc., and Toledo Scale Company. o AQUALOID(LECITHINHYDRATE),The familiar oil-soluble soy lecithin has been converted into a new physical form. Lecithin hydrate is a molecular dispersion in water of the phosphatides of soy lecithin. It has a high efficiency as an emulsifying agent, increased penetration as a wetting-out agent, and maximum ease of dispersion in water. Courtesy, A. A. Lund & Associates, and Jungmann & Company. 0 PELLET D POWDER. This dynamite-type explosive produces less poisonous gas on exploding than others and thus allows workmen to return sooner to the working face. Courtesy, Hercules Powder Company. 0 DILOPHANE.This translucent laminated product is made from phenolic resin and is useful in all applications where a semi-transparent material of constant dimensions is needed. It is especially used in radio dials. Courtesy, ContinentalDiamond Fibre Company. 0 FLEXLOCK. A flexible, leak-proof rubber joint for acidproof bell and spigot stoneware pipe. Courtesy, U.s. Stoneware Company.
