CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN
Crystal Structures of Norfloxacin Hydrates Saikat Roy,†,‡ N. Rajesh Goud,†,‡ N. Jagadeesh Babu,‡ Javed Iqbal,† Anil K. Kruthiventi,*,† and Ashwini Nangia*,‡ Institute of Life Sciences, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, India, and School of Chemistry, UniVersity of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
2008 VOL. 8, NO. 12 4343–4346
ReceiVed May 16, 2008; ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed September 26, 2008
ABSTRACT: Two novel hydrate forms of norfloxacin (NF) were serendipitously obtained during cocrystallization with eugenol. NF 1.25 hydrate and 1.125 hydrate are isomorphous crystal structures in the P21/c space group, each with two symmetry-independent drug molecules, two full water molecules, and a third water of 0.5 and 0.25 partial occupancy, respectively. Water promoted proton transfer results in a shift from neutral to ionic hydrogen bonding between norfloxacin molecules in hydrate structures. The presence of eugenol additive gave novel NF hydrates of lower water stoichiometry, whereas crystallization in its absence gave the known NF dihydrate. Norfloxacin (1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, NF hereafter) is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat urinary tract infections.1 The drug molecule attacks bacterial DNA by making a complex with DNA-gyrase.2 Hydration plays an important role in altering the solubility and stability of drugs.3 About one-third of drugs are able to form hydrates, which often changes their pharmacological property, dissolution rate profile, and stability of the formulation. Normally, anhydrate drugs are more water soluble than their hydrate forms for thermodynamic reasons. Norfloxacin is an exception in that its hydrates are more soluble than the anhydrate.4 Different solid-state forms of NF reported in the literature are three polymorphs (A, B, C),5a,b an amorphous form,5a and a methanol hydrate.5c Interconversion between NF hydrates6 was studied by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and IR spectroscopy. Two X-ray crystal structures of NF labeled form A7 are reported in the triclinic and monoclinic crystal systems.8 Among the numerous NF hydrates (such as 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0),6 only the dihydrate9 is characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and water stoichiometry below 1.5 in NF hydrates is not reported to our knowledge. Norfloxacin and eugenol10 (Scheme 1) were cocrystallized with the idea that the OH group of eugenol and NH and COOH groups of the drug would form N-H · · · O, O-H · · · O hydrogen bonds and further assisted by π-π stacking11 will promote cocrystal formation.12,13 We report serendipitous crystallization of two novel hydrate forms of norfloxacin during these experiments. Crystallization of a 1:1 molar NF-eugenol cogrinded solid from MeCNDMF gave a 1.25 hydrate, whereas dissolution of the same starting materials in hot EtOH gave single crystals of a closely related hydrate that was assigned 1.125 water content by X-ray diffraction (see Supporting Information for experimental details). These novel NF hydrate crystal structures (1.25, 1.125) and the known dihydrate9 adopt the same space group P21/c, but their unit cell parameters are quite different (Table 1). The dihydrate structure has one norfloxacin and two water molecules in the asymmetric unit. NF 1.25 hydrate crystal structure was satisfactorily solved and refined to a good R-factor of 0.0484 with two crystallographically unique norfloxacin molecules (A and B), two water molecules (O1W, O2W), and a third water (O3W) of 0.50 site occupancy (see ORTEP in Figure S1a, data AN_847(I), Supporting Information). Reflections on a different single crystal assigned as 1.125 hydrate were not strong enough to give immediate structure solution/ refinement. The presence of two NF molecules, two waters, and a third water (O3W) of 0.25 sof could be inferred (ORTEP in Figure * To whom correspondence should be addressed. (A.K.K.) Tel. +91 40 6657 1627. E-mail:
[email protected]. (A.N.) Tel.: +91 40 2313 4854. E-mail:
[email protected]. † Institute of Life Sciences. ‡ School of Chemistry.
Scheme 1. Norfloxacin and Eugenol Used for Cocrystallization Provided Novel NF Hydrates
Table 1. X-ray Crystallographic Parameters of NF Hydrates
data no. space group a/Å b/Å c/Å R/° β/° γ/° T/K V/Å3 Z, Z′ R-factor (∆/σ)max S reference
dihydrate C16H18FN3O3 · 2H2O
1.25 hydrate C16H18FN3O3 · 1.25H2O
1.125 hydrate C16H18FN3O3 · 1.125H2O
P21/c 8.265(3) 21.698(4) 9.5250(17) 90 110.794(19) 90 123(2) 1596.9(6) 4, 1 0.053
