2’
EmEr OPERATIONS REVIEW
CHEMICAL ENOINEERINO REVIEWS
I
1I Ion Exchange I
DURING
the past year, over 1200 publications on ion exchange appeared, more than a one thousand per cent increase in the past 10 years. Many are a result of the declassification of U. S. Atomic Energy Commission classified documents, but ion exchange as a unit operation is a growing development. Several universities now include courses on ion exchange in their chemistry and chemical engineering curricula. T h e most significant developments in ion exchange technology are water conditioning, hydrometallurgy, and sugar refining. The trend toward higher boiler pressures in the power field has increased the demand for ultrahigh water purity. The Monobed or mixed-bed deionization technique has become the accepted technique for this field. The recovery and purification of uranium by ion exchange have also become standard operations for the processing of lowgrade ores. Ion exchange progresses in refining of liquid sugar sirups.
leather industry. Williams (32A) reviewed chromatographic separations. The desalting of saline and brackish waters was the subject of reviews by Gilliland (72.4) and others ( 7 4 . Problems involving the use of ion exchange in atomic energy have been discussed (8.4). Lengborn (27A) has summarized the use of ion exchange in biochemical research. Physical effects have been discussed by Buser (64. The use of exchangers in inorganic separations was summarized by Solms (3OA). Samuelson (27A), Kunin, McGarvey, and Farren (78.4), Blasius and Olbrich ( 4 4 , . and Brunisholz ( 5 4 reviewed analytical problems. Use in organic chemical problems was summarized by Lengborn (20.4) and Samuelson (28.4). In 1956, Nachod and Schubert (23A) edited a comprehensive text entitled “Ion Exchange Technology.” Osborn (24.4) prepared a small text with an excellent bibliography. A comprehensive
survey by Austerweil (2A) and an elementary review by Eeckelaers ( 7 7 4 appeared in the French literature.
Theory Efforts have been made to extend the theory of polyelectrolytes to include cross-linked ion exchange systems. Whereas the transition from a linear polymer system to a three-dimensional resinous system has not been without difficulty, certain aspects have been correlated, and a beginning has been made in evaluation of ionic activities in the resin phase. Knowledge of linear polymers mmt be expanded before an adequate working theory can be devised. Many publications have dealt with exchange phenomena from a polymer structural viewpoint. Deuel and Hutschneker (73B) have reviewed this subject extensively. Lazare, Sundheim, and Gregor (37B) have developed a
Reviews General discussions have been published by Kunin ( 1 9 4 , Savoia’ (29A), and Arden ( 7 4 . Kressman (764 reviewed the development of ion exchange materials, including the use of zeolites, greensands, and sulfonated coals. Recent technical developments include uranium hydrometallurgical processes and continuous processes (9A). Kmger ( 7 7 4 presented a concise discussion of recent developments. Deuel (70.4)reported on the use of ion exchange in scientific investigations. Winter summarized the physical chemical aspects of ion exchange processes ( 3 3 4 . Griessbach (734 74.4) presented the role of synthetic exchangers and discussed their properties in colloidal systems. Special applications were discussed by Hoek ( 7 5 4 , Wenke ( 3 7 4 , and others (22.4). Reviews of specialized interest include two on the food industry (3.4, 26A), and another by Pepper (25A) on the
ROBERT KUNIN received his B.S. in 1939 and Ph.D. in 1942 from Rutgers University. He is head of the labordory for research and development of ion exchange resins for the Rohm & Haas Co. Kunin spent two years as research chemist for TVA, a year at Mellon Institute on the Petroleum Refining Fellowship, and two years during the war on the Manhattan Project at Columbia University.
FRANCIS X. McGARVEY obtained his B.S. in 1941 and M.S. in 1943 from the University of Pennsylvania. He has been engaged for the past nine years in development of ion exchange processes for Rohm & Haas Co. During the war he served with the U. S. Army at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos. Prior to this, he spent three years with the Bureau of Ships on radar and ordnance installation. ANN 1. FARREN, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania (A.B., 1948), has been a member of the ion exchange research staff of Rohm & Haas for the past two years. Before joining Rohm & Haas she spent four years doing biochemical research at Valley Forge Hospital and Jefferson Medical College and a year on colchicine chemistry for Smith, Kline and French. VOL. 49, NO. 3, PART II
MARCH 1957
507
T h e first commercial unit is available for purification of crude rare earth fractions b y ion exchange. model for a cross-linked polyelectrolyte based on a nonideal membrane concept. The effect of increased structural porosity was discussed by Abrams (7B). Despic and Hills (72%) compared conductivity values for methacrylic acid polymers. Blasius (6B) examined the ionic sieve effect in a series of anion exchange resins. Blaszkowska, IVisniewski, and Teichert (7B) studied selective sorption phenomena in some Russian exchangers. Gregor and others (20B) summarized the selectivity of methacrylic aciddivinylbenzene copolymers for alkali metals. Deuel and Hutschneker (74B) illustrated ionic selectivity, particularly for the potassium ion. Several selectivity studies by Bonner (70B) on exchange equilibria involve cupric, barium, strontium, and calcium ions for a series of sulfonic acid cation exchangers of varying degrees of cross linkage. Bonner also compared the osmotic and activity coefficients of soluble sulfonic and disulfonic acids with those of cross-linked structures (SB). Hogfeldt (23B) compared several empirical equations which expressed ion exchange equilibria. Kakihana, Maruichi, and Yamasaki (24B) examined the effect of ionic strength on exchange equilibria. The exchange properties of zirconium phosphates were measured by Kraus (29B). Glueckauf and Kitt (78B) developed a theory of cation exchange involving hydration numbers. Glueckauf (77B) extended this work to distinguish between bound and free water and to calculate hydration numbers, which vary as linear functions of the unhydrated ionic radii and the ionic hydration entropy. Reiner, Schulz, and Tezak (37B) studied the effect of extreme dilution on exchange equilibria. Their results agree with the Donnan theory. Reichenburg and McCauley (36B) determined the properties of a series of well defined polystyrene sulfonic acid exchangers of varying degrees of cross linking (5 to 2570 divinylbenzene). The presence of free electrolyte in the resin phase and its effect on equilibria were measured by Baumann and Argersinger (4B). Similar measurements were reported by Mackie and Mears (32B) for a resin prepared by phenolformaldehyde condensation. Myers and Boyd (33B) developed a thermodynamic relationship for the caIculation of selectivity. Bonner (8B) obtained values for the equilibrium of rubidium, cesium, and thallous ions on sulfonic acid cation exchangers. Gregor and others, (79B) studied the acidic properties of methacrylic acid polymers. Grubhofer (27B) observed the irrevers-
508
ible adsorption of dyes on cation exchangers. Kramer and Freise (27B) presented new information on colloidal cation exchangers in electrophoretic measurements, indicating that mobility was a linear function of the Donnan potential and the Huckel l potential. Equilibrium studies on anion exchangers were not so numerous but illustrated some interesting results. Yamabe (43B) reported on exchange equilibrium between chloride-hydroxyl ions on Type l and Type 2 strong base anion exchangers. Anderson, Bauman, and Harrington (2B) presented data on the sulfate-bisulfate exchange for strongly basic anion exchange resins. The effect of cross linkage on elution efficiency for the transitional elements was illustrated by Herber, Tonguc, and Irvine (22B). Kraus and Phillips (28B) reported that in acidic solution zirconium hydroxide acts as a weak base anion exchanger. Ion exchange reactions have been studied in a variety of solvents. Davies and Owen (7IB) studied the exchange of lithium, sodium, and potassium in aqueous acetone and aqueous dioxane solutions. Gable and Strobel (76B) measured the equilibrium between sodiumhydrogen, ammonium-hydrogen, and silver-sodium, using anhydrous mcthanol as the solvent and reported increased selectivities. The selective elution of metals adsorbed on cation exchange resins by organic solvents was studied by Kember, MacDonald, and Wells (26B). The kinetics of copper adsorption on a carboxylic and a sulfonic acid exchanger using anhydrous ethyl alcohol and acetone was summarized by Shukla and Bhatnager (3YB). Wilson and Lapidus (42B) measured batch kinetics on the adsorption of n-butylamine from aqueous ethyl alcohol mixtures on a cation exchange resin. Bafna and Govindan (3B) studied molecular sorption phenomena in resins. Kinetic studies have been continued, with results significant in the practical application of ion exchange processes. Sujata, Banchero, and White (40B) reported extensive data on the performance of fixed beds involving sodium-potassium exchange. Richmon and Thomas (38B) measured self-diffusion of sodium in cation exchangers and reported that the mechanism involved ion pair formation. Todes and RachinskiI (47B) developed a mathematical relationship for ion exchange rates. Dickel and Nieciecki (15B) showed that film diffusion was rate-controlling in the exchange of alkali cations for hydrogen ions. Pulido (35B) developed a photographic method for determination of swelling rates. Kawabe,
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Sugimoto, and Yanagita (25B)measured the velocity of exchange between carboxylic and sulfonic exchangers and nicotine. Xomitsu and Hironaka (34%) studied the effect of molecular weight on exchange rates, using the chloridemolybdate exchange. Krishnamoorthy and Desai (30B) continued unrk on the rate of exchange of ions in adsorbent mixtures. Becker-Boost (5B)illustrated the importance of kinetic considcrations. Membranes Interest in permselective ion exchange membranes has continued at a high level. Whereas earlier papers dealt with theoretical aspects, recent literature has shown a steady advance toward practical applications. Patents describe the successful construction of cells for electrodialysis. Spiral cells have been described by Juda (74C) and Dewey (72C). An Australian patent (79C), discusses a conventional multicompartment cell. Arnold and Monet (2C) evaluated a process for the selective formation of acids or bases by using a fourth cell containing a high molecular weight electrolyte. Electrolytic desalting has received considerable attention, primarily for the production of potable water from brackish water (22C). Keville-Jones (78C) wrote an excellent survey article. Trends in water usage were discussed by Leicester (77C). Juda and iMcRae (75C) described equipment for desalting employing multicompartrnent cells. Blainey and Yardley (3C) developed a desalting process involving solutions of natural substances such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. An international organization has been formed to study brackish water problems (8C). Largier (7b'C) developed a continuous flow multimembrane electrodecantation apparatus to purify tetanus toxin. Methods for testing and evaluating ion exchange membranes have been discussed. Sauer and others (20C) nieasured the electrical conductance of porous plugs of ion exchange materials, wood fibers, soil aggregates, and other natural minerals. Resistance values of membranes under a variety of concentrations were reported by Schlogl and Schodel (27C). T h e electrical conductivity of cross-linked polyelectrolytic resins and gels was reported by Hills, Jakubovic, and Kitchener (73C), who employed a new technique which eliminated contact resistances. Affsprung, Gehrke, and Browne (7C) studied the properties of membrane electrodes prepared from mixtures of ion exchange materials embedded in methyl methacrylate. Stew-
ION EXCHANGE a r t and Graydon (23C)measured.the rate of ion transfer across membranes with polystyrene sulfonic acid exchange sites. Winger, Ferguson, and Kunin (24C)measured the electro-osmotic transport of water across permselective membranes and correlated the transport with the ion hydration number. Some interesting ion exchange cells for chemical reactions were reported by Bodamer, who prepared polyamines (7C), organic acids (4C),and persulfuric acid (5C),and who separated amphoteric and nonamphoteric metals (6C). Clarke described the composition of membrane materials (9C-77C).
Treatment of Aqueous Solutions Ion exchangers continue to play an important role in water softening and deionization. New commercial units have been erected for municipal water softening (30D),and many industrial concerns and power plants have adopted ion exchange for deionization of boiler feed waters (70, 60,80). Engineering concerns are working to produce more efficient water purification apparatus and to develop methods for operating of these units (20,40,5 0 , 90,760,790, 200, 280). Nordell (230, 240) has outlined methods for removing iron and manganese from process waters, and Tamaoki ( 2 7 0 ) in Japan has reported on a process for the removal of ppogens. A survey of water conditioning practices in the oil industry has appeared (720). Forbes ( 7 7 0 ) has presented a detailed discussion of economic problems involved in water treatment for the oil industry a n d has devised methods for estimating chemical and equipment costs. T h e deionization of brackish water continues to be a problem, due to the high cost of equipment required. Yoseph (370)describes a two-bed deionization system which has successfully purified brackish waters a t Matagorda Island. Preparation of potable drinking waters in Asia (220) and conductivity waters (780) has been discussed. Greppin (730)has reviewed methods for preparation and preservation of distilled and demineralized waters. Helbig ( 1 5 0 ) has described the use of activated carbons for water purification. Iwasaki (770) has reviewed data on the nature of silica in natural waters. Magnesium and carbonates 'were removed from brewing water using ion exchange resins (70D). The use of ion exchange resins in sugar refineries has become more widespread. Resin combinations effectively decolorize and deionize sugar solutions without appreciable inversion (250, 260). Research personnel at the Southern Utilization Branch of the Department of Agriculture (30)are conducting experiments with new resins in an attempt to
increase the yield of sugar and improve recovery and utilization of by-products. Worlqers a t the Holly Sugar Corp. have developed a continuous procedure for deionization of sugar liquors (70). Gropengiesser (740) has reviewed the use of decolorizing resins in the sugar industry. Langlois and Larson (270) have patented a method for the interconversion of sugars to render'them sweeter and free of acids. Weaver (290) has reviewed applications of ion exchange resins in the sugar industry.
change techniques to analyze radioactive "fall-out" has been discussed in the Japanese literature (72E, 23E). Mead (22E), Lieberman and Gorman (ZOE), and Emmons (7E)evaluated decontamination methods, including ion exchange techniques. Morton and Straub examined the problem from an economic viewpoint (24E), and found that no method was satisfactory for large population centers. Lalli (79E) evaluated decontamination from a radioactive and biological viewpoint.
Atomic Energy
Biochemical and Medicinal Separations
When uranium papers are included with those on radioactive decontamination and reactor processing, a separate phase in the application of ion exchange evolves. The .significance of this development is apparent when one considers that 75% of the uranium produced a t present has been processed from low grade ores by acid leach, followed by ion exchange purification and concentration. T h e concentration of uranium from low grade ores has been described by Arden (7E). Arden and Wood (2E) studied the complex formation involved in anion exchange reactions. Kraus, Moore, and Nelson (15E)examined the exchange of thorium (ZV) and uranium (ZV) in hydrochloric acid solutions. A review of the ion exchange aspects of uranium appeared (4E). Kaufman and Lower (77E)described the recovery of uranium by a resin-in-pulp process which eliminates the ore-leach filtration step. Swinton and Weiss (30E) developed a competitive process using a pulsing column. Basic aspects of recovery were revealed by Lutz (27E). Preuss, Dickert, and Saunders (27E) evaluated the effect of ferric iron on uranium recovery with anion exchange resins. Preuss (26E) discussed a cobalticyanide ion exchange resin fouling problem. Kirk (73E,74E)employed permselective membranes for the electrolytic precipitation of uranium. Frisch (8E, 9E) carried out similar studies in flowing systems. Kunin (76E-78E) applied membrane techniques for recovery of uranium from phosphoric acid solutions. Dickert (6E) performed some precipitation studies on a pilot plant scale. Saunders (28E) and Clevenger (5E) reported on precipitation of uranium and vanadium from carbonate leach liquors. T h e removal of radioactive wastes from reactors or the by-products from atomic explosions has been a subject of considerable interest. Reviews of the problems in reactors have appeared (7OE, 25E). Sikkeland (29E) studied the separation of fission products, while Butler, Lounsbury, and Merritt (3E) studied plutonium concentration with anion exchangers. The use of ion ex-
Interest in the use of ion exchange resins for the separation and purification of medicinal agents and as carriers for different. medications has increased. Resins have been found selective for the adsorption of newer antibiotic compounds, including xanthomycin A (76F), the polymyxins (7F),neomycin B and C (73F), aureomycin (20F), and streptomycin (7 IF). Antibacterial activity of drugs such as neomycin and sulfadiazine has been increased by adsorption onto ion exchange resins which control the release of the drugs within the body, thus prolonging their activity (72F). Chromatographic separation of alkaloids (3F, 22F) and antihistamines (ZF), purification of hormone preparations (5F), and isolation of active components of corticotropin have been effected using cation and anion exchangers (8F). Carroll (4F),Drake (9F),and Davies and Owen (6F) have employed nonaqueous eluting agents for the separation of fatty acids, amino acids, and other organic acids. Mori and associates have described separation of the cis and trans isomers. of complex cobalt salts (77F). Workers in the biochemical field continued to apply ion exchange methods extensively for the separation of biologically active materials, including amino sugars (27F), phospholipides (78F), phosphocreatine ( I F ) , and amino acids ( 70F). Reichenberg developed a method for separating organic acids by partition chromatography (79F). Scientists in the drug and cosmetic industry have studied the effectiveness of mixed resin combinations in deodorant preparations ( 74F,75F).
Recovery, Purification, Prepamtion, and New Resins Interest in the development of ion exchange techniques for separation and purification of the rare earth elements has increased. Nervik (37G) has outlined a gradient elution procedure which shortens the operating time required for rare earth separation with no adverse
VOL. 49, NO. S, PART II
MARCH 1957
509
UNIT OPERATIONS REVIEW effect upon purity. Loriers (33G) had isolated thulium economically, using a modification of the Spedding rare earth separation method. Choppin, Harvey, and Thompson (77G) have separated individual members of the actinide series on cation exchangers using ammonium a-hydroxybutyrate as the eluting agent, while Loriers (32G) has obtained a more rapid separation of the yttria earths using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as the eluent. Lindsay Chemical Co. (76G) has announced the first commercial unit for purification of crude rare earth fractions by ion exchange. New techniques for partial separation of mixtures of the radionuclides of sodium (9G) and separation of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques have been announced. Buch, Dryden, and Hills (72G) have compared the nonvolatile acid content of fresh and stored apple juice concentrate, using chromatographic procedures. Baddour and Hawthorn (4G)claim good separation of sodium and potassium by chromatography on resins whose selectivity is intermediate between the ions to be separated. Several theoretical papers describe ionic distribution on columns (44G), diffusion in chromatographic columns (6G, 24G), and kinetics of chromatography on clay beds (47G). Gapon, Ivanenko, and Rachinski (23G) outlined a new radiochromatographic method, in which radioactive indicators are used on the chromatographic columns for analysis of colorless substances and stated that the method is more sensitive and more rapid than existing procedures. Byrne and Lapidus (74G) reported on the behavior of fixed bed percolation columns. Use of the ion exclusion technique for glycerol purification has been described by Prielipp and Keller (47G) and -4sher and Simpson (3G). Costa and Camus (78G) used strong base exchangers to recover glycerol from dilute solutions. Ion exchange procedures continued to be adapted for the separation of mixtures of inorganic compounds. Butler (73G) and Stevenson (46G) described procedures for separating platinum group metals. Abrams and Izzo (7G) extracted vanadium from carnotite ore on ion exchange resins. Germanium complexes were separated on strong base exchangers by Everest (Z7G),and Nelson and Kraus (36G) studied the behavior of germanium (IV), arsenic (111). and arsenic (\.) in hydrochloric acid solution. Klement and Sandmann (30G) developed a method for separation of germanium, gallium, and indium from other metals. Workers in Germany have separated small amounts of gallium from iron quantitatively on strong base exchangers (TOG). Boyd and Larson (71G) and Alperovitch and Miller (2G) used ion exchange resins in a n attempt to isolate
5 10
traces of technetium occurring in nature. A process for removal of sulfuric acid from sulfate solutions has been developed (7G). Peters and Rieman (33G) have used strong base anion exchangers for the analysis of mixtures of condensed phosphates. Iguchi (27G) has determined the exchangeability of tungstate ion on different resins. The elution constants of different elements in hydrochloric acid solution were measured by Jentzsch and Pawlik (29G). Manecke (34G) has experimented with a n oxidation-reduction resin for oxygen removal. Ion exchange resins have been tested for removal of inorganic impurities in wines (5G, 15G, 20G). Rankine (42G, 43G) developed a method for prevention of potassium bitartrate precipitation in wines. using a combination of cation and anion exchangers. The Shell Development Co. has been issued a patent for the use of resins to remove trace impurities in refined lower aliphatic alcohols (d9G). Lt’orkers in Israel have employed sulfonic-type resins for determining the grade of flour (40G). Capacity and other properties of synthetic resins have been studied in Russia (35G) and the United States (26G). The American Cyanamid Co. has developed exchange materials with magnetic properties (25G). Cassidy and others (22G. 48G)have reported on the synthesis and properties of electron exchange polymers. Other new synthetic resins have been produced by deJong (79G) and tvorkers a t Dow (8G). Anthranilic acid-type ion exchangers have been found selective for zinc and heavy metal ions (28G). Cation exchange properties of zirconium(1V) and tungsten precipitates have been reported by Kraus and associates (37G). Parrish (38G) has synthesized several polystyrene-based resins, in a search for new types of exchangers which will remove ions with a qreater degree of selectivity.
Waste Treatment Ion exchange techniques continue important in the recovery and disposal of waste materials. .4 review article from England (5H) discusses the use of resins for removal of cations from plating baths, reactivation of spent phosphoric acid pickle liquor, and removal of thiocyanates and thiosulfates from coke oven effluents. Gabrielson ( 4 H ) presents a method for the determination of alkali metals in cyanide and phosphating plating baths. Townsend ( 8 H ) obtained a patent on a procedure for concentration of noxious compounds from gaswork effluents. Phenol removal in an industrial plant has been effected using strong base exchangers ( 2 H ) . An accurate method for the analysis of iron pickle liquor is dis-
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
cussed by Fisher and Kunin ( 3 H ) . Robinson ( 7 H ) outlines a procedure for removal of calcium from calcium-based sulfite liquor. Engineering details and cost data for CrOB recovery and deionization of rinse jvaters are given in a patent ( 7 H ) . Rayonier ( 6 H ) has modified a tertiary amine-type anion exchanger to separate lignosulfonates from waste sulfite pulping liquor.
Catalysis An increasing numbcr of papers o n the use of ion exchange rcsins as catalysts for organic condensation and 1iydrolysc.s reactions have apprarcd. Astle and Gergel ( 7 4 claimed excellent results from the use of weakly basic anion exchangers to proinote cmdensations of the Knoevenagel type. Bergmann and Corett ( 4 J ) used strong base exchangrm for the Michael reaction arid plan to use resins in a semiquantitative study of the reactivity of donor and acceptor groups involved in this reaction. Several heterocyclic compounds \-s cation exchangers iis catalysts for the inanufacture of eposy plasticizers. The ne\v J I ~ C J C C S S is cconomical because very small quantities of resin are required for each rraction (.?./).
Apparatus, Process, and Miscellaneous Applications Several new techniques in ion cschange chromatography- have been introduced. Ion txchange “autochromatography” has been developrd a t the University of Saskarcheivan (gK). ‘This technique permits measurement of the “active“ surface areas of finely divided solids, and should prove especially effectil’e for the determination of surface
ION EXCHANGE areas in isotopic compounds. The High Polymer Research Group of the Chemical Research Laboratory in Middlesex has incorporated ion exchange resins into paper for use in chromatographic analysis (7K). Becker-Boost (4K) has demonstrated methods based on empirical data for design and calculation of ion exchange processes. Sugihara and Izutani (78K) have compared the mechanical strengths of the more common ion exchange resins. Mathematical data for the interaction between solids and fluids in fixed and moving beds have been presented by Amundson, Siegmund, and Munro (ZK). Coonradt and Leaman (5K) have designed a n ion exchange bed in which flexible tubes can be inserted to maintain an optimum bed height. Mathematical concepts basic to the theory of gradient elution analysis were derived by Drake (6K). Wheaton (79K) has regenerated quaternary resins, by removal of monovalent anions by pretreatment of the resin with the alkali salt of a divalent anion. Types of apparatus designed for continuous countercurrent resin transfer include a slug-purging column, a hydraulically pulsed column, a rotating valve system, and a n ejection system ( 7 6 K ) . Allis-Chalmers ( 7 K ) has developed a countercurrent contact column claimed to be more economical than the regular columns used for batch operations. Equipment for continuous partition and countercurrent chromatography has been described by Higuchi ( 8 K ) and Lewis (77K). A “spinner” apparatus (75K) has served to determine the settling rate of the resin particles and the exchange of ions in a continuous system. A theoretical study of the continuous exchange has been illustrated diagrammatically by McNeill(74K), and McIlhenny and McConnell (73K)have used a fluidized ion exchange bed for concentrating ionic materials. Young describes the removal of heavy metal contaminants from hydrogen peroxide (ZOK). Spedding, Powell, and Svec (77K)have developed a procedure for separating nitrogen isotopes on cation exchangers. McDowell and Keenan (72%) have discussed the use of resins in liquid ammonia to study the products obtained from the reaction between monoammonia-boron trifluoride and alkali metals. The future of ion exchange in agriculture has been summarized by Kunin (70K). Aries (3K) has patented a process for the incorporation of ion exchange resins into cigarette filters for removal of undesirable constituents in tobacco smoke.
Acknowledgment T h e authors acknowledge the assistance of Helen Tucker, Alex Opperman,
and the library staff of the Rohm &
Haas Co. BIBLIOGRAPHY
(3B) Bafna, S. L., Govindan, K. P., Ibid., 48, 310-17 (1956). (4B) Baumann, E. W., Argersinger, W. J., Jr., J. Am. Chem. SOC.78, 1130-4 (1956). (5B) Becker-Boost, E. H., Chem.-Zng.Tech. 28, No. 6,411-8 (1956). (6B) Blasius, E., Angew. Chem. 67, 525 (1955). (7B) Blaszkowska, Z., Wisniewski, W., Teichert. A.. Roczniki Chcm. 29. 921-5 (1955): 0. D., J. Phys. Chcm. 59, (8B) . - - - - I -
Reviews (1A) Arden, T. V., School Sci. Rev. 36, 18-24 (1954). (2A) Auntenveil, G. V., “L’Echange d’Ions et les Echangeurs,” Gauthier-Villars et Cie., Paris, 1955. (3A) Bartusch, W., Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittcl 57, 433-9 (1955). (4A) Blasius, E., Olbrich, G., Z . anal. Chcm. 151,81-90 (1956). (5A) Brunisholz, G., Chimia 9, 97-103 (1955). 6A) Buser, W., Zbid., 9, 73-92 (1955). 7A) Chm. Age (London) 73, 477-80 (1955). (8A) Chem. Eng. 62, 108 (October 1955). (9A) Zbid., 63, 179 (January 1956), 33rd annual review. (10A) Deuel, H., Hutschneker, K., Chimia 9.49-66 . - - - (19551. ,----,(11A) Eeckelaers, R., Chem. @ Process Eng. 36,295 (1955). (12A) Gilliland, E. R., IND.END. CHEM. 47,2410-22 (1955). (13A) Griessbach, R., Chem.-Zng.-Tech. 27, 569-72 (1955). (14A) Griessbach, R., ‘Richter, A,, Kolloid Z . 146,107-20 (1956). (15‘4) Hoek, H., Sailer, E., Chimia 9, 125-34 (1955). (16A) Kressman, T. R. E., Chemistry d Industry 1956, 64-9. (17.4) Kruger, G., Chem. Ztg. 79, 768-72 11955). (18A) Kunin, ‘ R., McGarvey, F. X., Farren, Ann, Anal. C h . 28, 729-35 (1956). (19A) Kunin, R., Preuss, A., IND.ENO. CHEM. 48, 30A-35A (August 1956). (20A) Lengborn, N., ZVA 26, 219-27 (1955). (21A) Lingborn, N., Tek. Tidskr. 85, 107-12 (1955). (22A) Mitt. Lcbcnsm. Hyg.,Bern, 46, 12i36 (1955). (23A) Nachod, F., Schubert, J., “Ion Exchange Technolo ” Academic Press, New Yorr1956. (24A) Osbom, G.,,H., “Synthetic Ion Exchangers, Chapman & Hall, London, 1955. (25A) Pepper, K. W., J. SOC. Leather Trades Chemists 40, 17-30 (1956). (26A) Richter, A., Chem. Tech., Berlin 7, 261-7 (1955). (27A) Samuelson, O., Chim. anal. 37,191-8 (1955). (28A) Samuelson, O., ZVA 26, 178-88 (1955). (29A) Savoia, F., Riv. ing. 5, 818-30 (1955). (30A) S o h , J., Potassium Symposium, Ann. Meeting Board Tech. Advisers, Intern. Potash Inst., Zurich, 1954, PP. 291-314 (English . summary).. (31A) Wenke, B., ZVA 26, 208-18 (1955). (32A) Williams. T. I.. Chem. €9 Process E m . 36.287-9‘(1955). (33A) Win&, S . S., J. Chem. Educ. 33, 246-52 (1956).
t
-.
. ,
Baric Theoretical (1B) Abrams, M., IND. ENO. CHEM.48, 1469-72 (1956). (2B) Anderson, R. E., Baum?, W. C., Harrington, D. F., Ibid., 47, 1620-3 (1955).
(9B) (10B) Rmrier, 60,530-2 ( . (11B) Davies. C. \ J. Chem. SOC.i956, pp. 1676-80. (12B) Daspic, A., Hills, G. J., Trans. Faraday Soc. 51, 1260-7 (1955). (13B) Deuel, H., Hutschneker, K., Chimia 9, 49-65 (1955). (14B) Deuel, H., Hutschneker, K., Potassium Symposium, Potash Inst., Zurich, pp. 41-70, 1954. (15B) Dickel, G., Nieciecki, L. V., Z . Elektroch. 59, 913-17 (1955). (16B) Gable, R., Strobel, H., J. Phys. Chem. 60,513-17 (1956). (17B) Glueckauf, E., Trans. Faraday SOC. 51, 1235-44 (1955). (18B) Glueckauf, E., Kitt, G. P., Proc. Roy. SOC. (London) 228, 322-41 (1955). (19B) Gregor, H., Hamilton, M., Becker, J., Berstein, F., J. Phys. Chem. 59, 874-81 (1955). (20B) Gregor, H., Hamilton, M., Oza, R., Bernstein, F., Zbid., 60, 263-7 (1956). (21B) Grubhofer, N., Naturwisscnschaften 42, 557 (1955). (22B) Herber, R. H., Tonguc, K., Irvine, J. W., Jr., J. Am. Chem. SOC. 77, 5840 (1955). (23B) Hogfeldt, E., Acta Chim. Scand. 9, 151-65 (1955). (24B) Kakihana, H., Maruichi, N., Yamasaki, K., J. Phys. Chcm. 60, 36-40 (1956). (25B) Kawabe, H., Sugimoto, Sei, Yanaita, M., Refits. Sci. Research Znst. Japan) 30, 155-60 (1954). (26B) Kember, N., MacDonald, P., Wells, R., J. Chem. Sod. 1955, 2273-80. (27B) Kramer, E., Freise, V., Z . physik. Chem. 7,40-7 (1956). (28B) Kraus, K. A., Phillips, H. O., J.Am. Chem. SOC.78,249 (1956). (29B) Zbid., p. 694. (30B) Krishnamoorthy, C., Desai, A. D., Soil Sci. 80, 325-33 (1955). (31B) Lazare, L., Sundheim, R., Gregor, H., J. Phys. Chcm. 60, 641-8 (1956). (32B) Mackie, J. S., Mears, P., Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A-232, 485 (1955). (33B) Myers, G., Boyd, G., J. Phys. Chem. 60, 521-9 (1956). , (34B) Nbmitsu, T., Hironaka, J., Yamaguchi J. Sci. 6, 62-9 (1955). (35B) Pulido, C., Acta Chem. Scand. 10, 49-55 (1956). (36B) Reichenber D., McCauley, D., J. Chem. &c. 1955.2741-9. (37B) Reiner, E., Schulz, K. F., Teak, B., Arhiv. Kem. 27, 93-6 (1955) (in English). (38B) Richmon, D., Thomas, H., J. Phys. Chem. 60.237-9 (1956). (39B) Shukla, R: P., Bhatnager, R. P., J.ZndianChem.Soc.32,39-42(1955). (40B) Sujata, A. D., Banchero, J. T. White, R. R., IND.ENC. CHEM. 47, 2193-9 (1955).
f
VOL. 49, NO. 9, PART II
MARCH 1957
51 1
UNIT OPERATIONS REVIEW (41B) Todes, 0. M., Rachinskii, V. V., Zhur. Fir. Khim. 29, 1591-600, 1909 (1955). (42B) Wilson, S., Lapidus, L., IND. EX. CHEM.48. 992-8 (1956). (43B) Yamabe, T:, J . Ciern: -Sac. Japan, Ind. Chem. Sect. 58,186-8 (1955).
Sugar Corp.), U. S. Patent 2,744,840 (May 8, 1956). (8D) Davidson, E. F., Trans. Am. SOC. ’Mech. Engrs. 78, 875-80 (1956). (9D) Dick, I. B., Water and Sewage Works 102,402-4 (1955). (10D) Farbenfabriken Bayer .4.G., Swiss Patent 294,010; Chem. Zcntr. 125, 7305 (1954). (11D) Forbes, M. C., Petroleum Eng. 27, ‘2-34, 36, 37, 40-42 (September 1955). (12D) Gibson, J. W., Ibid., 27, 44-46, 48, 49,53 (September 1955). (13D) Greppin, R., Pharm. Actn Helv. 31, 1-24 (1956). (14D) Gropengiesser, K. H., Zucker 8, 472-5 (1955). (15D) Helbig, W. A., Plating 42, 1044-5 (1955). (16D) Herrmann, E., Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 27, 573-8 (1955). Iwasaki, I., Katsura, T., Tarutani, T., Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 24, 227-30 - _ (1951 ’i. Jacobs8 , S., Chemistry 3 Industry 1955, 944-6. Klumb, G., Schulze, R., Bergstidt, D.. U. S. Patent 2.736.698 (Feb. 28, 1956). (20D) Kolosskov, S. P., Komarov, A. F., Energet. Byull. 1952, No. 1, 12-13; Chem. Zentr. 125, 2465-6 (1954). (21D) Langlois, D. P., Larson, R. F. (to .4. E. Stalev Mfg. Co.), U. S. Patent 2,746,889 (May 22, 1956). (22D) Markaryan, M. K., Shtannikov, E. V., Gigtena i Sanit. 1955, No. 9, 6-1 1 (23D) Noidell, E., Power 100, 91-3, 212, 214 (April 1956). (24D) Ibid., 100-2, 194, 196, 198, 200 (Mav 1956). (25D) Sarma,‘P. L.,’Keller, A. G., Sugar J . 18, NO. 1, 31-4 (1955). (26D) Shah, H. A,, Joshi, K. A., Bafna, S. L., Govindan, K. P., Proc. 9th Ann. Conv. Deccan Sugar Techno[. Assoc. 1952, I, 43-51. (27D) Tamaoki, K., Kiyosaki, T., Ohashi, I., Nagai, H., Deguchi, T., J . Pharm. Sac. Japan 76, 123-5 \
Membranes (1C) Affsprung, H., Gehrke, C., Browne, J., J . Dairy Sci. 38, 734-42 (1955’1. (2C) Arnold,’ H. W., hlonet, G. P. (to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.), U. S. Patent 2,721,171 ( 3 c t . 8, 1955). (3C) Blainey, J. D., Yardley, H. J., .Yature 177, 83 (1956). (4C) Bodamer, G. W. (to Rohm & Haas Co.), Can. Patent 514,197 (June 20,1955). (5C) Ibid., 517,414 (Oct. 11, 1955). (6C) Bodamer, G. L V . , U. S. Patent 2,723,229 (Sov. 8, 1955). (7C) Ihid., 2,737,486 (March 6, 1956). ( 8 C ) Chemistry @ Industry 1955, p. 1054. (9C) Clarke, J. T. (to Ionics, Inc.), U. S. Patent 2,731,408 (Jan. 17, 1956). (1OC) Ihid., 2,731,411 (Jan. 17, 1956). (11C) Ihid., 2,732,351 (Jan. 24, 1956). (12C) Dewey, D. R. 11, Gilliland, E. R. (to Ionics, Inc.), Ibid., 2,741,591 (April 10, 1956). (13C) Hills, G. J., Jakubovic, .4. O., Kitchener, J. A . , J . Polymer Sci. 19, 382-4 (1956). (14C) Juda, W. (to Ionics, Inc.), U. S. Patent 2,741,595 (.April 10, 1956). (15C) Juda, W.,McRae: I V . h. (to Ionics, Inc.), Ihid., 2,752,306 (June 26,1956). (16C) Largier, J. F., Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 16, 291-2 (1955). (17C) Leicester, J., Chem. t 3 Process Eng. 36,251-5 (1955). (18C) Neville-Jones, D. J., Research (London) 8, 423-9 (1955). (19C) Permutit Co., Ltd., Australian Patent 164,040 (April 2, 1954). (20C) Sauer, M. C., Jr., Southwick, P. F., Spiegler, K. S., Wyllie, M. R. J., IND.ENG. CHEM.47, 2187-93 11955). (21C) Schlogl, R..,‘ Schodel, U., Z. physik. Chcm. 5, 372-97 (1955). (22C) Secretary of Interior, Rept. on Saline Water Conversion (1953), January 1954. (23C) Stewart, R., Graydon, W., J . Phys. Chem. 60, 750-4 (1 956). (24C) Winger, A. G., Ferguson, R., Kunin, R., Ibid., 60, 556-8 (1956).
Treatment of Aqueous Solutions .Andres, P., Z . Zuckerind. 5, 80, 440-1 (1955). Bacon, H., J . Am. Water lt’orks Assor. 48, 19-29 (1956). Baringer, K. L., Guilbeau, LV. F., Southern Utilization Research Branch, Ind. Labs., 6-9 (1955). Briggs, R. E. (to Clayton Manufacturing Co.), Brit. Patent 744,265 (Feb. 1, 1956). Caddell, J. R., Moison, R. L., Chem. Eng. Progr. Symposium Ser. 50,14:1 (1954). Calise, V. J., Porcer 100, 158 (Feb. 1956). Daniels, R. Xf., Xlaudru, J. E., Rorabaugh, G. 0. (to Holly
51 2
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(28D) Tiily, E. J., Instruments and Automation 28, 1532-5 (1955). (29D) Weaver, H. E., Sugar 51, 26-7, 45-6 (July 1956). (30D) Wilcox, A. L., Forger, R. D., Public Works, N . Y. 85, No. 11, 70-2 f 1954). (31D) Yoseph,’ R. S. Y., J . Am. Tllater N‘orl-s Assoc. 48, 579-84 (1956).
Atomic Energy (1E) Arden, T., Ind. Chemist 32, 202-9 (1956). (2E) Arden, T. V., Wood, G. A., J . Chem. SOC.1956,1596-603. (3E) Butler, J. P., Lounsbury, 51., hlerritt, J. S.,Can. J . Chem. 34, 253-8 (1956). (4E) Chem. Eng. 63, 124-6 (May 1956). (5E) Clevenger, G., U. S. Patent 2,743,222 (April 24, 1956). (6E) Dickert, C. T., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm., Rept. RMO2517 (Feb. 26,1953). (7E) Emmons, A. H., Lauderdale, R. A., Jr. (to U. S. Atomic Enerrv Comm.), U. S. Patent 2,752,369 (June 26, 1956). (BE) Frisch, N. W., U. S..L\tomic Energy Comm. Rept. RMO-2516 (Feb. 20, 1953). (9E) Ibid., RMO-2526 (.4ug. 3, 1953).
1NDUSTRlAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(10E) Huntley, H., Untermyer, S . , .VUclconics 13, 46-7 (June 1955). (11E) Kaufman, D., Lower, G., L, S. Patent 2,743,154 (April 24, 1956). (12E) Kimura, K., Ikeda, N., Yoshihara, K., Bull. Chem. Sac. (Japan) 29, No. 3 (1956). (13E) Kirk, P. F., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. RMO-2506 (.\fay 27, 1952). (14E) Ihid., RMO-2507 (Aug. 6, 1952). (15E) Kraus, K. A., Moore, G. E., Nelson, F., J . Am. Chem. Snc. 78, 2692-5 (1956). (16E) Kunin, R. (to U. S. Atomic Enerqy Commission), U. S. Patent ?,733,200 (Jan. 31, 1956). (17E) Ibid., 2,739,934 (March 27, 1956). (18E) Kunin, R., Ibid., 2,741,589 (April 10, 1956). (19E) Lalli, G., Mineroa med. 2, 1372-8 (1954). (20E) Lieberman, J. A . , Gorman, A. E., Proc. Am. Sac. Civil Engrs. 80, S o . 422 (19541. Lutz, G., U. S. Patent 2,743,159 (April 24, 1956). hlead, F. C., Jr., U. S. Atomlc Energy Comm. WASH-275, 23145 (1954). Xliyake, Y . , Sugiura, Y . , Po’npcrs .Ileteorol. and Guphys. (Japan) 6 . 33-7 (1955). (24E) Morton, R . J:, Straub, C. P, J . .4m. Water H’orks Assoc. 48, 545-8 (1956). (25E) A4‘ttcleonics14, 38-40 (.\ugust 1956). (26E) Preuss, A., U. S. Atomic Enrrqv Cornm. RMO-2523 June 3, 1953. (27E) Preuss, A., Dickert, C., Saundrrs, Jean, Ihid., RMO-25?7, Dec. 4, 1953). (28E) Saunden, Jean, Ihid., RMO-2525, Julv 17. 1953. (29E) Sikkeland, T., Joint Est. Nuclear EnerTv Research, r e p . Nor\\av, 38, (1955). (30E) . , Swinton. E. A.. M’eiss. D I:. Australian J . A&l. Sci. ’7, So. 1; 98-1 12 (1956).
Biochemical and Medicinal Separations (1F) Aboad, I,. G., Science 123, 545-6
(1956). (2F) Blaug, S. M., Dissertation Abstr. 15, 983-4 (1955). (3F) Blaug, S. M., Drug Standards 23, 143-6 (1955). (4F) Carroll, K. K , .Vature 176, 398-400 ( 1 955). (5F) Criqler, J. F., Jr.. Waugh, D F., J . Am. Chem. Sac. 77,4407-8 (1 955). (6F) Davies, C. W.,Owen, B. D., J . Chem. Soc. 1956, 1681-5. (7F) Diamond, J. B. (to Distillers Co., Ltd.), Brit. Patent 742,589 (Dec. 30. 1955’1. (8F) Dixoh, HI ’B., Stack-Dunne, 5f.P., Biochem. J . 61, 483-95 (1955). (9F) Drake, B., Arkiv. Kemi 8, 171-88 (1955). (10F) Dreze, A , , deBeock, ll., Congr. intern. biochim. Resumes Communs., 2 e Congr., Paris, 1952, p. 179. (11F) Fardig, 0. B., Hooper, I. R. (to Bristol Laboratories), U. S.Patent 2,717,892 (Sept. 13, 1955). (12F) Fiedler, W. C., Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, June 1955, Univ. Xficrohlms, .Ann .\rbor, Mich. (13F) Ford, J. H., Bergy, hl. E., Brooks, A. A , , Garrett, E. R . , .4lbcrt, .I., I)ver, .J. R.! Carter, 13. E., J . .4m. Chon. SOG.77, 5311-4 (1955).
ION EXCHANGE (14F) Kalish, J., Drug €3 Cosmetic Znd. 77, 614-15, 712-13 (November 1955). (15F) M f g . Chemist 26, 529-30 (December 1955)
Zbid.,-pp. 550-1. Mori, M., Shibata, M., Azami, J. J . Chem. SOC. Jaban. Pure Chem. Sect. 76 (9) 1003-7 (1955). Radin, N. S., Brown, J. R.,, Lavin, F. B., J . Biol. Chem. 219, 977-83 (1956). Reichenberg, D., Chemistry €3 Industry 1956, No. 36. Sakaguchi, T., Hanaki, A., J. Pharm. SOC. (Japan) 76, 172-5 (1956). (21F) Strange,'R. E., Dark, F. A., Nature 177,186-8 (1956). (22F) Yoshino, T., Sugihara, M., Sci. €3 2nd. (Jupun) 29,257-60 (1955).
Recovery, Purification, Preparation, and New Resins (1G) Abrams, C. S., Izzo, T. F., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. ACCO-53 (1954). (2G) Alperovitch, E. A., Miller, J. M., Nature 176, 299-301 (1955). (3G) Asher, D., Simpson, D., J . Phys. Chem. 60, 518-21 (1956). (4G) Baddour, R. F., Hawthorn, R. D., IND. ENC. CHEM. 47, 2517-20 (1955). (5G) Barbosa, R., Agronomia 1, No. 3, 13 (1956). ,----,(6G) Bastian, W., Lapidus, L., J . Phys. . Chem. 60,816-17 (1955). (7G) Bauman, W., Harrington, J., U. S. Patent 2,738,322 (March 13, 1956). (8G) Bauman, W. C., Wheaton, R. M., (to Dow Chemical Co.), Ibid., 2,733,231 (Jan. 31, 1956). (9G) Betts, R. H., Harris, W. E., Stevenson, M. D., Can. J . Chem. 34, 65-74 (1956). (10G) Blasius, E., Negwer, M., Z. anal. Chem. 143, No. 4,257-9 (1954). (11G) Boyd, G., Larson, B., J . Phys. Chem. 60,707-15 (1956). (12G) Buch, M. L., Dryden, E. C., Hills, C. H., J . Agr. Food Chem. 3, 960-4 (1955). (13G) Butler, C. K., IND.ENC. CHEM. 48,711-13 (1956). (14G) Byrne, E. B., Lapidus, L., J . Am. Chem. Sod. 77, 6506 (1955). (15G) Cerutti, G., Cerutti, F., Riv. oiticol e di enol (Conegliano) 8, 119-22 (1955). (16G) Chem. Eng. 62, 108 (September 1955) Chementator. (17G) Choppin, G. R., Harvey, B. G., Thompson, S. G., J . Inorg. B Nuclear Chem. 2, 66-8 (1956). (18G) Costa, G., Camus, A. M., Ann. chim. (Rome) 45, 598-607 (1955). (19G) deJong, G. T. (to Stamicarbon N. V. Hurlen), U. S. Patent 2,713,038 (July 12, 1955). (20G) Engle, F., Komertzky, A., Mitt. Vers. Sta. Garungsgew. 9, 183-90 (1955). (21G) Everest, D. G., J . Chem. SOC.1955, 441 . . - -5-1 - 8- . (22G) Ezrin, M., Cassidy, H., J . Am. Chem. SOC.78, 2525 (1956). (23G) Gapon, E. N.; Ivanenko,'D. D., Rachinski, V. V., Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R.95. 567-70 (1954). (24G) Gleuckauf, E., Trins. Faraday So;. 51,1540-51 (1955). (25G) Herkenhoff, E. C. (to Am. Cyan.),
Can. Patent 521,223 (Jan. 31, 1956). (26G) Howei'P. G., Kitchener, J. A., J. Chem. SOC.1955, 2143. (27G) Iguchi, A., Sci. Papers Coll. Gen. Educ. 5 , 29-35 (1955). (28G) Jenckel, E., Lillin, H. V., Kolloid 2.146,159-76 (1956). (29G) Jentzsch, D., Pawlik, I., 2. anal. Chem. 146,88-102 (1955). (30G) Klement, R., Sandmann, H., Zbid., 145 (5), 325-34 (1955). (31G) Kraus, K. A., Carlson, T. A., Johnson. J. S.. Nature 177. 1128-9 (1956). ' (32G) Loriers, J., Comfit. rend. 240, 1537-40 (1955). (33G) Zbid., 242, 261-3 (1956). (34G) Manecke, G., Angew. Chem. 67, 613-15 (1955). (35G) Meerson, Z . I., 2. Elek. Stantsii NO. 25, 10,16-20 (1954). (36G) Nelson, F., Kraus, K. A., J. Am. Chem. SOC.77,4508-9 (1955). (37G) Nervik, W. E., J. Phys. Chem. 59, 690-5 (1955). (38G) Parrish, J. R., Chemistry €8 Industry 1956, 137. (39G) Peters, T. V., Jr., Rieman, W. 111, Anal. Chim. Acta 14, 131-35 (1956). (40G) Pomeranz, J., Lindner, C., Bull. Research Council Israel, Sec. A5, 221 (Jan.-April 1956). (41G) Prielipp, G. E., Keller, H. W., J. Am. Oil Chemists' SOC. 33, 103-8 (1956). (42G) Rankine, B. C., Australian J . Appl. Sci. 6. 529-40 11955). (43G) Rankink, B. C., Bond; R. D., Zbid., 6,541-9 (1955). (44G) Rocchiccioli. C.. Duval. C.. Combt. . rend. 241, 956-8 (1955). (45G) Sargent, R., Rieman, W. 111, J. Org. Chem. 21, 594-5 (1956). (46G) Stevenson, P. C., others (to U. S. Atomic Energy Comm.), U. S. Patent 2,714,555 (Aug. 2, 1955). (47G) Thomas, H. C., Merriam,C. N., Jr., J . Phys. Chem. 60,249-51(1956). (48G) Verplanck, V., Cassidy, H. G., J. Polymer Sci. 19, 307-10 (1956). (49G) Wallace, E. G., Menn, J. J. (to Shell Development Co.), Can. Patent 511,885 (April 12, 1955). \
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Waste Treatment ( I H ) Bueltman, C., Mindler, A. B., Plating 42.1012-18 (1955). Chasaniv. ' M. G..' Kunin. R.. McGarbey, F., IND. ENC.CHEM: 48,305-9 (1956). (3H) Fisher, Sallie, Kunin, R., Anal. Chem. 27,1649-50 (1955). (4H) Gabrielson, G., Metal Finishing 53, NO. 2. 58-60 (1955). (5H) Lovett, 'M., Chem. &? Process Eng. 37,86-90 (March 1956). (6H) Rayonier, Inc., Chem. Week 77, 73-6 (Sept. 24, 1955). (7H) Robinson, L. E., Tap i 39, 182-A185-A (March 19563. (8H) Townsend, F., U. S. Patent 2,731,413 (Jan. 17, 1956). ~
Catalys is
(3J) Becco Chem., Znd. Chemist 31,618-21 11955). , - - - - r (4J) Be mann, E. D., Corett, Ruth, Org. Chem. 21,107-10 (1956). (5J) Glenat, R., Chimie €3 industrie 75, 292-8 (1 956). (6J) Herrman. A. J.. Univ. Microfilms Ann Arbor, 'Mich., Publ. 12, 131; Dissertation Abstr. 15, 1035 (1955). (75) Klein, F. G., Univ. Microfilm, Ann Arbor, Mich., Publ. 12, 600; Dissertation Abstr. 15, 1580 (1955). (85) Martin, S. L., Chem. t 3 Progress Eng. 37,NO. 4,116-20 (1956). (93) Reed, L. M., Wenzel, L. A., O'Hara, J. B., IND.ENC.CHEM48, 205-8 (1956). (1OJ) Samuelson, H., Hammett, L. P., J . Am. Chem. SOC. 78, 523-6 (1956). (11J) Schmidle, C. J., Can. Patent 520,073 (Dec. 27, 1955). (12J) Schmidlz, C. J. (to Rohm & Haas Co.), U. S. Patent 2,736,741 (Feb. 28,1956). (135) Whitaker, J. R., Deatherage, F. E., J. Am. Chem. SOC.77, 5298-303 (19551. (14J) Yaznada, S., Chibata, I., Phurm. Bull. (Japan) 3, 21-4 (1955).
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I
Apparatus, Processes, and Miscellaneous Applications (1K) Allis-Chalmers, IND.END. CHEM. 47,70A (October 1955). (2K) Amundson, N. R., Siegmund, C. W., Munro, W. D., Zbid., 48, 26-50-(1956). (3K) Aries and Associates. U. S. Patent 2.739.598 (March '27. 1956). (4K) Becker-host; E. H.,' Chem.-Ing. Tech. 27,579-96 (1955). (5K) Coonradt, H. L., Leaman, W. K. (to Socony Mobil Oil Co.), U. S. Patent 2,754,262 (July 10, 1956). (6K) Drake, B., Arkiv. Kemi 8, 1-21 11955). (7K) Hale, D. K., Chemistry €3 Industry 1955,1147-8. (8K) Hi uchi, T., U. S. Patent 2,743,818 fMay 1,1956). (9K) Krehbiel, R. E., Spinks, J. W. T., Science 124, 487 (1956). (10K) Kunin, R., Chemurgic Dig. 15, 10-12 (April 1956). (11K) Lewis, J. A., Chemistry €3 Industry 1956,296-8. (12K) McDowell, W. J., Keenan, C . W., J . Am. Chem. SOC.78. 2065-9 (1956). 113K1 McIlhennv. W. F.. McConnell. V. 'O.,' ' Brit. Patent 736,276 (Sept. 7,1955). McNeill, R., Swinton, E. A., Weiss, D. E., .J. Metals 7, A Z M E Trans. 203, 912-21 (1955). Olin. J. B. E.. Dissertation Abstr. 15; 2497-8 (1955). (16K) Porter, R., Chem. Week 78, 74-6 (June 9.1956). Spkdding,' F. H., Powell, J. E., Svec, H. J., J . Am. Chem. SOC. 77,6125-32 (1955). Sugihara, M., Izutani, E., Sei. & 2nd. (Japan) 29, 246-53 (1955). Wheaton, R. (to Dow Chemical Co.). U. S. Patent 2,723,245 (No';. 8, 1955). (20K) Young, J. H. (to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.), Can. Patent 518,748 (Nov. 22, 1955). I
(1J) Astle, M. J., Gergel, W. C., J . Org. Chem. 21, 493-6 (1956). (25) Bafna, S. L., J. Phys. Chem. 59, 1199-202 ( 1955).
VOL. 49, NO. 3, PART II
MARCH 1957
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