INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
32
conLrols was reported by Meyers and Lewis (@). A continuous conduotivity-measuring cell in the clawifier circuit adjusts the xanthate feeders It would appear that pushbutton mills may be just around the corner
(29) (30) (31)
LITERATURE CITED
(32)
American Cyanamid Co., Mineral Dressing Notes, No. 15 (Jan. 1947). Anonymous, Deco Trefoil Bull. M4B45 (May-June 1947). Anonymous, Mining World, 8, 40-7 (Oct. 1946). Ibid., 9, 23-6, 70-1 (Aug. 1947). Batty, J. V., Mitchell, T. F., Havens, R., and Wells, R. R., U. S. Bur. Mines, Repts. Invest. 4079 (June 1947). Barr, J. A., Jr., Rock Products, 49, KO. 12, 88-93, 124-25 (Dec. 1946). Ibid., 50, No. 5, 92-4 (May 1947). Beanblossom, J. E., and Kimhall, R. H., U. S.Patent 2,404,425 (July 23, 1946). Booth, 1%.B., and Carpenter, J. E., Zbid., 2,410,777 (Nov. 5, 1946). Booth, R. B., and IIei kenlioff, E. C., Ibid., 2,410,376,2,410,377 (Oct. 29, 1946); 2,414,714 (Jan. 21, 1947). Booth, R. B., and Pickens, It. A., Zbid., 2,428,763 (Oct. 7,1947). Burns, J. J., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Mining and Met., 28, 395-97 (Aug. 1947). Clemmer, J. B., Univ. of Minn., Center for Continuation Study, 8th Mining Symposium (Jan. 1947). Clernmer, J. B., and Clemnions, B. H., U. S.Patent 2,407,651 (Sept. 17, 1946). Clemmer, 3. B., and Rampacek, C., Ibid., 2,424,552 (July 29, 1947). Clemmer, J. B., and Williams, M. F., Jr., Ibid., 2,415,416 (Feb. 11, 1947); 2,419,945 (May 6, 1947). Cody, B. H., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2194 (July 1947). Cole, A. T.. Duke, J. B.. and McMurrav, L. L.. U. S. Patent 2,409,665 (Oct. 22, 1946). (18A) Commonwealth Council for Sei. and Ind. Research, Brit. Patent 584,206 (Jan. 9, 1947). (19) Crawford, B. D., and Jayne, D. W., Jr., Ibid., 2,416,909 (Mar. 4, 1947). (20) Davis, H. D., Ani. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2209 (Aug. 1947). (21) DeVaney, F. D., U. S. Patent 2,410,021 (Oct. 29, 1946). (22) Fahrenwald, A. W.. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2080 (Nov. 1946). (23) Fischer, A. H., U. S. Patent 2,412,500 (Dee. m,1946). (24) Gandrud, B. W., and Riley, H. L., Am. Inst. Mining Met, Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2205 (May 1947). (25) Gaudin, A. M., Deco Trefoil Bull. F10-B27 (July-Aug. 1947). (26) Gaudin, A. M., Schuhmann, R., Jr., and Brown, E. G., Eng. Mining J., 54-9 (Oct. 1946) : Gaudin, A. M., and Ergunalp, F., Ibid., 72-4 (Nov. 1946); Gaudin, A. M . , and Schuhmann, R., Jr., Ibid., 68-72 (Dec. 1946) and 84-7 (Jan. 1947); Gaudin, A. M., and Hukkl, R . T., Ibid., 70-2 (March 1947). (27) Greene, E. W., Sherertz, J. It., and Cole, A . T., U. S. Patent 2,420,476 (May 13, 1947). (28) Gutzeit, G., Am. Inst. Mining and Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub.
(33) (34)
mz
(35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51)
(52) (53)
(54) (55)
(56) (57) . . (58)
Vol. 40, No. 1
2077 (Nov. 1946) ; U. S. Patents 2,395,866 (March 5, 1946) and 2,414,199 (Jan. 14, 1947). Hart, J. G., Cham. Eng. M i n . Rev., 37, 390 (1945). Havens, R., U. 8.Patent 2,412,217 (Dec. 10, 1946). Hendricks, H. R., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2191 (July 1947). Hergt, H. F. A., Rogers, J., and Sutherland, I(. L., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2081 (Jan. 1947). Herkenhoff, E. C., U. S. Patent 2,423,022 (June 24, 1947). Jenckes, E. X., Minerals Yearbook 1945, pp. 637-48, U. S. Bur. Mines, 1947. Keller, C. H., U. S. Patent 2,405,581 (Aug. 13, 1946.) Kennedy, J. S., and O’Meara, R. G., Ibid., 2,414,815 (Jan. 28, 1947). Lamb, F. D., U. S. Bur. Mines, Repts. Invest. 4040 (March 1947). Lew, W. L., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Mining and Met., 28,409-11 (Aug. 1947). Loane, C. M., and Gaynor, J. W., U. S. Patent 2,424,402 (July 22, 1947). Luther, L. A., Compvessed Air, 51, 286-91 (Nov. 1946). McKean, F. K., Can. Mining Met. Bull. 417 (1947); Ibid., Bull. 422 (1947). Meyers, J. F., and Lewis, F. M., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2083 (Nov. 1946). Parton, W. J., and Rubert, C. D., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2199 (May 1947). Plante, E. C., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2163 (July 1947). Plaskin, I. N., U.S.S.R. Patent 65,863 (Feb. 28, 1946). Plaskin, I. N., and Vlasova, N. S., Compt. rend. m a d . sci. U.R.S.S., 52, 55-6 (1946). Reck, W. H., Deco Trefoil Bull. M4-B46 (Sept.-Oct. 1947). Rogers, J., and Sutherland, I(. L., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2082 (Jan. 1947). Roseveare, G. H., paper presented at 1947 Metal Mining Convention, Western Div., Am. Mining Congr., El Paso, Tex. (Oct. 1947). Scott, D. W., Roe, L. il., and Sweo, B. J., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2253 (Sept. 1947). Shibler, B. K., Agey, W. W., and Ipsen, A. O., U. S. Bur. Mines, Repts. Invest. 4111 (Aug. 1947); Schack, C. H., and Poole, H. G., Ibid., 4117 (Sept. 1947); Zimmerley, S. R., and Schack, C. H., Ibid., 4123 (Sept. 1947). Shorsher, I. N., Tsvetnye Metal., 19, No. 6, 13-19 (1946). Snedden, €I. D., and Gibbs, H . L., U. S. Bur. Mines, Repts. Invest. 4071 (May 1947). Stahl, H. R., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Mining and Met., 28, 374-76 (Aug. 1947). Taggart, A. F., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2113 (Nov. 1946). Thompson, R. C., Ibid., 2192 (July 1947). Volkova. Z. V.. Comwt. rend. acad. sci. U.S.S.R.. 51, 449-52 20, 1213-24’ (1946) ; (1946)’; J . Phys. -(?hem. (U.S.S.R.), Acta Physicochim U.R.S.S., 21, 1105-13 (1946). Weiss, N., Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs., Tech. Pub. 2213 (Sept. 1947).
by permission of the Director, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior.
RECEIVED November 20, 1947. Published
FLUID DYNAMIGS DONALD F. BOUCHER,
E. I. DU PONT
DE NEMOURS & C O M P A N Y , INC., WILMINGTON, DEL.
T
HE purpose of this article is to review thc developments in the field of fluid dynamics for a two-year period extending roughly from October 1945 through September 1947. The literature for this period emphasized the expanding use of the fluidized solids techniquc in the petroleum industry, developments in gas turbine design and application, and developments in the associated field of jet propulsion, and the expanding use of ultrahigh vacuum proces.ws. The study of two-phase flow sys-
tems has also greatly increased. Considerable attention is now being focused, both in university and industrial laboratories, on pumping of slurries, cocurrent flow of liquids and gases, and pneumatic conveying. Although the design information presented to date on two-phase flbw is relatively meager, this situation should be rectified in the near future. Fluidized Solids. The fluidized solids tochnique was brought to commercial realization during the war years in the
January 1948
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
form of fluid catalytic cracking in the petroleum industry. The outstanding advantages were close temperature control, intimate contact of gas and solid, and ease of continuous solids regeneration. It is now estimated that about half of the country's catalytic cracking capacity is of the fluid type. An excellent report was given by Parent, Yagol, and Steiner (183) on a n experimental investigation of the fluidizing process. Fluidization tests were carried out on some thirty different materials. The effects of particle size distribution, chamber diameter, particle shape, and gas velocity on fluidization were investigated. Particle size distribution was found to be of primary importance, a wide spread in size giving much better results than a narrow fraction. In closely sized fractions, relatively coarse material tended to slug and relatively fine material tended to channel. Obryadchikov (179) studied the behavior of finely divided solid particles under conditions simulating the fluid catalyst process using a fine sand suspended in a stream of water in glass models. Data are given in chart form of particle concentration and height of fluidized layer at various water feed rates for different particle sizes. Kalbach (126) described a method of developing design data in the application of fluidizing techniques t o the chemical industry. He discussed the major features of the process, including both advantages and disadvantages. I n a very informative articlc Daniels (58) discussed the mechanics of flow in a fluid catalytic cracking unit. Values were given for the fluid (mixed phase) densities and velocities in the various parts of the system. By way of example, the fluidized solid circulation and pressure drop were calculated for the system and compared with actual values. Read (195) discussed design changes which have been made in the direction of equipment simplification, the principal one being the combination of reactor and regenerator into a single self-supporting column with the installation of separators in the upper outlets of both reactor and regenerator. Daniels (69) provided a description of interesting aspects of the process and equipment for the fluid catalytic unit at Deer Park, accompanied by a series of photographs of important parts of the equipment. The general principles involved in controlling the various. streams were discussed in articles by MacDonald (161, 162) and Read (196). Additional general descriptive articles on fluid catalytic cracking equipmcnt and developments were presented by Dimmig (68), Howes (118), Read (197), Snuggs (219), Thornton (236),Van Dornick (241),Walter (248),and Wickham (268). The patent literature on this subject is particularly voluminous. The following few references are given by way of example: (98, 87, 96, 129, 158, 176, 213, 214, 234, 237, 262). Complete patent coverage would be a study in itself. Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion. These two subjects are treated here as a single category because of their close association in aircraft turbojet engines. Here the gas turbine may be used t o drive a propeller or it may serve only to drive. the inlet air compressor with the thrust being derived from the jet action of the exhaust gases. Thus, most of the literature on gas turbines for aircraft also deals with the associated jet propulsion. The gas turbine is a versatile intcrnal combustion engine which can be built in larger sizes than other internal combustion engines and approachrs the Diesel engine in thermal efficiency. Higher operating temperatures should produce higher efficiencies, gut this is limited a t present by the available materials of construction. A good introductory article to the subject of gas turbines has been given ( 4 ) . Drawings and descriptions were given for numerous variations of both the open and closed type of cycle hook-ups. Streid (228) presented a good discussion of gas turbine fundamentals and performance characteristics. An exploratory survey of the gas turbine patent situation was made by Fernald (79) for the period 1925 to 1945. Wood (268) traced t h e evolution of the gas turbine and explained the thermo-
33
dynamics of the cycle. An interesting development known aa wet compression was described by Kleinschmidt (236) which consisted of introducing atomized water with the air entering the compressor. It was claimed that the work of compression waa thereby reduced 10-15010and the net power output increased by 20-30%. Two books have become available on the subject of gas turbines and jet propulsion, one by Keenan (430) and the other by Smith (218). Scheuter (207, 8U8) gives a n excellent treatment of the thermodynamic relations involved in the operation of gas turbines and jet propulsion in aircraft. Mathematical papers dealing with tho thermodynamics of turbojet engines were also presented by Meyer (165) and Reissner (199). Further information on the use of gas turbines in aircraft can be found in papers by Cox (64), Puffcr and Alford (19S), and Warner and Auyer
(660). General introductory treatments of the principles involved in jet propulsion were given by Durand ( Y O and by Pendray (184). Thermodvnamic treatments and pcrforiiiancc charts were presented by Bolt2 (28) and by Iceirn and Shoults (192); and thrust equations by Lawrcrice (141), Zucrow (267), and Moss and Foote (172). Flow a t Ultrahigh Vacuum. The use of ultrahigh vacuum processes expanded trcmendously during the war years, as for example in the atomic bomb project and the magnesium program. New design information was required to size pipelines, since the flow phenomcnon, known as molecular flow, existing a t these low pressures is entirely different from that at normal pressures. Additional information of this type has become available during the past two years. Morse (171) gave a review of the present status of high vacuum technology. Jacobs and Zuhr (121) gave a n account of the vacuum engineering at the gaseous diffusion plant for the separaParticular attention was given to methods of tion of lJ'a6. detecting leaks, obtaining vacuum tightness, and measuring pressure. Cheng (44) and Brown, DiNardo, Cheng, and Sherwood (96) have given an excellent treatment of flow of gases in pipes at high vacuum. The latter presented data on flow of air and hydrogen through copper and iron pipes and glass capillaries. The data were correlated by the 'introduction of a correction factor F in Poiseuille's equation; F was then plotted against a dimensionlees group representing the ratio of mean free path to pipe radius. This plot covered both the moleaular flow and the slip flow regions. Data were also presented on flow through elbows, valves, and short tubes. Dryer (71)prepared a manual giving formulae and methods for the design of high vacuum equipment. The formulas permit the calculation of equipment conductance for both viscous and molecular flow. I n the intermediate or slip flow region it is claimed that the conductance is the sum of the viscous and molecular flow conductances. Fundamental and Theoretical Aspects. Bakhmeteff and Allan (81)presented a n analysis of the mechanism by which the energy of turbulent fluid flow is lost through friction. The subject of energy dissipation in flow of gases attributable to a lag in the vibrational heat capacity was discussed by Kantrowitz (1a8). Batchelor (8.2) discussed the theory of axisymmetric turbulence: Matthcs (163) discussed the macroturbulence phenomena existing in natural streams and their effect on erosion, bank caving, and sediment transport. Corcoran, Roudebush, and Sage (49) obtained data on temperature and velocity distribution in a n air stream which indicate that eddy conductivity and eddy viscosity are equal, as was assumed by von KBrmAn in his analogy between heat transfer and transfer of momentum. Van Driest ($46) presented a restatement and proof of thc T theorem in his treatment of dimensional analysis and the presentation of data in fluid flow problems. A revised second edition of s work on hydrodynamics by Eck (74) has become available. A review article on fluid flow energy relations was prewnted b y
34
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
Woolatt (863). An excellent book has been prepared by Liepmann and Puckett (147)on the subject of the aerodynamics of a compressible fluid. Both introductory and advanced treatments were given. The subject of boundary layers has received considerable attention in recent N.A.C.A. reports. A concise review of the literature with forty-eight references was given by Tetervin (232). Comprehensive treatment of the subject of stability of laminar boundary layers was given by Lees (143) and by Lees and Lin (1.64). A summary of present knowledge of the mechanics of turbulent boundary layers was given by Dryden (70). Optical methods for the investigation of fluid flow were reported on by Weller (264), Ullyott (238), and Binnie (27). Weller made use of the double refraction developed in viscous shear by passing polarized light through two-dimensional flow of a solution of ethyl cellulose in ethylene glycol-methyl etheracetate. Ullyott made use of the birefringence of vanadium pentoxide sols, and Binnie used the doubly-refractive properties of a 0.25% solution of benzopurpurin. A new formula was presented by Wang (249) for the velocity distribution in turbulent flow in pipes. Stoker (22Q considered two methods of producing a uniform velocity distribution in pipes: (a) reduction in cross section, and (b) flow through a uniform resistance. Equations were derived for the prediction of the degree of uniformity so obtained. Pressure Drop in Channels (Single-phase Flow). Circular Pipes. With a few exceptions, the work on flow of liquids and of gases at low pressure drop in round pipes was concerned only with putting informat-ion already available into new forms for the purpose of simplifying design calculations. One exception was the work of Hickox, Peterka, and Elder (111). They mearmred the friction loss for three different types of surfaces in the Appalachian tunnel of the TVA. The Nikuradse roughness equation was used to predict roughness grain size based on the friction loss, and the results were in reasonable agreement with the actual conditions. Dalla Valle (67)prepared a booklet on flow in piping. Friction charts based mainly on the vork of Moody (167) were presented by Wright (MQand by Stickney ($86). Charts for the flow of water were given by Potter (188), by Adams ( I ) , and Heating and Ventilating (7). Nornographs were presented by Shataloff (911) for flow of gases, by Southem Power and Industry (16)for flow of both liquids and gasea, and by Davis (61) for the flow of molten sulfur. A chart was prepared by Baffa (BO) for the determination of the relative flow in branching or parallel lines, and one by Anderegg and Hutchinson (3) for duct sizing with partial static regain. Pipe friction charts, intended for use by petroleum engineers, were prepared by Buthod (39) and by Lambert (139). Le Grand and Rense (146) used a stroboscopic method to study rate of rise of a liquid in a capillary tube. Data were obtained for three liquids in three capillaries of different diameters. Brittin (34) developed an equation for rate of rise of a liquid in a capillary which gave results in good agreement with existing data. Sauer (206) presented an introduction to the theory of compressible fluid dynamics. Keenan and Neumann (131)determined experimentally the friction loss for flow through smooth pipes in the Mach number range of 0.27 to 3.87. The friction factors for supersonic flow were lower than those for subsonic flow. Habel and Gallagher (98) tested the effect of heat input on the pressure drop for flow of air through tubes with entrance Mach numbers varying from 0.12 to the choking value. Valves and Fittings. Poole (187)determined the effect of stem angle on pressure drop for forged-steel welded-type globe valves. Schmidt (209) measured the equivalent resistance of Crane pressure-seal bonnet stopcheck valves. Weske (266) measured the pressure loss in ducts with compound elbows using two 90' elbows arranged at three different angular positions and separated by various lengths of straight duct. Power Plant Engineeriw (14) presented a nomograph giving the equivalent lengths
Vol. 40, No. 1
Both Harper (101) and M c h l l a n and Bartlett (163) experimented on friction loss in right-angled elbows in rectangular ducts. AnndaT Space. Carpenter, Colburn, and Schoenborn (40) measured the pressure drop with flow of water in an annulus. The transition from viscous to turbulent flow occurred at a Reynolds number of 2000, similar to flow inside tubes, when the hydraulic diameter ( D z - D I ) was employed. The values of friction factor so obtained were in agreement with theory (as given by Lamb) in the viscous region, and fell on the line for commercial pipe in the turbulent region. D e Lorenzo and Anderson (64) measured the pressure drop in a double-pipe fin-tube exchanger. Correlation on the standard friction factor curve was obtained using the hydraulic diameter. Open Channels. Charts were given by McAlbert (150) and by Commons and Griffith (47) for flow in trapezoidal channels based on Manning's formula. Hill and McConaughy (113) considered the design of a spiral spillway chute. Air entrainment on spillway faces was studied by Hickox (loo), while both Peterka (186)and Lane and Lee (140) were concerned with comparisons between hydraulic performance of models and their prototypes. Two-Phase Flow in Channels. Gas-Liquid System*. Martinelli, Putnam, and Lockhart (160) made an analysis and obtained data on cocurrent flow of a gas-liquid mixture in a tube when both are flowing viscously. A similar article covering the other possible flow regime combina-tions was presented earlier by Martinelli et al. (169) for flow in'horizontal pipes. Teletov (231) described a method of calculation for two-phase mixtures. Both Davis (63) and Roddatis and Lokshin (801)were concerned with computation of circulation in water-tube boilers. Gas-Solid Systems. This paragraph is concerned only with pneumatic conveying, the related subject of fluidized solids having been treated earlier under a separate section. Hillyar-Russ (114) derived an equation for the vertical pneumatic transport of grain. Hudson (119)presented a descriptive article on pneumatic conveying with photograph and diagrams for typical systems. A few figures were given on solids loading, Liquid-Solid Systems. Binder and Busher (26) presented data on flow of grain suspensions, together with a summary of available data on other systems, all of which could be classified as Bingham-type plastics. In the turbulent flow region the materials exhibited a constant viscosity which in some cases was considerably greater than the viscosity of the suspending medium. Stephenson (226) discussed the practical aspects of pumping slurries. Flow of Solids. It is well known that granular solids under the proper conditions will flow by gravity like a fluid. Wolf and von Hohenleiten (261) studied the flow of powdered coal in chutes and presented conclusions or rules regarding pipe angles, changes in direction, convergence, etc. The Thermofor catalytic cracking process utilizes gravity flow of catalyst, and a number of descriptive articles have appeared describing methods of distributing the flow, methods of steam stripping, methods of vapor disengaging, etc.-for example, Noll, Hoge, and Luntz (177),Kelley ( I S ) , Noll, Bergstrom, and Holdom (176,178), and Newton, Dunham, and Simpson (174). The latter gave an equation based on experimental data for gravity flow of catalyst through an orifice. Drag and Flow around Objects. Experiments were made by White (867)on the drag of cylinders, and by Theodorsen and Regier (233) on the drag of revolving disks and cylinders. Flow patterns were studied in. the wake of parallel cylinders by Spivack (821), and for compressible flow past a sphere by Van Driest (843). A paper concerned in part with wind-tunnel work on flow around projectiles was presented by Hankins and Cope (100). Robinson (200) studied the rate of rise of air bubbles in lubricating oils with and without additives. Flow through Equipment. Heat Exchangers. Gunter and Shaw (97) presented a semiempirical correlation for pressure
of valves and fittings.
January 1948
*
’
~
35
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
drop across banks of both bare tubes and extended surfaces applying to both staggered and in-line arrangements, and both streamline and turbulent flow. Flow across banks of finned tubes was investigated by Jameson (122) and by Armstrong (17). Joyner and Palmer (194) measured pressure drop across banks of streamlined elliptical tubes. Beds of Solzds. The most extensive work in this field during the past two years appeared to be that of Rose ( 2 W ) ,who derived a n equation wherein pressure drop is proportional to porosity raised to some power. Rose then obtained a plot of this exponent us. porosity based on both new and old data. The effect of particle shape was not completely established. Hiles and Mott (112) measured pressure drop across beds of coke of varying porosity and particle size. Morcom (169) proposed a new equation for flow through beds of granular materials, the constants in which were evaluated for a number of different materials. Arne11 (18) modified the Kozeny equation for use in determining specific surface of fine powders under subatmospheric pressures by including a term to allow for molecular flow. Zenz (966) studied the mechanism of countercurrent gas-liquid flow in packed towers with particular emphasis on the transition from gascontinuous t o liquid-continuous flow. Deryagin and Krylov (65) studied the flow of water through porous ceramic and carbon filters, and Hodgins, Flood, and Dacey (116) studied the flow of gases through sintered glass. Ventilating Hoods. Dalla Valle (56) presented a rather comprehensive treatment of this subject in a booklet in which suction velocity contours were given for a wide variety of hoo L openings and arrangements. Brandt, Steffy, and Huebscher ($2) presented equations for hood centerline approach velocities for unflanged and flanged openings. Hemeon (106) treated the subjcct of convection dispersion as it affects ventilation of working areas. The entrance loss t o 175 different types of suction openings were measured by Brandt and Steffy (31). Further information has been given on exhaust hood design and application (15,$0, @, 107, 108, 127, 180,190, 191, 216). Pumping Machinery. Centrifugal Pumps. General articles on selection and performance of centrifugal pumps were presented by Olmstead (180), Fabrin (78), and Woolfenden (264). I n an excellent article on the effect of viscosity on centrifugal pump performance, Ippen (120) gave the results of tests employing viscosities up t o 10,000 S.S.U. in the form of power, head, and capacity ratios plotted against a special pump Reynolds number with lines of constant specific speed. This same subject was treated by Olmstead (181), who also presented head and capacity correction plots. The subject of cavitation in centrifugal pumps was treated by both Stepanoff (924) and Dziallas (73). Vanderboegh (240) described model tests of Granby pumps, and Leibenson (146) described the operation of a centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump in series. Gear Pumps. Two fine articles oti rotary pump theory and performance were given by Wilson (260) and by Beacham (23). Blowers and Compressors. The develapment of axial flow fans and compressors has proceeded at a rapid pace during the last few years with attainment of relatively high pressures through improved bladc design, multistaging, and high rotational speeds. The design and performance of such equipment has been treated by Eckert (75), Howel (117), Kahane (126), Markert (167),Sinnette (215), and by Heating and Ventilating Engineering (9). Notcs on compressors and blowers, taken from “Compressed Air Handbook,” were given (6). Concordia and Dowel1 (48) discussed the dcsign of centrifugal air compressors. Ejectors. Design procedures for low compression ejectors are becoming better established, but the design of high vacuum or high compression ejectors still retains the status of a n art. Low compression ejector design has been treated in some detail in articles by Kroll (1.379, Benton and Engdahl (24),and Heating and Ventilating (8). Performance of high compression ejectors was discussed by Freneau (83) and by Freneau, Kelso, and Hoge
(84). The design of two-dimensional supersonic nozzles (192) is of interest here even though ejectors employ three-dimensional nozzles. The expanding use of ultrahigh vacuum systems has focused attention on pumps t o produce such vacuums (46,194). Jets. Cleeves and Boelter (45) presented new data on velocity contours for both isothermal and heated jets, and a comparison waa made with available literature data. Corrsin (60, made both axial and radial velocity traverses on jets of air and compared the results with theory. Corrsin (51) also investigated parallel two-dimensional jets. The throw of air from slots and jets was studied by Madison and Elliot (155) in connection with ventilation. Viktorin (246)studied the turbulent mixing zone with water jetting into water. Cavitation. wore light has been shed by recent articles on t h a t troublesome phenomenon of bubble formation and collapse known as cavitation. A general discussion is given in a n article on cavitation by Speller (220). Fundamental studies were made by Harvey, Mchlroy, and Whitely (104) and by Osborne (182). Ship propeller cavitation was discussed by Efros (76). A symposium on cavitation in hydraulic structures included articles by Venard (,944), Harrold ( l o g ) , Warnock ( 2 5 l ) , and Hickox (110). Forty-four references appeared in the symposium bibliography. Metering. Recent Developments. The use of electromagnetic induction in the metering of liquids has received further attention. Kolin (136) described its application to the measurement of flow rate, velocity distribution, and velocity fluctuations. Guelke and Schoute-Vanneck (94) described similar equipment and its application t o measurement of sea-water velocities. Silverman and Epstein (212) described a new direct reading flap-type meter for gases. A calorimetric flowmeter for gases was described by Brown and Kronberger (35). The measurement depends upon the specific heat of the gas and the temperature gradient in a heated tube. General. A second edition of “Flow Metering Engineering Handbook” by Gem and Irwin (88) has become available. Lmdah1 (148) discussed pulsation aa it affects flowmeters and means for eliminating or reducing that effect. Orifice, Venturi, and Nozzle. An extensive treatment of metering with orifices, Venturi tubes, and flow nozzles waa presented by Finnicome (80). Orifice charts were presented by McReynolds (164) for general w ,by Davis (62) for steam, and by Weeks (263)for light liquid hydrocarbons. Orifice coefficients were measured by Greve (W), and orifice design and installation discussed by Gess and Irwin (89). Guillen (95) described a selfcleaning orifice made from a common plug cock. The calibration and use of Venturi meters were described by Vibert (945) and by Rousselet (90.4). Charts and equations were given by Smith (217)for both critical and subcritical flow through nozzles. Pitot Tubes and Vane Anemometers. Lindsey (1.69) calibrated a n impact pressure probe at velocities up t o a Mach number of 0.76. A new design for a direction-indicating Pitot tube was described by Hamilton (99). Jorissen and Ledent (128) discussed the calibration and use of windmill-type anemometers. Rotameters. I n a review article on rotameters Fischer (81) presented the equations and technique for the transposition of calibration bettween fluids. See also reference (13). Open Channel Devices. Low-head metering elements were reviewed by Cox ( 5 3 ) . Nester and Hanes (173) presented discharge tables for the Parshall flume. The use of weirs was discussed by Hart (IOS),and the metering of solids-laden liquids by Sprenklc (232). HotWire Anemometers. A relatively large amount of information has recently become available on the design and use of hot-wire anemometers, particularly for experimental work, Schubauer Reference should he made t o articles by Weske and Klebanoff (.%’lo), Mehaffey (164, Martinelli and Randall (1611, Daetwyler (66),Corrsin (69), and Piret, James, and Stacy (186). The last reference is particularly interesting because of
(Ha,
36
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
the successful use of the instrument with both distilled and tap water. Vortex Refrigerating Device. A rather remarkable vortex refrigerating device, discovered in a German lnboratory, takes compressed gas and produces two streanis, one warm and one cold. The best paper on this device was that of EIilsch (115), who presented data on design and operation. Drawings and general descriptions were given by Popular Science (18)and a report in IIVDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(f 0). There seemed to be no general agreement as to the mechanism of operation, but opinions have been, submitted by Rudkin (bO5), Roebuck (%‘Ow), FOB (82), and Taylor ($30). At present it is little more than a laboratory curiosity, no large scale commercial application having been proposed. Anomalous Viscosity. Many high viscosity solutions and most liquid-solid suspensions are non-Newtoilian in character and exhibit anomalous viscosity. They may be classified as pseudoplastic, Bingham plmtic, thixotropic, dilatant, or rheopectic, depending upon whether they exhibit a vield value, the manner in which their apparent viscosity changes with variations in rate of shear, and the presence or absence of time effects. The situation is rendered complex by the fact that a given system in many instances can pass from one classification to another solely through changes in concentration or in degree of dispersion. There is no general agreement as to the cause of some of this rheological behavior. A considerable amount of enlightening material on the general subject of rheology and on the rheology of a wide variety of specific systems has appeared during the past two years. Reference should be made to the following publications: Steiner (223),Green and Weltmann (QB), Rfardles (156), Arnold (f9),Bikerman (25), Frolich and Sach (85), Eyring (77), Bridgman (33), Alexander (a), Voet (247), Bondi (bQ), Green (9f),Tollenaar (a%), Carr (4f),Reid and Sen Gupta (1981, Kennedy (I%$), Dow (69), Williamson (959, Garner and Nissan (861,Val’dman (d39), and Nature magazine (11). Space limitations preclude discussing each one individually. A great many articles have appeared on rotational viscometers especially designed for the study of rheology. Some of these are described in the following references: Buchdahl, Curado, and Braddicks ( S 7 ) , Carver and Van Wazer (@), Dewey (66), Goldberg and Sandvik (QO),and Mooney (168). The theory and application of the parallel plate plastometer was discussed by Dienes and Klemm (67). It is not particularly suited, however, to the investigation of non-Newtonian characteristics. The use of a torsionally vibrating crystal in the study of viscosity as a function of rate of shear was discussed by Mason (162). Morris and Schnurmann (170) described a jet viscometer capable of producing rates of shear as high as 100,OOO reciprocal seconds. Miscellaneous. A flow phenomenon known as the Coanda effect was described by Lawton (f42)and by Flight magazine (e), wherein a high velocity rectangular jet can be made to follow a suitably curved surface with no other restraining walls. The idea of applying the phenomenon to obtain improved ejector design was advanced by H. Coanda. The control and prcdiction of pulsation frequency in a duet system was discussed by Heath and Elliot (fO5),wherein a duct system connected to a compressor was postulated to behave like a Helmholz resonator. Davies (60) measured the hydraulic gradient on a bubble-cap column tray and correlated the data with the aid of a derived equation. Miles (166) studied the drainage of liquid through foams. Liquid flow rates were measured &s a function of the amount of liquid held in the foam. Kuykov and Yakhontova (138) studied the flow of water through glass models of towers using color filaments to determine the active volume of the tower and the uniformity of holdup. Various inlet distributors were tried.
Vol. 40, No. 1
The use of turboexpanders simdtaneously to obtain work from and cool compressed gases was described by Swearingen (2299). LITERATURE CITED
Adams, G. R., Petroleum Refiner, 26, 158-9 (1947). Alexander, J., “Colloid Chemistry,” Vol. VI, New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 1946. Anderegg, R. H., and Hutchinson, F. W., Heating, Piping Air Conditioning, 18, 97-100 (hug. 1946). Anonymous, Chem. Eng., 53, 123-30 (Drc. 1946). Anonymous, Combustion, 18, 36-7 (June 1947). Anonymous, Flight, 50, 174-5 (1946). Anonymous, Heating and Ventilating, 43, 58-62 ( M a r . 1916). 1 Ibid., 44, 82-94 (July 1947). Anonymous, Heating Ventilating Eng., 20, 228-8 (Nov. 1946) : Ibid., 21, 308-17 (Jan. 1947). Anonymous, I N D . ENG.CHEhf., 38, adv. p. 5 (May 1946). Anonymous, Nature, 159, 70-1 (1947). Anonymous, Povular Sci.. 150. 144-6 (1947). Anohymous, Power Plant Eng.,’ 50, 96-8 (Juhe 1946). Ibid., 50, 112 (Oct. 1946). Anonymous, Sheet Metal Worker, 38, 60-2 (Mar. 1947). Anonymous, Southern Power and I d . , 64, 98 (-4pr. 1946). Armstrong, R. M., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech Engrs., 67, 675-82 (1945).
Arnell, J. C., Can. J . Research, 24, 103-16 (Nov. 1946). Arnold, J. E., Paint Tech., 10, No. 118, 243-7 (1945). Baffa, J. J., Water & Sewage Works, 94, No. 4, 126-9 (1947). Bakhmeteff, B. A., and Allan, W., Proc. A m . SOC.Civil Engra., 71, 129-66, 789-90, 959-65, 1415-24 (1945); 72, 857-63 (1946). Batchelor, G. K., Proc. Roy. SOC.(London), A186, 472-9 (1946). Beacham, T. E., Inst. Mech. Engrs. (London), Proc., 155, 41752 (1946). Bent& E. D., and Engdahl, R. B., Trans. -4m.SOC.Mech. Engrs., 69, 35-45 (1947). Bikerman, J. J., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 23-9 (1946). Binder, R. C., and Busher, J. E., 6.Applied Mechanics, 13, A101-5 (1946). Binnie, A. M., Proc. Roy. SOC.(London), A57, 390-402 (1946). Bolts, R. E., Trans. SOC. Automotive Engrs., 1, 235-51 (1947). Bondi, A., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 337-50 (1946). Brandt, A. D., Heating and Ventilating, 43, 67-70 (Mar. 1946). Brandt, A. D., and Steffy. R J., Heating, Piping Air Conditioning, 18, 105-19 (Sept. 1946). Brandt, A. D., Steffy, R J., and Huebscher, R. G., Ibid., 19, 101-8 (Feb. 1947). Bridgman, P. W., J . Colloid Sci., 2, 7-16 (1947). Brittin, W. E., J. Applied Phys., 17, 37-44 (1946). Brown, A. F., and Kronberger, H., J . Sci. Instruments, 24, 1515 (1947). Brown, G. P., DiNardo, A., Cheng, G. K., and Sherwood, T. K., J . Applied Phvs., 17, 802-13 (1946). Buchdahl, R., Curado, J. G., and Braddicks, R., Rev. Sci. Instrzrmentu, 18, 168-72 (1947). Burnside, H. E. W., and Ogorzaly. H. J. (to Standard Oil Development Co.), U. Patent 2,414,852 (Jan. 28, 1947). Buthod, P., Oil Gas J . , 45, No. 20, 224 (1946). Carpenter, F. G., Colburn, A. P., and Schoenborn, E. M., Trans. A m . Inst. Chem. Engrs.,42, 165-87 (1946). Carr, W., Paint Manuf., 16, No. 6, 190-2 (1946). Carsev. E. A., .4m. Fovndruman, 11, No. 3 , 4 2 , 46-7 (1947). Carver, E. K., and Van Wazer, J. R., J . Phus. & Colloid Chem., 51, 751-63 (1947). Cheng, G. K., D.S. thesis, Mass. Inst. Tcch. (1945). Clceves, V., and Boelter, L. M. K., Chem. Eng. Progress, 43, 123-34 (1047). Colaiaco, A. P., a n d Izopper, D. L., Westinghouse Engr., 6, 1037 (1946). Commons, G. G., and Griffith, L. B., Eng. News Record, 137, 664 (1946). Concordia, C., and Dowell, M . F., J . Applied Mechanics, 13, A 2 7 0 4 (1946). Corcoran, W. H., Roudebush, B., andsage, B. H., Chem. Eng. Progress, 1, Trans. A m . Inst. Chem. Enors., 43, 1 3 5 4 2 (1947). Corrsin, S.,Natl. Advisoru Comm Aeronaut., Wartime Re@. A.C.R. L323 (1943). ~. Ibid., 4H24 (19i4). ’ Corrsin. S., Rev. Sci. Instruments, 18, 469-71(1947). Cox, G. N., La. State Unizi. Eng. E x p . Station News, 3, 2-6 (May 1947).
s.
~
January 1948
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Cox, H. R , J . Aeronaut. Sci., 13,53-87 (1946). Daetwler, G., Mitt. Inst. Aerodyn. E.T.H. (Zurich), No. 8, 3443 (1913) ; Br;t Ministry Aircraft Prod., R.P.T. Translation 570. 24013 Dalla Valle, J. M.,“Exhaust Hoods,” New York, Heating & Ventilating, 1944. Dalla Valle, J. M., “Fluid Flow in Piping,” New York. Heating & Ventilating. 1946. Daniels. L. S., Petroleum Refiner. 25, 435-42 (1946). Ihid., 26, 65-72 (1947). Davies. J. A , , IND. EX. CHEM.,39, 774-8 (1947). Davis, D. S., Chem. Industries, 61, 278-SO (1947). Davis, D. S., Chem. &. M e t . Eng., 52, 117 (Mar. 1946); 53, 1467 (May 19413). Davis, R. F., Engineering, 163, 145-8 (1947). De Lorenzo, B., and Anderson, E. D., Trans. A m . Sac. Mech. Engrs., 67, (337-702 (1945). Deryagin, B. V., and Krylov, N. A., Con/. on Viscosity of Liquids and Colloidal S o h . (U.S.S.R.), 2, 52-3 (1944): Chem. Abs., 40, No. 12, 3314 (1946). Dewey, P. H., Oflcial Digest Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, NO. 259, 336-51 (1946). Dienes, G. J., and Klemm, H. F., J . Applied Phys., 17, 458-71 (1946). Ditnmig, H., Petroleum Times, 49, 1036-8 (1945). Dow, R. B., J . Colloid Sci., 2, 81-91 (1947). Dryden, H. L., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 1168 (1947). Dryer, W. P., U. S. Dept. of Commerce, PB 50919 (1946). Durand, TV. F., Mech. Eng., 68, 191-3 (1946). Dziallss, R., Engrs.’ Digest, 3, 403-6 (1946) ; 2.Ver. deut. Ing., 1945 Eck, B., “Technische Stroemungslehr,” Berlin, Julius Springer 1944; Ann Arbor, Mich., Lithoprinted Edwards Bras., 1946. Eckert, B., Engrs.’ Digest, 3, 343-6 (1946); 2. Ver. deut. Ing., 88, 516-20 (1944). Efros, D. A., Compt. rend. acad. sci. U.R.S.S., 51, No. 4, 26770 (1946) Eyring, H., J. Colloid Sci., 2, 17-19 (1947). Fabrin, A. O., Southern Power and Ind., 64, No. 5, 46-51, 73 (1946). Fernald, E. M., Mech. Eng., 68, 727-32 (1946). Finnicome, J. R., Mech. World, 120, 371-5 (Oct. 4, 1946) ; 41621 (Oct. 11, 1946) ; 435-9 (Oct. 18, 1946); 502-7 (Nov. 1, 1946) ; 560-3 (Nov. 15, 1946) : 634-9 (Dec. 6, 1946). Fischer, K., Petroleum Refiner, 26, 30-6 (1947). FOB,A., IND.ENG.CHEM.,38, adv. pp. 8, 10 (Dec. 1946). Freneau, P., Chem. & Met. Eng., 53, 104-7 (June 1946). Freneau, P., Kelso, K., and Hoge, A. W., Trans. A m . Sac. Mech. Engrs., 69, 69-79 (1947). Frohlich, H., and Sach, R., Proc. Roy. SOC.(London), A187, 415-30 (1946). Garner, F. H., and Nissan, A. H., Nature, 158, No. 4018, 634 (1946). Gerhold, C. G. (to Universal Oil Products Co.), U.S. Patent 2,414,373 (Jan. 14, 1947). Gcss, L., and Irwin, R. D., “Flow Metering Engineering Handbook,” 2nd ed., Brown Instrument Co. Gess. L.. and Irwin. R. D.. Instrumentation, 2, 17-18 (MayJune 1946). Goldberg. H., and Sandvik, O., IND. ENG.CHEM.,ANAL.ED., 19, 123-31 (1947). Green, H., J . Colloid Sci., 2, 93-8 (1947)Green, H., and Weltmann, R. N., IND.ENG.CHEM.,ANAL. ED., 18, 167-72 (1946). Greve, F. W., Pzirdue Univ. Eng. Exp. Sta., Res. Serial 95 ( 1945) . Guelke, R. W.. and Schoute-Vanneck. C. A., J. Inst. Elect. Engrs. (London), 94, Pt. 11,No. 37, 71-4 (1947). Guillen, A. C., Chem. & Met. Eng., 53, 145 (May 1946). Gunness, R C., and Jewcll, J. W. (to Standard Oil of Indiana and M. W. Kellogg Co.), 0. S. Patent 2,410,284 (Oct. 29, 1946). Gunter, A . Y., and Shaw, W. A., Trans. A m . Sac. Mech. Engrs., 67, 643-60 (1945). Habel, L. W., and Gallagher, J. J., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 1362 (1947). Hamilton, W. S., Civil Eng., 16, 265-7 (1946). Hankins, G. A., and Cope, W. I?., Inst. Mech. Engrs., 155, 401-16 (1946). Haroer. J. S.. J . Aeronaut. Sci., 13, 587-92 (1946). (102) Harrold, J. C., Proc. A m . SOC.Civil Engrs., 71, 1014-40 (1945). 103) Hart, W. B., Petroleum Processing, 2, 31-4 (Jan. 1947)
37
Harvey, E. N., McElroy, W. D., and Whitely, A. H., J . Applied Phys., 18, 162-72 (1947). Heath, W. R., and Elliott, W. R., J . AppZied Mechanics, 13, A291-3 (1946). Hemeon, W. C. L., Heating and Ventilating, 43, 69-73 (Jan. 1946). Hermann, C. C., Chem. & Met. Eng., 53, 158-61 (Feb. 1946). Ibid., 53, 118-21 (Mar. 1946). Hickox, G. H., Civil Eng., 15, 562-3 (1945). Hickox, G. H., Proc. Am. SOC.Civil Engrs., 71, 1057-68 (1945). Hickox, G. H., Peterka, A. J., and Elder, R. A,, Ibid., 73, 45170 (1947). Hiles, J., and Matt, R. A., Fuel, 24, 135-42, 158-71 (Nov.-Dec. 1945). Hill, R. A., and McConaughy, D. C., Civil Eng., 15, 499-500 (1945). l . Chem. Eng. Soc., 2, 48-57 (1946). Hillyar-Russ, G., J.I m p . CoZoE Hilsch, R., Rem Sci. Instruments, 18, 108-13 (1947). Hodgins, J. W., Flood, E. R., and Dacey, J. R., Can. J. Research, 24B, 167-77 (1946). Howel, A. R., Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., 153, 452-62 (1946). Howes, D. A., Ind. Chemist, 23, 217-25 (1947). Hudson, W. G., Compressed Air Mag., 49, 223-9 (Sept. 1944) Ippen. A. T., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 68, 823-48 (1946). Jacobs, R. B., and Zuhr, H. F., J. Applied Phys., 18, 34-48 (1947). Jameson, S. L., Trans. Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., 67, 633-42 (1945). Jorissen, A., and Ledent, P., Rev. universelle mines, 89, 249-64 (1946). Joyner, U. T., and Palmer, C. B., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Wartime Rept. L609 (1943). Kahane, A., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 1199 (1947). Kalbach, J. C., Chem. Eng., 54, 105-8 (Jan. 1947). Kane, J. M., Heating and Ventilating, 42, 68-76 (Nov. 1945). Kantrowitz, A., J . Chem. Phys., 14, No. 3, 150-64 (1946). Kassel, L. S. (to Universal Oil Prod.), U. S. Patent 2,411,996 (Dec. 3, 1946). Keenan, J. G.. “Elementary Theory of Gas Turbines and Jet Propulson,” London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1946. Keenan, J. H., and Neumann, E. P., J . Applied Mechanics, 13, A91-100 (1946). Keirn, D. J., and Shoults. D. R., J. Aeronaut. S c i , 13, 411-24 (1946). Kelley, A. E., Petroleum Engr.. 16, 136-42 (1945). Kennedy, H. T., Oil Gas J.,45, 181-7 (1946). Kleinschmidt, R. V., Mech. Eng., 69, 115-16 (1947). Kolin, A., Rev. Sci. Instruments, 16, No. 5, 109-16 (1945). Kroll, A. E., Cham. Eng. Progress, 1,21-4 (Feb. 1947). Kul’kov, F. A., and Yakhontova, E. L., Khim. Prom., No. 2, 11-13 (1945). Lambert, H. W., Oil Gas J . , 45, No. 20, 222-5 (1946). Lane, E. W., and Lee, J. D., Civil Eng., 15, 556-7 (1945). Lawrence, L., Mech. Eng., 68, 615-16, 636 (1946). Lawton, F., Am. Helicopter, 3, No. 9, 31,41 (1946). Lees, L., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 1360 (1947). Lees, L., and Lin, C. C., Ibid., 1115 (1946). Le Grand, E. J., and Rense, W. A., J . Applied Phvs., 16,843-6 (1945). Leibenson, L. S., Engrs.’ Digest, 3, 331-3 (1946); Bull. acad. Tech. Class, 1945, No. 6 , 491-6. sci. U.R.S.S., Liepmann, H. W., and Puckett, A. E., “Introduction to Aerodynamics of a Compressible Fluid,” New York. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1947. Lindahl, E. J., Trans. Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., 68,883-94 (1946). Lindsey, W. F., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Wartime Rept. L273 (1942) McAlbert, P., Water Works & Sewerage, 92, 350-1 (1945). MacDonald, M., Instrumentation, 2, No. 3,11-13 (1946). MacDonald, M., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 471-4 (1946). McLellan, C. H., and Bartlett, W. A., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Wartime Rept. L328 (1941). McReynolds, E. E., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 398-403 (1946). Madison, R. D., and Elliot, W. R., Heating, Piping Air Conditioning, 18, 108-9 (Nov. 1946). Mardles, E. W. J., Nature, 159, No. 4028,70-1 (1947). Markert, J. W., Heating and Ventilating, 42, 80-4 (Dec. 1945). Martin, H. Z.(to Standard Oil Development C o . ) ,U.S. Patent 2,414,883 (Jan. 28, 1947). I
38
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(159) Martinelli, R. C., Boelter, L. K. M., Taylor, T. H. M., Thomsen, E. G., and Morrin, E. H., Trans. A m . Soc. Mech. Engrs., 66, 139-51 (1944). (160) Martinelli, R. C., Putnam, J. A., and Lockhart, R. W., Trans. A m . Inst. Chem. Engrs., 42, 681-705 (1946). (161) Martinelli, R. C., and Randall, R. D., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 68, 75-9 (1946). (162) Mason, W.P., Ibid., 69, 359-70 (1947). (163) Matthes, G. €I., Trans. A m . Geophys Union, 28, 255-65 (1947). (164) Mehaffey, W. R., Radio-Electronic Eng., 7, 11-13 (Oct. 1946). (165) Meyer, C. A., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 69, 237-44 (1947). (166) Miles, G. D., J . Phys. Chem., 49, N o . 2, 93-107 (1945). (167) Moody, L. F., Trans. A m . SOC.hlech. Engrs., 66, 671-84 (1944). (168) Mooney, M., J . Colloid Sci., 1, 195-208 (1946). (169) Morcom, A. R., Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs (London) and SOC. Chem. I d . (London), Chem. Eng. Group Advance Copy (Mar. 12, 1946). (170) Morns, W. J., and Schnurmann, R., Rev. Sci. Instruments, 17, 17-22 (Jan. 1946). ENG.CHEM.,39, 1064-71 (1947). (171) Morse, R. S.,IND. (172) Moss, S. A., and Foote, W. R., J . Aeronaut. Sci., 13, 111-18 (1946). (173) Nester, N. W., and Hanes, G. C., Water Works & Sewerage, 92, NO. 6, 206-7 (1945). (174) Newton, R. H., Dunham, G. S.,and Simpson, T. P., Oil Gas J., 44, 84, 87-8, 91-2, 94 (June 2, 1945). (175) Nicholson, E. W. S.,and Redcay, A. K. (to Standard Oil Development Co.), U. S.Patent 2,409,690 (Oct. 22, 1946). (176) Noll, H. D., Bergstrom, E. V., and Holdom, K. G., Natl. Petroleum News, 38, R304-11 (1946). (177) Noll, H. D., Hoge, A. W., and Lunts, D. bl., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 599-605 (1946). (178) Noll, H. D., Holdon, K. G., and Bergstrom, E. V., Zbid., 25 273-43 (1946). (179) Obryadchikov, S. N., Neftyanoe Khoz., 24, No. 1 1 , 3 6 4 5 (1946). (180) Olmstead, P. J., Heating and Ventilating, 43, 83-90 (Feb. 1946). (181) Zbid., 43, 82-8 (Sept. 1946). (182) Osborne, M. F. M., Trans. A m . Soc. Mech. Engrs., 69, 293-66 (1947). (183) Parent, J. D., Yagol, N., and Steiner, C. S. Chem. Eng. Progress, 43, 429-36 (1947). (184) Pendray, G . E., Mech. Eng., 68, 611-14 (1946). (185) Peterka, A. J., Civil Eng., 16,249-51 (1946). (186) Piret, E. L., James, W., and Stacy, M., IND.ENG.CHEM.,39, 1098-1103 (1947). (187) Poole, E. B., Heating, Piping Air Conditionihg, 19, 74-7 (June 1947). (188) Potter, P. J., Power, 91, KO.5, 355 (1947). (189) Postman, B. F., Heating and Ventilating, 43, 82-8 (Apr. 1946). (190) Postman, B. F., and Battista, W. F., Zbid., 44, 53-6 (Jan, 1947). (191) Zbid., 44, 83-7 (Feb. 1947). (192) Puckett, A. E., J . Applied Mechanics, 13, A265-A270 (1946). (193) Puffer, S.R., and Alford, J. S.,Mech. Eng., 67,803-12 (1945). (194) Ray, K., .and Sen Gupta, N. D., Indian J . Phys., 19, 1 3 8 4 5 (1945). (195) Read, D., Natl. Petroleum News, 38, R313-17 (1946). (196) Read, D., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 233-6 (1946). (197) Read, D., Petroleum Times, 50, 426-8,430 (1946). (198) Reid, A., and Sen Gupta, N. C., Nature, 159, 336-7 (1947). (199) Reissner, H., J . Aeronaut. Sci., 14, 197-210 (1947). (200) Robinson, J. V., J. Phys. & Colloid Chem., 51, 431-7 (1947). (201) Roddatis, K. F., and Lokshin, V. A., Engrs.’ Digest, 3, 613-17 (1946). (202) Roebuck, J. R., IND. ENG.CHEM.,38, adv. p. 8 (Dec. 1946). (203) Rose, H. E., Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., 153, War Emergency Issue No. 5, 141-61 (1945). (204) Rousiolet, R., Chalcur & Ind., 27, 185-92, 209-18, 225-6 (1946). (205) Rudkin, A. W., IND. ENQ.CHEM.,38, adv. p. 5 (Dee. 1946). (206) Sauer, R., Engrs.’ Digest, 3, 297-302 (1946) ; Z . Ver. deut. Zleg., 88, 301-7 (1944). (207) Scheuter, K. R., Engrs.’ Digest, 3, 238-42 (1946); Flugwehr und Technik, 7, 209-14 (1945). (208) Scheuter, K. R., Engrs.’ Digest, 4, 151-7 (1947); Flugwehr und Technik, 8 , 290-5, 318-23 (1946). (209) Schmidt, E. G., Valve World, 44, 66-9 (July 1947). (210) Schubauer, G. B., and Klebanoff. P. S., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Wartime Rept. A.C.R. 5K27 (1946). (211) Shataloff, N. S., Heating and Ventilating, 43, 89 (Nov. 1946). (212) Silverman, L., and Epstein, L., Heating, Piping Air Conditioning, 18, 100-4 (May 1946).
Vol. 40, No. 1
(213) Simpson, T. P., Payne, J. W.,and Crowiey, J . A. (to Socony Vacuum oil co.), U.8.Patent 2,410,309 (Oct. 29, 1946). (214) Simpson, T. P., Payne, J. W., and Evans, L. P.,Ibid., 2,409,596 (Oct. 15, 1946). (215) Sinnette, J. T., J . Aeronaut. Sci., 14, 269-82 (1947). (216) Skinner, J. B., and Pierce, W. M., Heating and Ventilating, 43 72-5 (Feb. 1946). (217) Smith, C. W., J . Aeronaut. Sci., 13, 309-15 (1946). (218) Smith, G. G., “Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion for iiircraft,” New York, Aircraft Books, Inc., 1948. (219) Snuggs, J. F., Petroleum Refiner, 26, 129-32 (1947). (220) Speller, F. N., A m . SOC.Testing Materials Bull., 133, 21-2 (1945). (221) Spivack, H. M., J . Aeronaut. Sci., 13, 289-301 (1946). (222) Sprenkle, R. E., Water Works & Sewerage, 92, 345-9 (1945), (223) Steincr, L. A., Rheol. Bull., 16, 93-4 (1945). (224) Stepanoff, A. J., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 67, 539-52 (1945). (225) Stephenson, ‘N. B., A m . Inst. i l l k i n g M e t . Engrs., Mining Tech., 10,No. 3; Tech. Pub. 2013 (1946). (226) Stickney, A. B., Refrig. Eng., 53, 129-31 (Feb. 1947). ENG.CHEM.,38, 622-4 (1946). (227) Stoker, R. L., IND. (228) Streid, D. D., Mech. Eng., 68, 127-33 (1946). (229) Swearingen, J. S.,Chem. Eng. Progress. 1, Trans. A m . Inst. Chem. Engrs., 43, 85-90 (1947). (230) Taylor, W. J., IND.ENG.CHEM.,38, adv. pp. 10, 12, 14 (Dee. 1946). (231) Teletov, S.G., Compt. rend. acad. sci. U.R.S.S., 51, KO.8, 57982 (1946). (232) Tetervin, N., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. n’ote 1384 (1947). (233) Theodorsen, T., and Regier, A., it’atl. Advisory Comrn. Aeronaut., Wartime Rept. A.C.R. L4F16 (1944). (234) Thomas, C. L., and Pinkston, T. (to Universal Oil Prod.), U. S. Patent 2,414,002 (Jan. 7, 1947). (235) Thornton, D. P., Petroleum Processing, 2, 173-6 (Mar. 1947). (236) Tollenaar, D., and Bolthof, H., IND.ENG. CHEM.,38, 851-3 (1946). (237) Tyson, C. W. (to Standard Oil Development Co.), U. S.Patent 2,411,603 (Nov. 26, 1946). (238) Ullyott, P., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 69, 245-51 (1947). (239) Val’dman, V. L., Zavodskaya Lab., 11, 1077-81 (1945); Chem. Aba., 40, No. 22, 7581 (1946). (240) Vanderboegh, B. L., Trans. A m . SOC.Xlech. Engrs., 69, 53540 (1947). (241) Van Dornick, E., Petroleum Engr., 18, No. 7, 149-54 (1947). (242) Van Driest, E. R., J. Applied &fechanics, 13, 934-40 (1946). (243) Van Driest, E. It., J . Applied Phys., 18, 194-8 (1947). (244) Venard, J. K., Proc. A m . SOC.Civil Engrs., 71, 1000-13 (1945). (245) Vibert, A., Engrs.’Digest, 3, 574-6 (1946) ; Gnie civil, 123, 13841 (June 1946). (246) Viktorin, K., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Memo 1096 (1946). (247) Voet, A., J . Phys. & Colloid C h m . , 51, 1037-63 (1947). (248) Walter, J . F., J . Inst. Petroleum, 32, 295-303 (1946). (249) Wang, C. T., J . A p p l i e d Mechanics, 13,A85-90 (1946). (250) Warner, D. I?., and Auyer, E . L., Mech. Eng., 67, 707-14 (1945). (251) Warnock, J. E., Proc. A m . SOC.CivilEngrs., 71, 1041-56 (1945). (252) Warrick, H. R. (to The Texas Co.), U. S. Patent 2,413,271 (Dee. 24, 1946). (253) Weeks, R. W., Petroleum Refiner, 25, 175-9 (1946). (254) Weller, R., J . Applied Mechanics, 14, A103-7 (1947). (255) Weske, J. R., Natl. Advisory C‘omm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 990 (1946). (256) M’eske, J. R., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Wartime Rept. W39 (1946). (257) White, C. M., Proc. Roy. SOC.(London), A186, 472-9 (1946). (258) Wickham, H. P., Mech. Eng., 68, 237-40 (1946). (259) Williamson, W. O., Nature, 157, 341-2 (1946). (260) Wilson, W. E., Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engra., 68,371-84 (1946) (261) Wolf, E. F., and von Hohenleiten, H. L., Ibid., 67, 585-99 (1945). (262) Wood, B., Engineer, 177, 202, 224, 242 (Mar. 1944). (263) Woolntt, E., Ind. Chem., 22, 537-44 (1946). T 18, 74-6 (264) Woolfenden, J. J., Heating, Piping A ~ Conditioning, (Sept. 1946). (265) Wright, D. K., Zbid., 17, 577-84 (Oct. 1945). (266) Zenz, F. A., Chem. Eng. Progress, 43,415-28 (1947). (267) Zucrow, M .J., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 68,177-88 (1946). I
