Subscriber access provided by UB + Fachbibliothek Chemie | (FU-Bibliothekssystem)
Article
From Detection to Resection: Photoacoustic Tomography and Surgery Guidance with Au@liposome-ICG Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer Tianpei Guan, Wenting Shang, Hui Li, Xin Yang, Chihua Fang, Jie Tian, and Kun Wang Bioconjugate Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00065 • Publication Date (Web): 27 Mar 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 27, 2017
Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.
Bioconjugate Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.
Page 1 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
From Detection to Resection: Photoacoustic Tomography and Surgery Guidance with Au@liposome-ICG Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer Tianpei Guan1,2,3,4 †, Wenting Shang2, 3†, Hui Li2, 3, Xin Yang2, 3, Chihua Fang1*, Jie Tian2, 3*, Kun Wang2, 3* 1
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical
University, Guangzhou 510280, China; 2
CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 3
4
Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing 100190, China. Guangdong provincial clinical and engineering center of digital medicine,
Guangzhou 510280, China; †
*
Co-first authors: Tianpei Guan, Wenting Shang. Corresponding co-authors:
Chihua Fang: Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China. Tel: +86 20 61643208. Fax: +86 20 61643208. Email:
[email protected]. Jie Tian
(
[email protected]) and Kun Wang (
[email protected]),
CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun East Road #95, Haidian Dist, Beijing 100190, China. Tel: +86 10 82618465; Fax: +86 10 62527995 1/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Abstract Conventional imaging methods encounter challenges in diagnosing liver cancer that is less than 10 mm and/or without typical hypervascular features. With deep penetration and high spatial resolution imaging capability, the emerging photoacoustic tomography may offer better diagnostic efficacy for non-invasive liver cancer detection. Moreover, near-infrared fluorescence imaging guided hepatectomy was proven to be able to identify nodules at millimeter level. Thus, suitable photoacoustic and fluorescence dual-modality imaging probe may benefit patients in early diagnosis and complete resection. In this study, we fabricated indocyanine green loaded gold nanorod@liposome core-shell nanoparticles (Au@liposome-ICG) to integrate both imaging strategies. These nanoparticles exhibit superior biocompatibility, high stability, and enhanced dual-model imaging signal. Then, we explored its effectiveness of tumor detection and surgery guidance in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models. Histological analysis confirmed the accuracy of the probe in liver cancer detection and resection. This novel dual-modality nano-probe holds promise for early diagnosis and better surgical outcome of liver cancer and has great potential for clinical translation. Keywords: Photoacoustic tomography; fluorescence imaging; Au nanorods; Liver cancer; tumor detection, surgery guidance
2/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 2 of 31
Page 3 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
INTRODUCTION
2
Liver cancer, the third lethal cancer, results in more than 740,000 deaths yearly
3
worldwide1. Early diagnosis and effective intervention were commonly considered to
4
be the best approaches to achieve long-term survival.2 However, only 10 ~ 20% of
5
these patients could be diagnosed early enough to receive effective treatment due to
6
the lack of sensitive diagnosis approaches.3 Conventional imaging methods, such as
7
computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), encounter
8
challenges in diagnosing liver cancer without typical features (Intense arterial uptake
9
and delayed phase wash out) and/or with diameter less than 1 cm4,5. Currently,
10
although ablation and transplantation are recommended as the curative treatments for
11
suitable candidates, surgical resection still remains the standard of care because of
12
donors scarcity and the eradication ability of surgery4,6. Recently, near-infrared (NIR)
13
fluorescence imaging guided surgery, as a novel operation paradigm with superiority
14
in intraoperative tumor margin delineation and micro-lesions identification7, has
15
garnered great attention of biomedical researchers, as well as been treated as the
16
routine standard of care in some centers.8 As it is approved by Food and Drug
17
Administration (FDA), indocyanine green (ICG) is the most commonly used NIR
18
fluorescent dye in clinical practice. ICG fluorescence imaging could detect more than
19
95% HCC lesions8 and identify new nodules undetectable with conventional
20
preoperative imaging or intraoperative ultrasonography in 40% of patients.9 The
21
precision and completeness of resection could be obviously improved by NIR
22
fluorescence imaging guidance.7 However, more accurate preoperative detection with 3/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
high special resolution imaging technology contributes to earlier diagnosis and more
2
effective treatment. Therefore, a novel imaging technique is urgently needed for early
3
diagnosis and surgery guidance.
4
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), characterized by high spatial resolution and deep
5
penetration (up to 7 cm), overcomes the drawbacks of pure optical methods by the
6
photoacoustic effect and provides a novel opportunity in early diagnosis with its
7
imaging ability.10-13 With particular endogenous or exogenous chromophores,
8
photoacoustic imaging provides reliable functional and anatomical information, which
9
enhances tumor detection, diagnosis, volumetric calculation, and delineation11, 14-16.
10
An ideal probe may facilitate clinical practice from preoperative assessment to
11
intraoperative manipulation14,17 and benefit patients with long survival and cost
12
efficient intervention.18,19 Theoretically, ICG is remarkable for both photoacoustic and
13
fluorescence imaging with its inherent absorption, emission spectrum, and approved
14
applications in clinical practice.20 However, drawbacks such as aggregation, rapid
15
clearance, fluorescence quenching, and low efficiency in converting laser energy to
16
heat limit its potential applications as a dual modality contrast agent.21 A recent report
17
demonstrated that ICG photoacoustic signal decreased sharply in human liver
18
specimens and did not allow the noninvasive detection of orthotopic liver cancer in
19
model mice.22 Therefore, a suitable photoacoustic-fluorescence dual modality probe
20
with appropriate fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging capability is urgently
21
needed 23,24 for liver cancer detection and treatment.
22
Typical approaches to fabricate this type of probe include NIR fluorochrome 4/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 4 of 31
Page 5 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
modification and incorporation of Au nanoparticles with NIR dyes. Au nanorod
2
(AuNR) is regarded as an effective photoacoustic probe with its superior properties
3
such as low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and easier effusion into the tumor region
4
through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.25-27 Moreover, with an
5
anisotropic shape, the absorption peak of AuNR could be shifted from red to the NIR
6
region and the photoacoustic signal could be enhanced with its large optical
7
absorption cross section.28 Recently, photoacoustic-fluorescence dual modality
8
imaging nanoparticles based on AuNRs and ICG such as liposomal ICG,29 liposomal
9
ICG/AuNR hybrids,30 and AuNR-ICG-silica core shell structures21 have been
10
designed. However, probes that qualified for simultaneous fluorescence and
11
photoacoustic imaging are limited, and further applications of these probes in liver
12
cancer detection and surgery guidance remain unexplored.
13
In this study, we fabricated ICG loaded Au nanorod@liposome core-shell
14
nanoparticles
15
photoacoustic-fluorescence imaging probe in liver cancer detection and resection in
16
liver cancer mouse models. The unique design of Au@liposome-ICG endows its
17
crucial role from diagnosis to intraoperative resection. The synergy between AuNR
18
and ICG develops a stable absorption (795 nm), through which an enhanced PAT
19
signal could be obtain in preoperative liver cancer diagnosis. During the operation, the
20
core-shell structure of Au@liposome-ICG enables ICG molecules to sustainably and
21
stably emit at 840 nm, which facilitates the operation with sufficient imaging time.
22
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(Au@liposome-ICG)
and
report
its
5/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
effectiveness
as
a
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
Liver cancer is the third lethal cancer.1 Because of the lack of effective diagnosis
2
approaches, only 10–20% of patients with liver cancer are diagnosed early enough to
3
receive effective resection,3 and more than 50% recurred within 2 years after
4
operation.31 To bridge the gaps between early diagnosis and effective resection, we
5
fabricated Au@liposome-ICG via encapsulation of AuNR with liposomal ICG. Figure
6
1A depicts the Au@liposome-ICG in vivo. The procedure of Au@liposome-ICG
7
fabrication presented in the dashed. After successful fabrication, the probe was
8
intravenously (i.v.) injected into model mice. This Au@liposome-ICG has the
9
capabilities of simultaneous in vivo fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. With its
10
fluorescence-photoacoustic dual-modality imaging capabilities, Au@liposome-ICG
11
can function for preoperative detection to intraoperative guidance.
12
Synthesis and characterization of Au@liposome-ICG
13
With a high aspect ratio, Au nanorods penetrate more easily into the tumor regions
14
because of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect than other Au
15
nanoparticles.32 Nanostructures with size from 30 to 150 nm are suitable for passive
16
tumor targeting.33 In this study, we measured the length and width of 30 different
17
nanoparticles from diverse TEM fields with imageJ package for Windows. Then
18
aspect ratio of each nanoparticle was calculated according to: aspect ratio = length /
19
width. The AuNR synthesized in this study was 28.4 ± 2.4 nm in length with an aspect
20
ratio of 3.2 ± 0.4. After surface modification with liposomal ICG, the length of
21
Au@liposome-ICG increased to 31.2 ± 4.6 nm (aspect ratio: 3.1 ± 0.2) and the
22
nanoparticles were surrounding with 2 nm thickness liposomal ICG in TEM (Figure 6/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 6 of 31
Page 7 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
1B,C;Figure S1).
2 3
Figure 1. Schematic illustration and characterization of Au@liposome-ICG. (A)
4
Schematic diagram of the nanoparticles. (B) TEM images of Au-PEG. (C) TEM of
5
Au@liposome-ICG, the AuNR core was covered by about 2-nm thickness liposomal
6
ICG.
7
In PBS, the hydrodynamic size of Au@liposome-ICG was 78.3 ± 37.2 nm, about 28
8
nm more than that of Au-PEG (50.6 ± 21.8 nm). Consistent with a recent report on
9
liposomal ICG AuNR hybrids, the hydrodynamic size of liposomal ICG could be
10
reduced with the appearance of AuNR (Figure 2A).30 The absorption peaks of
11
Au-PEG, liposomal ICG, and Au@liposome-ICG were 735 nm, 800 nm, and 795 nm,
12
respectively (Figure 2B). A 20 nm red shift, caused by interactions among the
13
materials through van der Waals forces,34 was identified for Au@lioposome-ICG 7/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
Page 8 of 31
when compared with free ICG.
2 3
Figure 2. Hydrodynamic size distribution and absorption spectra of the nanoparticles.
4
(A)
5
Au@liposome-ICG. (B) Normalized absorption spectra of the materials.
6
Along with the step by step modification with metoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol
7
(mPEG-SH) and liposomal ICG, the zeta potential shifted from + 48.90 ± 5.81 mV for
8
Au-CTAB to - 33.80 ± 4.61 mV for Au@liposome-ICG, indicating the high stability
9
of Au@liposome-ICG (< −25 mV)35 (Table S1). The negatively charged surface
10
reduced the toxicity of nanoparticles and facilitated their accumulation into tumor
11
lesions.36,37 After 48 hours of incubation with 50% FBS/PBS solution, the absorbance
12
of free ICG decreased (Figure 3A, black), while the liposomal ICG showed a slight
13
decrease (Figure 3A, green). This serum stability improvement may be caused by the
14
lipid bilayer protecting the ICG molecules from exposure to serum proteins and stray
15
light radiation in the air, through which aggregation and degradation of ICG was
16
reduced.38 As Au-PEG showed stable absorbance in the incubation mixture (Figure
Hydrodynamic
size
distribution
of
Au-PEG,
8/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
liposomal
ICG,
and
Page 9 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
3A, blue) and a stable liposomal ICG shell, it is reasonable that Au@liposome-ICG
2
exhibits superior stability (Figure 3A, red; Figure S2). Additionally, aggregation of
3
liposomal ICG in PBS was decreased with the appearance of AuNR in the following
4
six days (Figure S3). Collectively, these data indicated that the aggregation of ICG
5
and liposomal ICG in the circulation system and during storage could be suppressed
6
with AuNR core.
7
The fluorescence signals emitted from free ICG and liposomal ICG decreased by one
8
order after 8 hours of continuous radiation with an 808 nm laser. Interestingly,
9
corresponding signal of Au@liposome-ICG remained stable under the same
10
conditions. The lipid bilayer of liposomal ICG protects ICG molecules from exposure
11
to water, thereby reducing ICG quenching.38 Compared to liposomal ICG,
12
Au@liposome-ICG exhibits superior photostability (Figure 3B, Figure S2). We
13
speculate that it is due to the structure of Au@liposome-ICG. The AuNR core absorbs
14
part of the light, following the damage induced by the light energy, the degradation of
15
ICG molecules loaded in the shell could be reduced. Thus, Au@liposome-ICG
16
exhibits superior photostability under continuous radiation. This superiority indicates
17
that Au@liposome-ICG can offer sustained and steady guidance during hepatectomy,
18
which usually last several hours.39
19
In vitro fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging
20
Free ICG is unsatisfactory in dual-modality imaging because of its fluorescence
21
quenching, fast clearance,40 and low efficiency in light to thermal conversion.21
22
Liposomal ICG provided only 45% of photoacoustic signal when compared to AuNR 9/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
at the same optical density.29 However, more powerful fluorescence could be obtained
2
by combining ICG into lipid membrane38,41. In the current study, the fluorescence
3
signal from liposomal ICG and Au@liposome-ICG saturated when the ICG
4
concentration reach to 7.8 µg/mL, while the corresponding fluorescence intensity
5
from free ICG increased slowly among the tested concentrations. The fluorescence
6
signal emitted from liposomal ICG enhanced at least 10 fold when compared with free
7
ICG at equal ICG concentration (Figure 3C). This enhancement of fluorescence could
8
be explained by the fact that the lipid membrane which embedding ICG could reduce
9
the quenching of it in water.38 However, the tendency of liposome was minimized in
10
Au@liposome-ICG and even disappeared as Au@liposome-ICG concentration
11
increased. Considering the linear correlation between the photoacoustic imaging
12
signal and Au concentration, the photoacoustic signal from Au@liposome-ICG was
13
stimulated compared with that of Au-PEG at equal Au concentrations (Figure 3D). We
14
believe that this phenomenon was caused by some light energy (both excitation and
15
emission) converted to heat by the AuNR core as the absorption spectrum of
16
Au@liposome-ICG overlapped with the ICG excitation (745 nm) and emission
17
spectra (840 nm). This enhanced signal may contribute to higher sensitivity and
18
imaging depth.29,42
10/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 10 of 31
Page 11 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2
Figure 3. Stability and imaging capability of the materials. (A) During 48 hours of
3
incubation in 50% FBS/PBS mixture, the minimum absorbance changes of
4
Au@liposome-ICG indicated its superior serum stability. (B) Photostability,
5
Au@liposome-ICG emits a stable fluorescence signal after 240 min of continuous
6
radiation. (C) Fluorescence signal intensities as a function of ICG concentrations. (D)
7
Photoacoustic signal intensities as a function of AuNR concentrations. The inserts in
8
C and D represent corresponding imaging sections acquired at increasing
9
concentrations. Data are presented as mean ± SD.
10
Cell viability and bio-distribution of Au@liposome-ICG
11
Before the in vivo experiment, we detected the biocompatibility of Au@liposome-ICG
12
on liver cancer cells and hepatic stellate cells, although there was a minor discrepancy
13
among the different types of cells (Figure 4). 11/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1 2
Figure 4. Comparison of the viability in different cell lines treated with increasing
3
concentrations of nanoparticles. Hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) and two different
4
hepatoma cell lines (Huh-7 and Hep G2) were incubated with different concentrations
5
of Au-PEG, liposomal ICG, and Au@liposome-ICG. The cytotoxicity of
6
Au@liposome-ICG was comparable to that of liposomal ICG in all three cell lines,
7
but slightly reduced compared to that of Au-PEG, indicating that the liposomal shell
8
encapsulation decreased cell exposure to redundant CTAB. All cell lines retained 85%
9
viability when the concentration of the three nanoparticles increased to 120 µg/mL. *
10
p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
11
To explore the biodistribution of Au@liposome-ICG, whole body image changes were
12
monitored by IVIS system after intra-venous administration of the nanoparticles in
13
tumor bearing BALB/c mice. Strong fluorescence signals were emitted from whole
14
body, especially the liver, 30 min after administration. Six hours later, a remarkable
15
fluorescence signal emitting from the tumor region contributed to clearly
16
distinguishing the tumor and peripheral tissues. Moreover, the intensive fluorescent
17
region from the epigastrium in the first day decreased and narrowed to the
18
hypogastrium, tumor region, and spleen in superficial images (Figure 5A).
19
Interestingly, the tumor in PAT, acquired 3 days after administration, demonstrated 12/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 12 of 31
Page 13 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
heterogeneous hyperoxia in peripheral tissues surrounding the tumor region (Figure 5
2
B, C). This photoacoustic appearance is consistent with the hyper metabolism of
3
tumor cells and abundant blood supply in vessel networks around the lesion to feed
4
the tumor. It has been reported that 30 –150 nm Au nanoparticles are metabolized and
5
excreted through the liver.36,43 Combined with ex-vivo fluorescence imaging of the
6
harvested organs from the euthanized mice 8 days after administration, we confirmed
7
that Au@liposome-ICG were excreted from the body via the bile system in 8 days
8
(Figure 5D).
9 10
Figure 5. Metabolic profile of Au@liposome-ICG. (A) Au@liposome-ICG
11
accumulated in the subcutaneous tumor 6 hours after tail vein injection and was
12
excreted from the body in 8 days. This provided a more than 6-day-imaging window
13
(day 2 to day 7). (B, C) Photoacoustic tomography at day 3 demonstrated 13/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
hyper-oxyhemoglobin surrounding the tumor region. (D) Consistent with whole body
2
fluorescence imaging at day 8, no fluorescence signal was emitted from the organs
3
harvested at day 8, except the tumor tissue, indicating the excretion of the
4
nanoparticles. Abbreviations: Li: liver; Hea: heart; Pan: pancreas; Ki: kidney; Lu:
5
lung; Int: intestines; T: tumor
6
Preoperative detection with photoacoustic tomography
7
Using the subcutaneous xenograft mouse model, we hypothesized that most of the
8
Au@liposome-ICG were excreted from the normal liver parenchyma in 2 days,
9
providing a sufficient time window (day 2–7) for preoperative preparation and
10
intraoperative guidance. Generally, this interval is close to the length from diagnosis
11
to operation in clinical practice. To reduce the interference of Au@liposome-ICG in
12
the normal liver parenchyma, we performed PAT 3 days after administration
13
according to the metabolic profile. The nodules, confirmed by bioluminescence
14
imaging (Figure 6A), were not detected by PAT before intravenous injection of the
15
probe (Figure 6B). Three days after administration, Au@liposome-ICG accumulated
16
in the tumor region (Figure 6C). Relative amounts of oxyhemoglobin and
17
deoxyhemoglobin have been used as endogenous chromophores in breast44 and
18
ovarian45 cancer detection with photoacoustic imaging in clinical practice.46 In this
19
study, we found that the location of the tumor was consistent with that observed by
20
MRI. The distribution of Au@liposome-ICG was highly consistent with that of
21
oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in PAT (Figure S4). This hemoglobin state is
22
consistent with the typical features of hypoxemia and abundant blood supply in 14/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 14 of 31
Page 15 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
malignancies.47
2 3
Figure
6.
Preoperative
detection
with
photoacoustic
4
Bioluminescence imaging of the intrahepatic nodule. (B, C) Photoacoustic
5
tomography acquired before and 3 days after administration of Au@liposome-ICG,
6
the dashed region indicates the tumor location. (D, E) Fluorescence imaging of the
7
model mice acquired with the IVIS system.
8
Intraoperative fluorescence imaging guided tumor resection
9
After localization by photoacoustic imaging, we evaluated the effectiveness of
10
Au@liposome-ICG as a fluorescence probe for liver resection guidance. The nodules
11
were resected under the guidance of Au@liposome-ICG fluorescence imaging. GFP
12
fluorescence confirmed that the tumor derived from Huh-7-GFP-fLuc cells (Figure
13
7A-D). After resection, the fluorescence imaging between Au@liposome-ICG and
14
GFP was performed again respectively to confirm complete resection (Figure 7E-H). 15/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
tomography.
(A)
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
Postoperative histology analysis confirmed the tumor specimen and tumor margin
2
(Figure 7I-J). To estimate the effectiveness of this Au@liposome-ICG mediated
3
fluorescence imaging guided resection in safe margin, we calculated the thickness of
4
the normal liver parenchyma surrounding the tumor in histopathology. Consistent with
5
the fluorescence imaging acquired with the IVIS system, the pathological section
6
showing in Figure 7L, indicated that the liver parenchyma was only 0.1 mm in thick.
7
These data demonstrated that the excision could be minimized with the guidance of
8
Au@liposome-ICG-mediated fluorescence imaging. It is critical to avoid some severe
9
postoperative complications due to insufficient remnant liver such as infection, liver
10
dysfunction, or even fatal liver failure.48 Altogether, we believe Au@liposome-ICG
11
could be regarded as a photoacoustic-fluorescence dual modality probe for liver
12
cancer detection and intraoperative resection guidance.
16/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 16 of 31
Page 17 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2
Figure. 7 Fluorescence guided liver resection using Au@liposome-ICG. (A) The
3
nodule
4
Au@liposome-ICG-mediated fluorescence imaging allowed the detection of the
5
lesion with hyperfluorescence. (C) Detection of the Green fluorescence protein
6
confirmed that the nodule derived from GFP Huh-7-GFP-fluc cells. (D) When merged
7
with each other, the ROI showed high consistency. The nodule was then resected
8
under the guidance of Au@liposome-ICG-mediated fluorescence imaging. (E) The
9
remnant liver is shown in bright field. With Au@liposome-ICG fluorescence imaging
10
(F), GFP fluorescence imaging (G), and the merged image (H), we believe that the
11
tumor was completely resected. (I-K) show the tumor specimen in bright field as well
is
in
low
contrast
to
the
adjacent
liver
17/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
parenchyma.
(B)
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Page 18 of 31
1
as Au@liposome-ICG and GFP fluorescence imaging using the IVIS system and
2
Leica stereo-microscopy, respectively. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining histologically
3
confirmed the tumor, delineated the tumor margin (yellow), and outlined the specimen
4
in cross section (L).
5
Conclusions
6
NIR fluorescence and PAT have complementary capabilities in preoperative diagnosis
7
and intraoperative surgery navigation. Herein, we report a photoacoustic-fluorescence
8
dual-modality imaging probe that can be used for preoperative detection of liver
9
cancer and intraoperative fluorescence imaging guidance. The probe is stable and
10
nontoxic to cells in vitro at relevant concentrations. With the guidance of
11
Au@liposome-ICG-mediated fluorescence imaging, the tumor could be safely and
12
completely resected. The current work demonstrated promising application of the
13
photoacoustic-fluorescence dualmodality probe in liver cancer diagnosis and
14
treatment. Further studies are warranted to comprehensively assess the sensitivity,
15
specificity, and potential application of targeted molecular imaging for liver cancer
16
detection and resection.
17
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
18
Preparation of Au nanorods
19
Au nanrods were synthesized via seed method49 with minor modifications. Briefly, for
20
seed solution, 5 mL of an aqueous 0.5 M solution of Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III)
21
hydrate
22
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution with mild stirring. Then, 0.6 mL
(HAuCl4·3H2O)
was
added
to
1.5
mL
18/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
of
aqueous
0.2
M
Page 19 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
of 0.01 M ice-cold sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution were added promptly with
2
vigorous stirring. For the growth solution, 2 mL of 0.01 M AgNO3 solution was add to
3
200 mL of 0.1 M CTAB solution with slow stirring. After 10 min standing, 10 mL of
4
0.01 M HAuCl4·3H2O solution were added and the solution was incubated for 3 min.
5
Then, 1.6 mL of 0.1 M ascorbic acid (AA) solution were added slowly followed by
6
gently mixing for 5 seconds. At last, 0.5 mL of prepared seed solution was added and
7
keeping undisturbed over night at 30 oC.
8
Fabrication of Au@liposome-ICG
9
Liposomal ICG were prepared by thin film method38 with minor modifications.
10
Briefly, 20 mg phosphatidylcholine and 6 mg cholesterol were dissolved in 15 mL
11
chloroform. Then, 5 mL of indocyanine green (ICG)-methanol solution (containing
12
ICG 0.13 mg) were added to this mixture (lipid-ICG molar ratio, about 250:1),
13
followed by evaporation under pressure for 3 hours at 46°C with the flask wrapped
14
with silver paper on a rotary evaporator. Then, the thin films were hydrated with 2 mL
15
Stroke-physiological saline solution for 6 hours, followed by 30 min sonication at
16
60°C to reduce the size of the ICG-loaded liposome. For Au@liposome-ICG, 120 µL
17
liposomal ICG were mixed with 1.2 mg PEGylated AuNR (PEG: Au molar ratio 1.0)
18
and followed by overnight sonication at room temperature. It has been reported that
19
ICG could be nearly completely incorporated into liposomes (about 97%) at lipid/ICG
20
molar ratio of 250/1.38 Therefore, loading efficiency was not analyzed in this study.
21
Characterization of nanoparticles
22
Absorbance spectra and serum stability were analyzed with ultraviolet-visible 19/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
spectrophotometer (UV-2450, Shimadzu, Japan). Absorbance changes were analyzed
2
continuously for 48 hours to estimate the serum stability of the nanoparticles in 50%
3
fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing 50% phosphate buffer saline (PBS, v/v). For
4
photostability, the micelles in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were continuously
5
exposed to an 808 nm laser (MDL-H-808, Changchun, China) for 4 hours, and the
6
fluorescence intensity was tested every 30 minutes by pre-clinical in vivo imaging
7
system and its included software (IVIS, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The
8
excitation and emission wavelengths in IVIS were set at 745 nm and 840 nm,
9
respectively. Hydrodynamic size distribution and zeta potential of the particles were
10
measured with the particles in PBS on Malvern Zeta sizer (ZEN 3600, Worcestershire
11
UK). The morphology of the particles was assessed by Transmission Electron
12
Microscopy (TEM, JEOL, JEOL-1011, Japan) after colored by ICG according to
13
Portnoy and colleagues’ description41.
14
Cell cytotoxicity assay
15
Cellular cytotoxicity was analyzed with MTS assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI,
16
USA). Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2, Huh-7, Huh-7-GFP-fluc) and
17
hepatic stellate cells (LX2) were obtained from the Academy of Military Medical
18
Sciences (China). Cells were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s modified
19
Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine
20
serum (FBS, Gibco) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Promega). After digestion with
21
EDTA- trypsin (Gibco), the harvested cells were seeded in 96-well plates at density of
22
104 cells per well and incubated for 24 hours. Then, the medium was replaced with an 20/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 20 of 31
Page 21 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
equivalent volume of fresh medium containing increasing concentrations of the
2
samples to be tested. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells were washed with sterile
3
PBS. Then, 120 µL MTS-complete culture medium (Containing 20 µL MTS) were
4
added to each well. Cell viability was estimated by measuring the absorbance at 490
5
nm using Synergy HT microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA).
6
In vitro fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic tomography
7
For fluorescence imaging, Au@liposome-ICG, liposomal ICG, and free ICG were
8
serially diluted. Then, 200 µL of these aqueous solutions (with equal ICG) were
9
instilled into a 96-well plate. IVIS platform was employed to calculate the average
10
fluorescence intensity of each sample. For photoacoustic imaging, five serial different
11
concentrations of Au@liposome-ICG and Au-PEG (with equal Au) were injected into
12
a commercially available phantom (PELICAN, USA) followed by multi-spectral
13
photoacoustic tomography (MSOT) with MSOT inVision 128 system (iThera Medical
14
GmbH, München, Germany). Sections reconstructed with Back Projection method at
15
795 nm for Au@liposome-ICG and 735 nm for Au-PEG were analyzed with ImageJ
16
package for windows (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) to calculate
17
the signal intensity.
18
Animal model preparation and ethical statement
19
All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use
20
Committee of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University. Male BALB/c nude
21
mice (4–6 weeks old) were obtained from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology
22
Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). Subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft liver cancer models 21/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
were established by subcutaneous or in situ injection of 100 µL Matrigel (BD
2
Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) containing 2 × 106 Huh-7-GFP-fluc cells.
3
In vivo biodistribution of Au@liposome-ICG
4
The biodistribution profile of Au@liposome-ICG was explored in subcutaneous
5
xenograft models. Briefly, 150 µL of Au@liposome-ICG solution (Au, 1.2 mg/mL;
6
ICG 7.8 µg/mL) was intravenously injected. Then, the models were dynamically
7
monitored by the IVIS system under anesthesia with 2% isoflurane. PAT was
8
performed at 680, 735,750, 780, 795, 810, and 850 nm, and images were acquired
9
when the probes accumulated in tumor regions in IVIS. Photoacoustic sections of
10
Au@liposome-ICG acquired at 780 nm wavelength were employed to merge with
11
oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin maps. The animal was euthanized when
12
Au@liposome-ICG was excreted from the body as determined by using IVIS imaging.
13
Fluorescence signals from ex-vivo specimens were also analyzed.
14
Photoacoustic preoperative detection and fluorescence imaging
15
guided tumor resection
16
First, bioluminescence imaging and PAT were performed to localize the nodules. Then,
17
150 µL Au@liposome-ICG (Au, 1.2 mg/mL; ICG 7.8 µg/mL) were intravenously
18
injected into three orthotopic liver cancer model mice. Three days later, PAT was
19
performed again under anesthesia with 2% isoflurane. As the nodules in PAT were
20
indistinct, we performed MR imaging (Bruker, BioSpec 94/30 USR, Karlsruhe,
21
Germany) to localize the nodules in cross-section. Then, NIR fluorescence imaging
22
guided tumor resection was performed after exposing the abdominal cavity under 22/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 22 of 31
Page 23 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
intraperitoneal anesthesia with 10% chloral hydrate (4 µL/g). During operation, the
2
potential nodules were identified by an experienced surgeon through visual inspection.
3
Then, potential nodules were identified again with our homemade NIR fluorescence
4
imaging surgery guiding system, and confirmed by the detection of the GFP protein
5
with Leica stereo microscopy (Leica M205 FA; Germany). Then, the tumors were
6
resected under the guidance of NIR fluorescence imaging. Both the remnant liver and
7
ex-vivo tumor specimen were imaged with Au@liposome-ICG and GFP fluorescence
8
imaging. To analyze the resected tumor specimens, Hematein and Eosin (Acros
9
Organics) were employed to stain 8-µm frozen sections cut with a cryostat microtome
10
(Leica CM1950, Germany).
11
Statistical analysis
12
Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison was employed to compare
13
cytotoxicity of the materials. Statistical analysis was carried out using the GraphPad
14
Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). P value < 0.05 was
15
considered statistically significant.
16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
17
The authors thank Xiaoyuan Liang, Ting Ai, Ziyu Han for assistance with data
18
collection. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
19
China under Grant Nos. 81227901, 81627805, 61231004, 61671449, 81501540,
20
81527805; The Science and Technology Plan Project of Guangzhou (No.
21
201604020144); Digital Theranostic Equipment Research Special Program of The
22
“13th five-year” National Key Research Plan (No.2016YFC0106500); The United 23/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China and Government of
2
Guangdong Province (No. U1401254).
3
Supporting Information
4
Zeta potential shifts; lower magnification TEM of Au@liposome-ICG; absorbance
5
and fluorescence intensity compared with corresponding supernatant; hydrodynamic size
6
changes in 6 days; location of the tumor in PAT and MRI.
7
ABBREVIATIONS
8
AuNR
Au nanorods
9
NIR
Near-infrared
10
Au-PEG
PEGylated Au nanorods
11
IVIS
In vivo imaging system and its included software
12
GFP
Green fluorescent protein
13
ICG
Indocyanine green
14
PAT
Photoacoustic tomography
15
FBS
Fetal bovine serum
16
PBS
Phosphate buffer saline
17
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
18 19 20 21 22 24/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 24 of 31
Page 25 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
References:
2
(1) Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., and Jemal, A. (2015) Global
3
cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 65, 87-108.
4
(2) Forner, A., Vilana, R., Ayuso, C., Bianchi, L., Sole, M., Ayuso, J. R., Boix, L., Sala, M., Varela,
5
M., Llovet, J. M., et al. (2008) Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective
6
validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 47, 97-104.
7
(3) Zhou, Q., Li, Z., Zhou, J., Joshi, B. P., Li, G., Duan, X., Kuick, R., Owens, S. R., and Wang, T. D.
8
(2016) In vivo photoacoustic tomography of EGFR overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma mouse
9
xenograft. Photoacoustics 4, 43-54.
10 11 12 13
(4) Bruix, J., Reig, M., and Sherman, M. (2016) Evidence-Based Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment of Patients With Hepatocellular
Carcinoma. Gastroenterology 150, 835-53.
(5) Bruix, J., and Sherman, M. (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 53, 1020-2.
14
(6) Dhir, M., Melin, A. A., Douaiher, J., Lin, C., Zhen, W. K., Hussain, S. M., Geschwind, J. H.,
15
Doyle, M. B., Abou-Alfa, G. K., and Are, C. (2016) A Review and Update of Treatment Options and
16
Controversies in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg.
17
(7) Hill, T. K., Abdulahad, A., Kelkar, S. S., Marini, F. C., Long, T. E., Provenzale, J. M., and Mohs,
18
A. M. (2015) Indocyanine green-loaded nanoparticles for image-guided tumor surgery. Bioconjug
19
Chem 26, 294-303.
20
(8) Uchiyama, K., Ueno, M., Ozawa, S., Kiriyama, S., Shigekawa, Y., and Yamaue, H. (2010)
21
Combined use of contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography and a fluorescence navigation
22
system for identifying hepatic metastases. World J Surg 34, 2953-9.
25/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
(9) Gotoh, K., Yamada, T., Ishikawa, O., Takahashi, H., Eguchi, H., Yano, M., Ohigashi, H., Tomita,
2
Y., Miyamoto, Y., and Imaoka, S. (2009) A novel image-guided surgery of hepatocellular carcinoma
3
by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging navigation. J Surg Oncol 100, 75-9.
4
(10) Menke, J. (2015) Photoacoustic breast tomography prototypes with reported human applications.
5
Eur Radiol 25, 2205-13.
6
(11) Wang, L. V., and Hu, S. (2012) Photoacoustic tomography: in vivo imaging from organelles to
7
organs. Science 335, 1458-62.
8
(12) (2012) EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J
9
Hepatol 56, 908-43.
10
(13) Wang, H., Liu, C., Gong, X., Hu, D., Lin, R., Sheng, Z., Zheng, C., Yan, M., Chen, J., Cai, L., et
11
al. (2014) In vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging of breast carcinoma with folate receptor-targeted
12
indocyanine green nanoprobes. Nanoscale 6, 14270-9.
13
(14) Kircher, M. F., de la Zerda, A., Jokerst, J. V., Zavaleta, C. L., Kempen, P. J., Mittra, E., Pitter, K.,
14
Huang, R., Campos, C., Habte, F., et al.(2012) A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new
15
triple-modality MRI-photoacoustic-Raman nanoparticle. Nat Med 18, 829-34.
16
(15) Maeda, A., Bu, J., Chen, J., Zheng, G., and DaCosta, R. S. (2014) Dual in vivo photoacoustic and
17
fluorescence imaging of HER2 expression in breast
18
surgical guidance. Mol Imaging 13, 1-9.
19
(16) Li, H., Kumavor, P., Salman, A. U., and Zhu, Q. (2015) Utilizing spatial and spectral features of
20
photoacoustic imaging for ovarian cancer detection and diagnosis. J Biomed Opt 20, 016002.
21
(17) van Dam, G. M., Themelis, G., Crane, L. M., Harlaar, N. J., Pleijhuis, R. G., Kelder, W.,
22
Sarantopoulos, A., de Jong, J. S., Arts, H. J., van der Zee., et al. (2011) Intraoperative tumor-specific
tumors for diagnosis, margin assessment, and
26/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 26 of 31
Page 27 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
fluorescence imaging in ovarian cancer by folate receptor-alpha targeting: first in-human results. Nat
2
Med 17, 1315-9.
3
(18) Jokerst, J. V., Cole, A. J., Van de Sompel, D., and Gambhir, S. S. (2012) Gold nanorods for
4
ovarian cancer detection with photoacoustic imaging and resection guidance via Raman imaging in
5
living mice. ACS Nano 6, 10366-77.
6
(19) Zackrisson, S., van de Ven, S. M., and Gambhir, S. S. (2014) Light in and sound out: emerging
7
translational strategies for photoacoustic imaging. Cancer Res 74, 979-1004.
8
(20) Chen, J., Liu, C., Zeng, G., You, Y., Wang, H., Gong, X., Zheng, R., Kim, J., Kim, C., and Song,
9
L.
(2016)
Indocyanine
Green
Loaded
Reduced
Graphene
Oxide
for
In
Vivo
10
Photoacoustic/Fluorescence Dual-Modality Tumor Imaging. Nanoscale Res Lett 11, 85.
11
(21) Peng, D., Du Y, Shi, Y., Mao, D., Jia, X., Li, H., Zhu, Y., Wang, K., and Tian, J. (2016) Precise
12
diagnosis in different scenarios using photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging with dual-modality
13
nanoparticles. Nanoscale 8, 14480-8.
14
(22) Miyata, A., Ishizawa, T., Kamiya, M., Shimizu, A., Kaneko, J., Ijichi, H., Shibahara, J.,
15
Fukayama, M., Midorikawa, Y., Urano, Y., et al. (2014) Photoacoustic tomography of human hepatic
16
malignancies using intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. PLoS One 9, e112667.
17
(23) Akers, W. J., Kim, C., Berezin, M., Guo, K., Fuhrhop, R., Lanza, G. M., Fischer, G. M.,
18
Daltrozzo, E., Zumbusch, A., Cai, X., et al. (2011) Noninvasive photoacoustic and fluorescence
19
sentinel lymph node identification using dye-loaded perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5,
20
173-82.
21
(24) Luo, S., Zhang, E., Su, Y., Cheng, T., and Shi, C. (2011) A review of NIR dyes in cancer
22
targeting and imaging. Biomaterials 32, 7127-38.
27/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Page 28 of 31
1
(25) Chauhan, V. P., Popovic, Z., Chen, O., Cui, J., Fukumura, D., Bawendi, M. G., and Jain, R. K.
2
(2011) Fluorescent nanorods and nanospheres for real-time in vivo probing of nanoparticle
3
shape-dependent tumor penetration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50, 11417-20.
4
(26) Jin, S., Ma, X., Ma, H., Zheng, K., Liu, J., Hou, S., Meng, J., Wang, P. C., Wu, X., and Liang, X.
5
J. (2013) Surface chemistry-mediated penetration and gold nanorod thermotherapy in multicellular
6
tumor spheroids. Nanoscale 5, 143-6.
7
(27) Shiotani, A., Akiyama, Y., Kawano, T., Niidome, Y., Mori, T., Katayama, Y., and Niidome, T.
8
(2010) Active accumulation of gold nanorods in tumor in response to near-infrared laser
9
Bioconjug Chem 21, 2049-54.
irradiation.
10
(28) Li, P. C., Wei, C. W., Liao, C. K., Chen, C. D., Pao, K. C., Wang, C. R., Wu, Y. N., and Shieh, D.
11
B. (2007) Photoacoustic imaging of multiple targets using gold nanorods. IEEE Trans Ultrason
12
Ferroelectr Freq Control 54, 1642-7.
13
(29) Beziere, N., Lozano, N., Nunes, A., Salichs, J., Queiros, D., Kostarelos, K., and Ntziachristos, V.
14
(2015) Dynamic imaging of PEGylated indocyanine green (ICG) liposomes within the tumor
15
microenvironment using multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). Biomaterials 37, 415-24.
16
(30) Lozano, N., Al-Jamal, W. T., Taruttis, A., Beziere, N., Burton, N. C., Van den Bossche, J., Mazza,
17
M., Herzog, E., Ntziachristos, V., and Kostarelos, K. (2012) Liposome-gold nanorod hybrids for
18
high-resolution visualization deep in tissues. J Am Chem Soc 134, 13256-8.
19
(31) Tabrizian, P., Jibara, G., Shrager, B., Schwartz, M., and Roayaie, S. (2015) Recurrence of
20
hepatocellular cancer after resection: patterns, treatments, and prognosis. Ann Surg 261, 947-55.
21
(32) Chauhan, V. P., Popovic, Z., Chen, O., Cui, J., Fukumura, D., Bawendi, M. G., and Jain, R. K.
22
(2011) Fluorescent nanorods and nanospheres for real-time in vivo probing of nanoparticle
28/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 29 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
shape-dependent tumor penetration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50, 11417-20.
2
(33) Praetorius, N. P., and Mandal, T. K. (2007) Engineered nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Recent
3
Pat Drug Deliv Formul 1, 37-51.
4
(34) Lajunen, T., Kontturi, L. S., Viitala, L., Manna, M., Cramariuc, O., Rog, T., Bunker, A.,
5
Laaksonen, T., Viitala, T., Murtomaki, L., et al. (2016) Indocyanine Green-Loaded Liposomes for
6
Light-Triggered Drug Release. Mol Pharm 13, 2095-107.
7
(35) Peralta, D. V., Heidari, Z., Dash, S., and Tarr, M. A. (2015) Hybrid paclitaxel and gold
8
nanorod-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles for simultaneous chemotherapeutic and
9
photothermal therapy on 4T1 breast cancer cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7, 7101-11.
10
(36) Sun, T., Zhang, Y. S., Pang, B., Hyun, D. C., Yang, M., and Xia, Y. (2014) Engineered
11
nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 53, 12320-64.
12
(37) Bhamidipati, M., and Fabris, L. (2017) Multiparametric Assessment of Gold Nanoparticle
13
Cytotoxicity in Cancerous and Healthy Cells: The Role of Size, Shape, and Surface Chemistry.
14
Bioconjug Chem.
15
(38) Kraft, J. C., and Ho, R. J. (2014) Interactions of indocyanine green and lipid in enhancing
16
near-infrared fluorescence properties: the basis for near-infrared imaging in vivo. Biochemistry 53,
17
1275-83.
18
(39) Fang, C. H., Tao, H. S., Yang, J., Fang, Z. S., Cai, W., Liu, J., and Fan, Y. F. (2015) Impact of
19
three-dimensional reconstruction technique in the operation planning of centrally located hepatocellular
20
carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 220, 28-37.
21
(40) Zanganeh, S., Xu, Y., Hamby, C. V., Backer, M. V., Backer, J. M., and Zhu, Q. (2013) Enhanced
22
fluorescence diffuse optical tomography with indocyanine green-encapsulating liposomes targeted to
29/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Page 30 of 31
1
receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor vasculature. J Biomed Opt 18, 126014.
2
(41) Portnoy, E., Vakruk, N., Bishara, A., Shmuel, M., Magdassi, S., Golenser, J., and Eyal, S. (2016)
3
Indocyanine Green Liposomes for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Cerebral
4
Theranostics 6, 167-76.
5
(42) Bogdanov, A. J., Dixon, A. J., Gupta, S., Zhang, L., Zheng, S., Shazeeb, M. S., Zhang, S., and
6
Klibanov, A. L. (2016) Synthesis and Testing of Modular Dual-Modality Nanoparticles for Magnetic
7
Resonance and Multispectral Photoacoustic Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 27, 383-90.
8
(43) Jain, R. K., and Stylianopoulos, T. (2010) Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat Rev Clin
9
Oncol 7, 653-64.
Malaria.
10
(44) Kitai, T., Torii, M., Sugie, T., Kanao, S., Mikami, Y., Shiina, T., and Toi, M. (2014)
11
Photoacoustic mammography: initial clinical results. Breast Cancer 21, 146-53.
12
(45) Aguirre, A., Ardeshirpour, Y., Sanders, M. M., Brewer, M., and Zhu, Q. (2011) Potential role of
13
coregistered photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging in ovarian cancer detection and characterization.
14
Transl Oncol 4, 29-37.
15
(46) Valluru, K. S., Wilson, K. E., and Willmann, J. K. (2016) Photoacoustic Imaging in Oncology:
16
Translational Preclinical and Early Clinical Experience. Radiology 280, 332-49.
17
(47) Cairns, R. A., Harris, I. S., and Mak, T. W. (2011) Regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Nat Rev
18
Cancer 11, 85-95.
19
(48) Schindl, M. J., Redhead, D. N., Fearon, K. C., Garden, O. J., and Wigmore, S. J. (2005) The value
20
of residual liver volume as a predictor of hepatic dysfunction and infection after major liver resection.
21
Gut 54, 289-96.
22
(49) Sau, T. K., and Murphy, C. J. (2004) Seeded high yield synthesis of short Au nanorods in aqueous
30/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Page 31 of 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Bioconjugate Chemistry
1
solution. Langmuir 20, 6414-20.
2 3 4 5
Table of Contents
6
In this study, we fabricated indocyanine green loaded gold
7
nanorod@liposome core-shell nanoparticles (Au@liposome-ICG) to
8
integrate both imaging strategies. These nanoparticles exhibit superior
9
biocompatibility, high stability, and enhanced dual-model imaging signal.
10
Then, we explored its effectiveness of tumor detection and surgery
11
guidance in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models.
12
31/31
ACS Paragon Plus Environment