BOOK R E V I E W S Chamisfry: Chemistry
A First Course in Modern
Aljved B. Gameffand John S . Richardson, both of Ohio State University, r Kiefe7, North High Columbus, A ~ f h uS. School, Columbus, and Earl J. Matague, Ball State Teachers College, Muncie, Indiana. Revised ed. Ginn and Co., Boston, 1966. 765 pp. Figs. and tables. 18.5 X 23.5 cm. $6.60. The original edition of the text was reviewed in THIS JOURNAL, 39,544 (October, 1962) by Joseph Schmuckler. Much of the previou review can be repeated, including allusions to color ilhmtrations of pH indicators, complex ions, precipitates, spectra, and selected charts of some familiar elements. All of these exist in this the revised edition as they did in the original; this book has color in abundance. Again, extensive and proficient use of graphic illustrations and photos has been made. Most of these are functional and well-placed to serve the reader. Chemical proceses, equipment, and concepts which yield with difficulty to word explanations alone are subjects illustrated. I n addition to photos and illustmtions, further aids to learning exist. A 12-page glossary along with 14 pages of index make it easy to locate and define terms. T h e a p pendixes include sections covering nomenclature, significant figures, exponential numbers, and application of vapor pressure corrections. Along with a. comparison of orbits to orbitals. there are tables of metric-English equivalents, temper* ture equivalents, electrochemical series,
densities of common gases, melting points and densities of common elements, solubility, natural isotopes, electronic configurations, and vapor pressure. At the end of each chapter, one always finds a. summary, a list of terms, questions, and suggested further readings. Usually, one finds also a list of problems and "things to do." Text organieation follows the patter11 laid down in the earlier edition. I t is a combination of traditional and newer approaches. The authors have attempted to include those topics essential to an understanding of modern chemistry. Interwoven, however, are descriptive topics which, in the opinions of the authors, will have lifelong use. An improvement in the text has been realized with an updated and expanded discussion of atomic theory. More important, two additiond c hapers relating to the extent of chemical reaction have been included. The inter-relationships of equilibrium constant,, electrode potential, and free energy have been lightly broached in these two chapters. I n the judgment of two chemistry students the reading is easy and clear. There are two columns of medium sized type per page. Topic headings are in bold type. Except for color, the cover is the same as was used earlier. The dark color, brown, and sturdy binding should make for a. serviceable book. With the first text, a. separate manual "Arithmetic I n Chemistry," a laboratory manual, and a teacher's manual were made available, I t is presumed that these accompany the revised edition.
Aljred B. Garrett el al., Chemistry: A First Course in Modernchemistry John A . Timm, General Chemistry J . A. Pryde, The Liquid State Amo Liberles, Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory Malcolm Bwsohn and James C. Baird, An Introduction to Electron Paramagnetic Resonance J . N . Murrell, S. F . A . Kettle, and J . M.Tedder, Valence Theory
R. H. Cole and J. S. Coles, Physical Principles of Chemistry H e n ~ yA . Boorse and Lloyd Motz, editors, The Wodd of the Atom. and 2
Volumes 1
M . G. Veselm, Methods of Quantum Chemistry J . E. Prue, Ionic Equilibria E. J. King, Acid-Base Equilibria Jay A. Gmene, Modern Men of Science E. H. E. Piefsch and the Gmelin Indifufe,editor% Gmelins Handhueh der Anorganischen Chemie. 8. Auflage, System Nummer 67, Nickel. Teil B. Lieferung 2
116
/
Journal of Chemical Education
I n its 45 chapters, there is much more chemistry than can ordinarily he taught in one year. The reviewer believes that s skillful teacher will present a highly respectable course with the first 32 chapters. More highly motivated, bright students will require, even demand, some of the suggested further readings. As was true of the original, the revised edition's mathematical treatment is elementary. Here again, considerable enrichment will be needed for more ambitiou students. I n conclusion, the revised text appears to be excellent for s. general course where many of the students me terminal. This is the level a t which the text frankly aims.
C>I.\"LI.S \V. H E S D I I ~ ~ ~ K S V V Shaker Nrtqhts High Sdovl S/.ui:rr H ~ i q h lOhlo ~,
General Chemistry
John A. Tirnm, Simmons College, Boston. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Book 647 Co., Inc., New York, 1966. viii pp. Figs. and tables. 17 X 24 cm. $8.95.
+
The current cmp of general chemistry students are a diverse lot, both in prepmatian and in interest and motivation for the course. Many of them are products of CHElM Study, CBA, and honors courses, while some have h d no previous chemistry. Providing a happy medium in content and difficulty for this heterogeneous group of students is this newly revised and almost completely rewritten text. I t s appromh, with new figures and tables, has been carefully developed by this fine author-teacher for today's students. I n what ways is it different from the previous edition and why does i t merit a second look by those ready to choose a new text? (a) The development of etomir structure is presented a t a higher level and the valence bond theorv is especially well done with excellent iilustrations. (b) The role of thermodynamics in chemistry is introduced without the use of calculus while that of kinetics is presented at a higher level in a straightforward fashion and wherever possible the approach follows that given in mast physical chemistry courses. (e) The number of problems is nearly double those in the previous edition. Answers, while mast often omitted, are available from the publisher. A carefully prepared instructor's mrtnud, with a suggested arsignment schedule, lecture experiments, films and paperbacks, and Seientifi American offprints to supple ment the text, can also be provided. (d) The chapters are not interdependent so some other order may be followed. A considerable amount of descriptive chemistry is included as the theoretical topics are presented but most of the descriptive chemistry of the elements follows the theory in about the last two hundred pages.
Same potential users will question the author's use of 25'C as standard temperature in gas law problems, his continued use of proportion and formulas to teach stoichiometry and the other quantitative aspects of the course, and his use of Kg,% in some equilibrium calculations. The careful painstaking revision, the inclusion of many interesting, unusual analogies and illustrations chosen and included especially for the student, the attractive new format and the calculated pitch to the current level of general chemistry students will commend this new edition to many students and their instructors. Monnrs M. OLDHAM U.S. Naval A e a d a y Annapolis, Ma~yland
The Liquid State
J. A. Pryde, Sir John Cass College, London. Hutchinson University Lib brary, London, 1966. viii 179 pp. Figs. and tables. 13 X 21 cm. Paperbound, $2.10; clothbound, $4.90.
+
According to the author's preface, the purpose of this book is "to provide for undergraduate and postgraduate students a simplified treatment of some recent molecular theories of the liquid state of matter." The author further sets as an objective "the attempt to relate the necessary mathematics to the physical ideas expressed, omitting lengthy justifications of particulsr steps when these would seem to add little to the physical development." The result is a particularly effective intmdnctian to the modem liquid state in a form and at a price that should make the monograph attractive as a supplementary source for undergraduate or firstyear graduate courses in physical chemistry, chemical physics, statistical mechanics, or molecular theory of matter. There is the usual comparison between the properties and the molecular behavior of solids, liquids, and gases. Thii is followed by description of sttempts to treat liquids as modified dense gases on one hand, or as disordered solids on the other. There is a. rieful general chapter an the nature of the pailiwise intermolecular force, with enough physics and quantitative description to make credible the usually assumed inverse sixth power for the attractive contribution and the more sharply rising repulsive term. After a brief review of necessary macroscopic thermodynamics and some principles of elementary statistical mechanim, the author discusses various attempts to describe the liquid state hy creating a model from which the partition function can he explicitly calculated. This includes brief mention of the Mayer cluster expansion method for dense gases, enough description of the law of corresponding states to establish its molecular basis, and fairly extenslve discussion of various cell theories
of liquids. This latter includes a quantitative description of the Lennard-Jones and Devanshire theory, includmg a penetrating discussion of the communal fne energy and entropy pmblem. The modem tone of the hook is reflected in a very interesting chapter on molecular dvnamlcs and Monte Carlo methods for estimating the equarions (,f uwtion for a gnnlpof particles largeenough it! umber w be a reasonable replica of the ~.ealsystem. The author presents same of the digital computer techniques and approximations that are used along with estimates of computing time, total number of particles that are feasible to handle, etc. Typical results sre shown for the computation of the potential energy and the compressibility factor, with indications of phsse transitions. These computations are compared with estimates from the cell model, Lennard-Jones and Dewnshire theory, solutions of several integral equations, and a few experimental points. In addition, the dust jacket contains a photograph of the classic Alder and Wainwright computation showing the time dependence of the position of the collection of particles, as traced out an the oscilloscope screen. In spite of all this, in this chapter the author perhaps misleads the unwary reader by conveying the impression that these Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics experiments are essentially one means of solving the liquid state pmblem. Such is not the case. I t h i i it is quite well agreed at the present time that the objective of these computations is not necessarily to attempt to predict the red behavior of matter, but rather to provide a nomerical experimental result in order to compare with the estimates from various inteeral eouations or other theories of the liquid state, the cornpunson being m d e on the banis o f l h c same ursvmpd inlpnmlecuhr potential function. There is a very good chapter on the radial distribution function, including formulas relating the macroscopic pressure and internal energy to integrals over the potential function and the radial distribution function. There is a derivation of the Kirkwood-Bogoluhav-Yvon-Born & Green integral equation in a form that should be easy to follow by those uninitiated in notation and concepts of ditribution functions. The superposition appmximation is also discussed. The reviewer suffered one disappointment in this chapter: he first was very pleased to find a readable and plausible description of the basis for the PercwYevick equation and some description of the methods that have been used to solve the PY equation; however, the author fails to state in print the Percus-Yevick equation. The derivation is admittedly complex and of course might best he omitted in a monograph of this type; however, the final result is probably less complex than the KBYBG equation. Should the author undertake a revision, one would also hope that he would mention the direct correlation function, and particularly the simple assumed interrelationships between the radial distribution function, the direct correlation function, and the intermolecular potential function which serve as a basis of the Percus-Yevick and other integral equations. ~
~
n
.
The two concluding chapters are concerned with transport properties and molecular-level problems of the irreversibility, still a very difficult area of current m a r c h . The author chooses to typify the problem of transport properties with a discussion of viscosity, and this is largely restricted to the analysis by H. S. Green, which expresses the transport properties in t e r n of perturbations to the equilibrium radial distribution function. This is a formally elegant method, hut one that holds not much promise a t the present time since there is no known way to reach any firm conclusion about the perturbations. Here again, the discussion could have been strengthened by a t least brief mention of another technique, namely the formal representation of the transport coefficients in terms of correlation fimctians. The book invites comparison to the recently published book, "Kinetic Theory of Gases," by W. Kauamann (W. Benjamin,Inc., 1966). The two books are at a comparable level and could serve as complementary t a t s for outside reading in a physical chemistry course. The Kauzmann book seems to have one obvious advantage, namely a l a s e number of workedout examples and supplementaryproblems. We have referred several times to possible use of "The Liquid State" for supplementary reading in undergraduate or postgraduate courses. For that purpose it is firmly recommended. In addition, it may well be of considerable use to anybody with research interests in the structure. of matter. As an experimentalist concerned with liquid state physics, the reviewer has long felt the need for a monograph-length discussion of liquids which would on one hand he quantitative and up-to-date, but on the other hand not overwhelm the reader with overly sophisticated mathematical manlpulstions. I shall heartily recommend the volume to my beginning research students. C. 3. PINGS California Institute of Technology Pasadena
Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory
A m Lskles, Fsirleigh Dickimon University, Temeck, New Jersey. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., New York, 198 pp. Figs. and tables. 1966. ix 16 X 23.5 cm. $5.95.
+
This text is intended for an introductory course in molecular orbital theory or individual study. Knowledge of modern physics, wave mechanics, and higher mathemati- is not required. The first two chapters develop the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom, the b i n d e p e n d e n t Schfidinger equation, and the solution of Sch16dinger's equation for systems that can be solved exactly, e.g., the particle in a box. The following two chapters develop the simple Hiickel
Volume 44, Number 2, February 1967
/ 117
