Investigation of an Immunoassay with Broad Specificity to Quinolone

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Investigation on an immunoassay broad-specificity to quinolone drugs using GALAHAD and advanced QSAR Jiahong Chen, Ning Lu, Xing Shen, Qiushi Tang, Chijian Zhang, Jun Xu, Yuanming Sun, Xinan Huang, Zhenlin Xu, and Hongtao Lei J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00039 • Publication Date (Web): 16 Mar 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 17, 2016

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

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Investigation on an immunoassay broad-specificity to quinolone

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drugs using GALAHAD and advanced QSAR

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Jiahong Chena, Ning Lua, Xing Shena, Qiushi Tanga, Chijian Zhanga, Jun Xub, Yuanming Suna,

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Xin-an Huangc *, Zhenlin Xua *, Hongtao Leia *

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a

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Engineering & Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk

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Assessment,South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety / Guangdong Provincial

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b

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East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China

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c

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Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, 132

Tropical Medicine Institute & South China Chinese Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center,

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* Corresponding authors. † Phone: 8620-8528-3448. Fax: 8620-8528-0270. E-mail:

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[email protected] (Hongtao Lei), [email protected] (Zhenlin Xu). ‡ Phone: 8620-3658-5475.

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Fax: 8620-8637-3516. E-mail: [email protected] (Xinan Huang).

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ABSTRACT

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Polyclonal antibody against quinolone drug pazufloxacin (PAZ) but with a

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surprising broad-specificity was raised to simultaneously detect 24 quinolones (QNs).

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The developed competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA)

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exhibited that the limits of detection (LODs) for 24 QNs, ranging from 0.45 ng/mL to

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15.16 ng/mL, were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs). For better

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understanding the obtained broad-specificity, the genetic algorithm with linear

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assignment of hypermolecular alignment of datasets (GALAHAD) was used to

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generate the desired pharmacophore model and superimpose the QNs, and then the

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advanced comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and advanced comparative

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molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models were employed to study the

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three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) between

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QNs and the antibody. It was found that the QNs could interact with the antibody with

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different binding poses, and the cross-reactivity was mainly positively correlated with

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the bulky substructure containing electronegative atom at the 7-position, while

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negatively associated with the large bulky substructure at the 1-position of QNs.

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KEYWORDS pazufloxacin, immunoassay, specificity, quinolone, QSAR

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INTRODUCTION Quinolone drugs were a class of widely used antibacterials for human use in the

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middle 1980s, and some were approved for animals treatment in the middle 1990s

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since they became the most commonly prescribed antibiotics1. However, the extensive

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use in animal industry and aquaculture may bring health risk of human through the

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food chain. As a result, in order to protect consumers, the maximum residue limits

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(MRLs) have been set for several quinolones (QNs) by European Union (EU)2, Japan3

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and China4, etc.

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Several analytical methods5-6 for QNs residues have been carried out with

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instrumental techniques. Though instrumental methods are accurate and sensitive,

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they are time-consuming, laborious, low throughput and expensive. Immunoassays,

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which are on the basis of antigen-antibody interaction, can avoid the weakness of

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instrumental techniques. Up to now, several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

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(ELISAs) have been developed for detection of QNs residues due to its high

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sensitivity and easy operation7-9. However, most of the developed immunoassays had

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just shown a limited specificity, and they can detect only a single compound or just a

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10-12 few of ToQNs date, a .broad specificity immunoassay can be established by employing a

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broad specificity antibody that originated from a multi-hapten antigen13 or a generic

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hapten14. However, due to the lack in understanding of the specific interactions

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between antibodies and target analytes or haptens, the hapten design and the

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production of antibody with broad specificity are still based on trial and error test15.

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In this study, pazufloxacin (PAZ) (Table 2), a fluoquinolone drug containing a

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1-amino-cyclopropyl groups at the 7-position but not a popularly common piperazinyl

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in many QNs, was used as immunizing hapten to generate polyclonal antibody. It is

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interesting that the resultant antibody against PAZ demonstrated extremely broad

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recognition spectrum up to 24 QNs, and a highly sensitive enzyme linked

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immunosorbent assay was then successfully developed. To better understanding the

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broad specific recognition mechanism between the obtained antibody and QNs, 23

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QNs were superimposed by the genetic algorithm with linear assignment of

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hypermolecular alignment of datasets (GALAHAD) method, then subjected to the

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study of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR)

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using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular

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similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) approaches.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Reagents and Instrumentation

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Reagents and Animals

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PAZ, racemic ofloxacin (OFL), prulifloxacin (PRU), ciprofloxacin (CIP),

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rufloxacin (RUF), lomefloxacin (LOM), pefloxacin (PEF), enrofloxacin (ENR),

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norfloxacin (NOR), garenoxacin (GAR), gatifloxacin (GAT),danofloxacin(DAN),

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nalidixic acid (NAL), difloxacin (DIF), clinafloxacin (CLI), oxolinic acid (OXO),

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pipemidic acid (PIP), sparfloxacin (SPA), moxifloxacin (MOX), sarafloxacin (SAR),

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marbofloxacin (MAR) and tosufloxacin (TOS) were purchased from Veterinary

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Medicine Supervisory Institute of China (Beijing, China). S-(-)-Ofloxacin (SOF) and

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R-(+)-Ofloxacin (ROF) were obtained from Daicel Chiral Technologies Company

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(Shanghai, China). The structures of the QNs are shown in Table 2. Bovine serum

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albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA), 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethyl

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(EDC), glutaraldehyde (25%), complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant,

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peroxidase−immunoglobulin G (HRP−IgG), 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine (TMB)

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were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All of the chemicals and

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solvents, which were analytical grade or better, were obtained from a local chemical

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supplier (Yunhui Trade Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China). BABL/c female mice, 6-8

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old, were raised at the Laboratory Animal Center of South China Agricultural

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University (Guangzhou, China). All of the experiments were carried out following

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ethical guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of South China Agricultural

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University (Institute certificate number SYXK(Yue)2014-0136; internal Protocol

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2014-12).

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Instrumentation

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Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) Spectroscopy was recorded on a UV-4000

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spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan). ELISA plates were washed in a Wellwash MK2

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microplate washer (Thermo Scientific, USA). ELISA absorbance values were

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measured at a wavelength of 450 nm with a Multiskan MK3 microplate reader

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(Thermo Scientific).

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Preparation of Immunogens and Coating Antigens

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Carbodiimide (EDC) Coupling Method

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PAZ (9.14 mg) and BSA (15 mg) were dissolved in 1 mL 0.9% sodium chloride

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solution, respectively. Then PAZ solution was added into the BSA solution drop by

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drop. After the reaction mixture was stirred thoroughly, 9 mg EDC was added and

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stirred for 15 min. Finally, the reaction product was dialyzed against 0.9% sodium

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chloride solution for 3 days at 4 °C and stored at -20 °C until use16. The immunogen

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produced by this method was designated as PAZ-D-BSA. The coating antigen

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PAZ-D-OVA was prepared using the same procedure above.

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Glutaraldehyde (GDA) Coupling Method

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PAZ (9.14 mg) and BSA (15 mg) were dissolved in 1 mL 0.9% sodium chloride

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solution, respectively. Then 6 µL 25% GDA solution was added into PAZ solution.

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After the mixed thoroughly, PAZ solution was added dropwise to BSA solution and

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the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h gently. Finally, the reaction product was

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dialyzed (over 3 days at 4 °C) against 0.9% sodium chloride solution and stored at

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-20 °C until use17. The produced immunogen was named as PAZ-P-BSA. The coating

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antigen PAZ-P-OVA was prepared as the same procedure above. The artificial

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antigens, proteins and PAZ were dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution and

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characterized by UV-vis spectra18.

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Production of Polyclonal Antibodies

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Three BABL/c female mice aged 6-8 weeks were immunized subcutaneously

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75 µg of PAZ-D-BSA in the mixture of 75 µL PBS and 75 µL Freund’s complete

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adjuvant. Booster injections were given with the same amount of immunogen

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emulsified with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant at intervals of 2 week after the initial

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injection. After 1 week from each booster injection, mice were tail-bled and the

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were used for the determination of antibody titers by ciELISA using a homologous

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coating antigen. The polyclonal antibody obtained was divided into aliquots, labeled,

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and stored at -20 °C until use. The polyclonal antibody using immunogen PAZ-P-BSA

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were produced as the same procedure above.

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ELISA Procedure

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The ELISA was established for QNs on the basis of the common procedure of

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ciELISA19. The 96-well plates were coated with coating antigens (100 µL/well) in

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carbonate buffer at 37 °C overnight. Next, the wells were washed twice with 300 µL

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PBST (0.1% Tween-20) and blocked with 120 µL 5% skimmed milk in PBST at 37 °C

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for 3 h, and the plates were dried at 37 °C for 1 h. The wells were then incubated with

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50 µL of diluted PAZ standard solution and 50 µL of diluted antibody in PBST. After

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incubated in 37 °C water bath for 40 min, the wells were washed five times with

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PBST. Then 100 µL/well HRP-IgG (diluted 1:5000 in PBST) was added and

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incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. After five washes, 100 µL TMB solution (400 µL of

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0.6% TMB−dimethyl sulfoxide and 100 µL of 1% H2O2 diluted with 25 mL of

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citrate−acetate buffer, pH 5.5) was added to the wells and incubated for 10 min.

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Finally, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 µL of 2 mol/L H2SO4. The

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absorbance of the reaction solution at 450 nm (A450) was recorded.

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Statistical Analysis

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The ciELISA standard curves were obtained by plotting absorbance against

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analyte concentration. And a four-parameter equation was used to generate the

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sigmoidal curve using Origin 8.5 software (Origin Lab Corp., Northampton, MA,

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USA): Y=(A-D)/[1+(x/C)B]+D. Where A and D correspond to maximal and minimal

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absorbance, respectively, B is the slope of the sigmoidal curve, and C is the PAZ

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concentration that inhibited 50% of PAZ standard antibody binding.

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In this study, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ)

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were set as the standard concentration that inhibited 10% and 20% of PAZ standard

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antibody binding, respectively20, 21. The working range was set as the standard

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concentration that inhibited 20%-80% of PAZ standard antibody binding22.

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Standard deviation and determination coefficient (R2) were determined by standard curves using Origin 8.5 software.

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Cross-reactivity

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The specificity of the ELISA was determined using 24 QNs under optimized

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ELISA conditions. The cross-reactivities (CRs) were calculated according to the

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following equation, where IC50 value refers to the concentration at which 50% of the

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anti-PAZ is bound to the analyte.

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CR%= [IC50 (PAZ)/IC50 (structurally related compounds)] ×100%

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Molecular Modeling and 3D QSAR Analysis

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Data Set

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In order to investigate the chiral recognition of the antibody, MAR, ROF and

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RUF, each possessing a similar rigid fused substructure as PAZ, were selected as the

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test set. On consideration of the integrity of the substructures in training and test sets,

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NOR and DIF, containing the same substructures as in the training set, were chose as

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test molecules. OXO has an exclusive dioxolone ring, so it was put into test set.

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Therefore, 17 molecules (PAZ, SOF, PRU, CIP, LOM, PEF, ENR, GAR, GAT, DAN,

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NAL, CLI, PIP, SPA, MOX, SAR and TOS) were used to form the training set, and

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DIF, MAR, NOR, OXO, ROF and RUF comprised the test set. The observed IC50

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values of these molecules were converted into corresponding pIC50 (-log IC50) values.

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Molecular Conformation and Alignment

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The molecular modeling was conducted using SYBYL program package23. PAZ

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was used as the template. Its conformation was searched, and identified by energy

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minimization using the Tripos force-field with the Powell conjugate gradient

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minimization algorithm and a convergence criterion of 0.005 kcal/(mol×Å). The other

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data set molecules were constructed from the template molecule by using the

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“SKETCH” option function in SYBYL. The Gasteiger-Hückel charge was used to

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calculate the partial atomic charges. Concerning the most of QNs’ structures, the large

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conformational difference of the substituents at the 7-position may be not conducive

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to the molecular alignment. Thus whether the nitrogen atoms at the 4-position of

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piperazinyl rings were well aligned was considered as a benchmark to select

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molecules for generating a desired pharmacophore model. With the exclusion of the

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template PAZ, the concerned nitrogen atoms of SOF, PRU, CIP, and MAR met the

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above criterion. So these five molecules were used as the subset to generate the

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pharmacophore models with GALAHAD method. Then the desired pharmacophore

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model was generated and used as the template to superimpose the data set molecules.

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The parameters were set as defaults.

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CoMFA and CoMSIA Descriptors

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CoMFA steric and electrostatic interaction fields of each molecule were

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calculated on a 3D cubic lattice. A sp3 carbon probe atom with Van der Waal radius of

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1.52 Å and +1 charge was used to generate the steric and electrostatic filed energies.

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The energy values were truncated at 30.0 kcal/mol. The CoMFA standard

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(CoMFA-STD) and region focusing (CoMFA-RF) methods were used to scale the

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steric and electrostatic fields. The cross-validated correlation coefficient R2 (q2) and

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the optimum number of components (ONC) were obtained using the partial least

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square (PLS) method with leave one out (LOO) option. Using the obtained ONC, the

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final non-cross-validated model was developed.

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Besides the steric and electrostatic fields, CoMSIA evaluated hydrophobic,

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hydrogen-bond donor and hydrogen-bondacceptor fields. CoMSIA descriptors were

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calculated with the same probe atom as that used in the CoMFA-STD. The attenuation

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factor was the default.

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Moreover, the progressive scrambling method was used to examine the stabilities of established models. The parameters were defaults.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Immunnoreagent Preparation

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UV-vis spectra of artificial antigens, BSA, OVA and PAZ are shown in Fig.S1a.

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The absorbance for PAZ-D-BSA and PAZ-D-OVA by carbodiimide coupling method

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gave a significant shifted peak at 320 nm compared with the 330 nm peak for PAZ,

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while the maximum absorbance of BSA and OVA were at 278 nm, which indicated

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that PAZ was successfully conjugated with BSA and OVA, respectively. The artificial

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antigens PAZ-P-BSA and PAZ-P-OVA by GDA coupling method was verified as in

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the procedure above and the results indicated artificial antigens were successfully

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conjugated (Fig. S1b).

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AntiseraTiter

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Antisera of immunized mice from different groups, which injected with

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PAZ-D-BSA and PAZ-P-BSA, respectively, were collected 1 week after the 3rd

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booster injection and detected for the presence of antibody recognizing the

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immunizing hapten by a chequerboard titration (Table 1). Antiserum PAZ-D-BSA

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group showed a higher titration than antiserum PAZ-P-BSA did. The titer values after

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the 3rd injection were about 1.0 at 1/32,000 dilution for antiserum PAZ-D-BSA, while

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at dilutions of up to 1:8,000 for antiserum PAZ-P-BSA. As is known to all, the

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appropriate immunogen has an important effect on animals' immunity effect19. In this

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study, the carboxyl group of PAZ can react with the amino group of carrier protein

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and expose the amino group of PAZ for carbodiimide coupling; alternatively, the

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amino group of PAZ can link with the amino group of carrier protein and expose the

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carboxyl group of PAZ for glutaraldehyde coupling. The different groups of PAZ

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would be exposed to the greatest extent by these two coupling methods, respectively.

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Previous research24 showed that the more complex hapten structure could lead to the

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better CR, such as those containing a benzene ring, heterocyclic ring or branched

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chain. For PAZ, the structure of amino group, adjacent to the cyclopropyl group, is

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more complicated than that carboxyl group. This may lead to the better animals'

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immunity effect of PAZ-D-BSA group. Thus, the antiserum of immunized mice from

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carbodiimide coupling method with higher affinity was selected for further

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development25.

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ELISA Optimization

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To develop a specific and sensitive ELISA, dilutions of the coating antigen and

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antibody were optimized. Accordingly, three dilutions of coating antigen PAZ-D-OVA,

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which were 1:10000,1:20000 and 1:25000, respectively, were detected in combination

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with dilutions of antibody PAZ-D-BSA from 1:1000 to 1:64000 using a checkerboard

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procedure26 (Fig. S2). Also, the lowest possible coating concentration that allows

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reliable detection of the label which does not affect the competition is desired for

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highest sensitivity27. Thus, the optimal combination of the immunoreagents was a

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coating antigen PAZ-D-OVA dilution at 1:25000 with dilution of 1:8000 for the

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antibody, producing a maximum absorbance of around 1 in the absence of an

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analyte28.

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On the basis of optimal results, the standard curve for PAZ ciELISA was

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obtained as seen in Fig.1. The assay exhibited an IC50 of 10.3 ng/mL, LOD and LOQ

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of 1.4 and 2.9 ng/mL for PAZ, respectively. Whereas the working range was 2.9 - 36.8

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ng/mL (y = – 0.542x+1.124).

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Immunoassay Specificity

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In order to investigate the impact of the molecular properties on the assay

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specificity, the CR was evaluated to estimate the affinity of the antibody to the

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structure related compounds. In this study, the molar CRs of 24 QNs were detected

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using PAZ as the reference compound (CR = 100.0%) (Table 2), it was found that the

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antibody showed a strong recognition to SOF (CR = 69.6%), this could be due to the

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similar structures of SOF and PAZ, which were only different at the 7-position.

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Comparing the structures of OFL and MAR, it revealed that, if the carbon atom,

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which was connected to N-1, was replaced by nitrogen atom, the CR dramatically

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dropped from 66.7 % for OFL to 4.4 % for MAR. This suggests that the oxygen

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nitrogen hetero atomic ring at the 1-position was likely a key structural factor for

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antibody recognition. In addition, the structure of ROF is similar to SOF in all

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respects except for the configuration of the chiral carbon, and this difference almost

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resulted in a 3-fold decrease in the CR value for ROF (CR = 25.8%) compared to SOF

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(CR = 69.6%), implying that the chiral structure also played an important role in

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affecting the affinity of the antibody. Interestingly, compared with OFL, PRU, not

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only lacked of oxygen nitrogen hetero atomic ring at the 1-position, but also changed

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methyl group into dioxole group at the 7-position, showed a similar CR of 64.0%. As

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some research have revealed, as well as spatial structure, hydrophobic and electronic

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properties both made significant contributions to antibody recognition29, 30.

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Generally, the immunizing hapten structure is more similar to the analyte, the

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resultant antibody will be more possible to demonstrate high CR to its

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structure-similar analytes27,31. Compared with other previously reported generic

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haptens such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin27, 31, 32, PAZ did not possess

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the commonly shared piperazinyl in many QNs, Thus, this structure feature possibly

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decreased its similarity to many QNs containing piperazinyl. However, it is interesting

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in this study to found that the raised antibody showed an extremely broad specificity

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to 24 QNs and even all LODs was below their MRLs. Due to lack of information

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about the antibody physicochemical properties, the possible mechanisms of antibody

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recognition was still unclear. For better explaining the high CR the GALAHAD and

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advanced 3D QSAR methods were used for the further investigation.

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Molecular Superimposition

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The GALAHAD generated the best twenty pharmacophore models. Each model

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contained 9 features, namely, one positive nitrogen atom, one negative center, two

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hydrophobic centers, two hydrogen bond donor atoms and three hydrogen bond

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acceptor atoms. All these models each had a Pareto rank of 0, which indicated that none

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of the models was superior to any other33. In this study, the model with the maximal

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steric overlap at AA3, AA4, HY6, HY7 and NC8 features was chosen as the template

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for the subsequent molecular superimposition. The model and superimposed molecules

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were displayed in Fig. 2.

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3D QSAR Statistical Results

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No matter in the CoMFA-STD or CoMFA-RF models, there was a sharp rise in

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q2 and a minimal standard error of prediction (SEP) when the number of components

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(NC) was 3, which led to the determination that 3 was the preferred ONC due to the

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suggestion that each additional component ideally increases q2 by 5-10%34, 35. The

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progressive scrambling test also supported the afore mentioned conclusion due to the

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comprehensive result of the maximal cross-validated correlation coefficient (Q2),

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almost the minimal calculated cross-validated standard error (cSDEP) and the slope

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of q2 with respect to the correlation of the original dependent variables versus the

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perturbed dependent variables (dq2/dr2yy') closer to 1.0 in the CoMFA-RF models

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(Table 3)36. Therefore, the 3-component and region focused CoMFA model was

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generated.

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In CoMSIA, the five fields, namely, steric (S), electrostatic (E), hydrophobic (H),

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hydrogen bond donor (D) and hydrogen bond acceptor (A) field, are not totally

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independent from each other. These fields were systemically combined, and the

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analyses of PLS with automatic option were conducted. The combinations with higher

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q2 were chosen for the subsequent analysis to determine the optimal combination.

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Table S1 showed that the combination of SA gave the higher q2 and smallest SEP.

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Since there was a sharp increase in q2, the CoMSIA model with the ONC of 7 was

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created based on S and A force-fields.

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The statistical data were listed in Table 4. Since the predictive r2 of CoMFA was

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higher than that of CoMSIA, it seemed that the CoMFA was more rational. The

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residuals ranged from -0.876 to 0.228 and -0.888 to 0.184 in the CoMFA and

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CoMSIA models (Table S2), respectively. The distributions of residuals reflected the

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random/systematic errors of the both models. The scatter plots of the predicted versus

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experimental activities indicated that the errors mainly resulted from the random

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errors (Fig. 3). Since there were five molecules with the residual less than 0.5 log unit

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in the CoMFA model, whereas only four in the CoMSIA model, the CoMFA model

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showed higher prediction ability than CoMSIA, which was consistent with the

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previous conclusion. However, the CoMSIA model provided an alternative way to

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understand the recognition mechanism. In the CoMFA model, the major deviation was

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derived from MAR. MAR has an exclusive electronegative nitrogen atom in the

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oxadiazine ring. Because no model has been established for this nitrogen atom, this

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over-predicted the values of MAR. It implies that an electronegative atom in this

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region is undesirable for activity. It implied that an electronegative atom in this region

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is undesirable for the binding affinity.

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CoMFA Contour Analysis

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In Fig.4a-4c, the CoMFA steric contours were around the oxazine ring (Reg. 1)

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and the 1-amino-cyclopropyl group (Reg. 2) of PAZ. In Reg. 1, the green contours

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separately interacted with the methyl and methylene groups at the oxazine ring of

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PAZ (Fig. 4a) and SOF (Fig.4b); however, these groups of ROF were brought near to

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the yellow contours due to their opposite conformations (Fig. 4c). That explained that

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why SOF (exp. pIC50 = 7.337 and so forth) had higher binding activity than ROF

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(6.907). There was a large block of yellow contours under the nitrogen of the

337

quinoline ring in Reg. 1. As far as the molecular pairs of CIP (7.237) versus SAR

338

(6.251), and PEF (7.155) versus DIF (6.703) were concerned, the former in each pair

339

had higher binding activity than the latter, which was agreement with the large yellow

340

contours overlapping the substituted phenyl group in the latter.

341

In Reg. 2, the two bottom blocks of green contours covered the amino and

342

cyclopropyl groups of PAZ (Fig. 4a); while all the three blocks of green contours

343

interacted with the 4-methyl-piperazinyl group (Fig. 4b, 4c). 4-methyl-piperazinyl

344

was more favorable than piperazinyl in Reg. 2, which gave the reason why PEF had

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higher activity (7.155) than NOR (7.004). The yellow contours near the

346

3-methyl-3,6-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl group of DAN and the ethyl group of ENR

347

in Reg.2 indicated the bulky group in this areas decreased the binding activity, which

348

made the activities of DAN(6.870) and ENR(7.114) lower than CIP(7.237).

349

In Fig. 4e-4g, two blocks of red electrostatic contours suggested that high

350

electrondensity near these areas would increase the cross-reactivity. Fig. 4e illustrated

351

that the amino group of PAZ was near to the small block of red contours, while Fig. 4f

352

showed the large red contours were neighboured to the nitrogen at the 4-position of

353

piperazinyl of SOF. Two blue polyhedrons implied that electropositive groups were

354

desirable for these regions, however DIF, SAR and TOS had electronegative fluorine

355

atoms near to these regions, which additionally led to the lower activities of DIF, SAR

356

and TOS (5.203).

357

CoMSIA Contour Analysis

358

CoMSIA contour maps could provide an alternative way to investigate the CRs.

359

The color schemes in the Reg. 1 of the CoMSIA steric contours (Fig. 5a) were similar

360

to that of CoMFA. The yellow contours were associated with the cross-reactivity

361

decreasing when bulky groups located in this area. The green contours demonstrated

362

the area that distinguished the S-form form R-form of OFL. In Reg. 2, the rational

363

bulky group could increase the cross-reactivity. For instance, the 4-methyl-piperazinyl

364

group could lead to higher binding activity than the piperazinyl group.

365 366

Each of the magenta blocks was separately close to the ketone group of the quinoline ring and the the 4-position nitrogen of the piperazinyl ring (Fig. 5b). That

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indicated the acceptor atoms in these two areas could increase the binding activity.

368

The red contours near the oxygen of oxazine ring meant that acceptor atom in this

369

area was undesirable for cross-reactivity.

370

Since the amino and cyclopropyl groups of PAZ were perpendicular to the

371

quinolone ring (Figure 4a and 4e), respectively, it made the antibody form two

372

mutually almost orthogonally cavities, one for the amino and cyclopropyl, and the

373

other for the quinoline ring. Although the distance from the shared carbon to the

374

nitrogen in amino or to distal end carbon in cyclopropy was not longer than that the

375

distance from the carbon at 1-position to the nitrogen at 4-position of piperazinyl the

376

contour maps of both CoMFA and CoMSIA demonstrated that the formed cavity

377

could accommodate the bulky piperazinyl. The both models also implied that the

378

antibody might possess electropositive atom, which can bind the nitrogen of amino

379

group and 4-position nitrogen of piperazinyl. These may contribute to the main reason

380

that the resultant antibody against PAZ exhibited a broad specificity.

381

In this study, a novel hapten PAZ was used for generating broad-specificity

382

polyclonal antibody for 24 QNs. The influence of coupling methods of hapten on

383

antibody sensitivity was also studied. In order to investigate the mechanism of the

384

antibody recognition, QNs were superimposed by GALAHAD method, and subjected

385

to 3D QSAR studies using advanced CoMFA and CoMSIA approaches. Both models

386

offered good statistical parameters, e.g. the q2 greater than 0.71. It was found that the

387

steric field played a major role for the recognition between antibody and QNs. The

388

QNs might interact with the antibody with different binding poses, and the large bulky

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groups containing electronegative atom at 1-position of the quinoline ring would

390

decrease the cross-reactivity, while rational bulky groups attached to the 7-position

391

would increase the cross-reactivity.

392 393

ABBREVIATIONS USED

394

ciELISA, competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;

395

GALAHAD, genetic algorithm with linear assignment of hypermolecular alignment

396

of datasets; 3D QSAR, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship;

397

CoMFA, comparative molecular field analysis; CoMSIA, comparative molecular

398

similarity indices analysis; QNs, quinolones; MRLs, maximum residue limits; EU,

399

European Union; PAZ, pazufloxacin; OFL, racemic ofloxacin; PRU, prulifloxacin;

400

CIP, ciprofloxacin; RUF, rufloxacin; LOM, lomefloxacin; PEF, pefloxacin; ENR,

401

enrofloxacin; NOR, norfloxacin; GAR, garenoxacin; GAT, gatifloxacin; DAN,

402

danofloxacin; NAL, nalidixic acid; DIF, difloxacin; CLI, clinafloxacin; OXO,

403

oxolinic acid; PIP, pipemidic acid; SPA, sparfloxacin; MOX, moxifloxacin; SAR,

404

sarafloxacin; MAR, marbofloxacin; TOS, tosufloxacin; SOF, S-(−)-Ofloxacin; ROF,

405

R-(+)-Ofloxacin; BSA, bovine serum albumin; OVA, ovalbumin; HRP−IgG,

406

horseradish peroxidase−immunoglobulin G; TMB,3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl benzidine;

407

UV-vis, ultraviolet-visible; GDA, glutaraldehyde; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit

408

of quantification; CR, cross-reactivity; ONC, optimum number of components; PLS,

409

partial-least-square; LOO, leave one out; SEP, standard error of prediction; NC,

410

number of components; Q2, maximal cross-validated correlation coefficient; cSDEP,

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calculated cross-validated standard error; dq2/dr2yy', dependent variables versus the

412

perturbed dependent variables; STD, Standard CoMFA; RF, CoMFA with region

413

focused; S, steric; E, electrostatic ; H, hydrophobic; D, hydrogen bond donor; A,

414

hydrogen bond acceptor.

415 416

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

417

This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (U1301214),

418

Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (S2013030013338, 2015A030313366),

419

Guangdong Planed Program in Science and Technology (2014TX01N250,

420

2010A032000001-4, 2013B051000072), the Program for Research Team in South

421

China Chinese Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center (A1-AFD01514A07) and

422

the Science and Technology Project of Fujian Province (2012Y0003). We would also

423

like to thank Dr Kai Wang for her constructive suggestions in the manuscript revision.

424 425

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

426

Two supplement figures and one supplement table. This material is available free

427

of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

428 429

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430

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Development and validation of a fast monoclonal based disequilibrium enzyme-linked

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immunosorbent assay for the detection of triphenylmethane dyes and their metabolites

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in fish. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 698, 51-60.

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Xu, Z. L., Hapten Synthesis and Development of a Competitive Indirect

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Acrylamide in Food Samples. J. Agr. Food

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Development and validation of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid

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in Bovine Muscle. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 1733-1740.

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Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of

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polybrominated diphenyl ether BDE-121. Anal. Biochem. 2014, 447, 49-54.

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Synthesis of haptens and conjugates for an enzyme immunoassay for analysis of the

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herbicide bromacil. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 40, 1459-1465.

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Shen, Y. D.; Sun, Y. M., Production and characterization of a broad-specificity

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polyclonal antibody for O, O-diethyl organophosphorus pesticides and a quantitative

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in water, waste water, sediment and sludge. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 593, 129-139.

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Feng, C. W.; Wan, Y. P.; Zhang, S. X., Development of a monoclonal antibody-based

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broad-specificity ELISA for fluoroquinolone antibiotics in foods and molecular

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modeling studies of cross-reactive compounds. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 4471-4483.

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(29) Holtzapple, C. K.; Carlin, R. J.; Rose, B. G.; Kubena, L. F.; Stanker, L. H.,

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Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to aflatoxin M1 and molecular modeling

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studies of related aflatoxins. Mol. Immunol. 1996, 33, 939-946.

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(30) Muldoon, M. T.; Holtzapple, C. K.; Deshpande, S. S.; Beier, R. C.; Stanker, L.

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H., Development of a monoclonal antibody-based cELISA for the analysis of

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sulfadimethoxine. 1. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and

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molecular modeling studies of antibody recognition. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2000, 48,

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(31) Cao, L. M.; Kong, D. X.; Sui, J. X.; Jiang, T.; Li, Z. Y.; Ma, L.; Lin, H.,

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Broad-specific antibodies for a generic immunoassay of quinolone: development of a

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molecular model for selection of haptens based on molecular field-overlapping. Anal.

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(32) Wen, K.; Nölke, G.; Schillberg, S.; Wang, Z. H.; Zhang, S. X.; Wu, C. M.; Jiang,

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H. Y.; Meng, H.; Shen, J. Z., Improved fluoroquinolone detection in ELISA through

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engineering of a broad-specific single-chain variable fragment binding simultaneously

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to 20 fluoroquinolones. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 403, 2771-2783.

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(33) Richmond, N. J.; Abrams, C. A.; Wolohan, P. R.; Abrahamian, E.; Willett, P.;

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Clark, R. D., GALAHAD: 1. Pharmacophore identification by hypermolecular

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alignment of ligands in 3D. J. Comput. Aid. Mol. Des. 2006, 20, 567-587.

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(34) Clark, M.; Cramer, R. D., The probability of chance correlation using partial

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least squares (PLS). Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships 1993, 12, 137-145.

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(35) Lindgren, F.; Geladi, P.; Rännar, S.; Wold, S., Interactive variable selection

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(IVS) for PLS. Part 1: Theory and algorithms. J. Chemom. 1994, 8, 349-363.

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(36) Clark, R. D.; Sprous, D. G.; Leonard, J. M., Validating models based on large

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data sets. Rational Approaches to Drug Design 2001, 475-485.

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Figure captions

548

Figure 1 The ciELISA standard curve for PAZ.

549

Figure 2 The pharmacophore superimposition by GALAHAD

550

DA1 and DA2: hydrogen bond donor atom; AA3, AA4 and AA5: hydrogen bond

551

acceptor atom (AA4 and AA5 were overlapped with DA1 and DA2, respectively);

552

HY6 and HY7: hydrophobic centers; NC8: negative center; NP9: positive nitrogen.

553

Figure 3 The scatter plots of predicted versus experimental pIC50.

554

Figure 4 The CoMFA contour maps.

555

a, b and c: CoMFA steric contour maps together with PAZ, SOF and ROF,

556

respectively. e, f and g: CoMFA electrostatic contour maps together with PAZ, SOF

557

and TOS, respectively. The energies of all fields were calculated with the weight of

558

the standard deviation and the coefficient. Green, yellow, blue and red contours

559

represented steric bulk desirable, steric bulk undesirable, positive charge desirable and

560

negative charge desirable, respectively; and their contributions in Fig. 5a-5g were

561

30.8%, 18.5%, 11.0% and 3.4%, respectively.

562

Figure 5 The CoMSIA contour maps.

563

a: CoMSIA steric field and SOF; b: CoMSIA H-bond acceptor field and SOF. The

564

energies of all fields were calculated with the weight of the standard deviation and the

565

coefficient. Green, yellow, magenta and red contours represented steric bulk desirable,

566

steric bulk undesirable, acceptor bulk desirable and acceptor bulk undesirable,

567

respectively; and their contributions were 1.7%, 2.7%, 5.4% and 36%, respectively.

568

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569

Table 1Antiseratiters of immunized mice from different groups Groups Immunogen Mouse number Antiserum titer

Carbodiimide coupling method PAZ-D-BSA 1 2 1/32000 1/32000

Glutaraldehyde coupling method PAZ-P-BSA 4 5 6 1/2000 1/8000 1/4000

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Table 2 Cross reactivity of PAZ-related molecules LOD (ng/mL)

IC50 (nmol/mL)

CR (%)

1.40

0.032

100.0

SOF

0.68

0.046

69.6

OFL

1.10

0.048

66.7

PRU

3.83

0.050

64.0

CIP

1.82

0.058

55.2

RUF

1.28

0.064

50.0

LOM

7.71

0.069

46.4

PEF

0.95

0.070

45.7

ENR

0.45

0.077

41.6

NOR

1.75

0.099

32.3

GAR

2.30

0.104

30.8

GAT

1.72

0.112

28.6

ROF

4.21

0.124

25.8

Molecules

Structure O

O F 6

PAZ

H2N

5 8

7

4 1 N

3 OH 2

O

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O

O

F

DAN

Page 30 of 38

OH

1.84

0.135

23.7

0.45

0.178

18.0

1.14

0.198

16.2

CLI

2.54

0.234

13.7

OXO

7.95

0.244

13.1

PIP

1.82

0.356

9.0

SPA

2.26

0.362

8.8

MOX

5.01

0.379

8.4

4.39

0.561

5.7

15.16

0.73

4.4

1.84

6.26

0.5

N

N

N

O

O OH

NAL

N

N

O

O

F

OH

N

DIF

N

N

F

O

O

F

SAR

OH

N

N HCl

HN

F

MAR O

O

F

TOS

H2N

N

OH N

N F

F

571 572

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Table 3 The determination of the ONC by PLS analyses and progressive scrambling

574

tests PLS with LOO 2

NC

575 576 577 578

q

Progressive scrambling tests 2

SEP STD

RF

Q STD

cSDEP

STD

RF

RF

2

0.550

0.688

0.397

0.330

0.388

0.509

3

0.632

0.718

0.373

0.326

0.434

0.539

4

0.640

0.710

0.373

0.339

0.411

0.491

5

0.668

0.731

0.373

0.346

0.419

0.495

STD

dq2/dr2yy'

RF

STD

RF

0.466

0.420

0.875

1.060

0.468

0.429

0.983

1.042

0.496

0.461

1.237

1.238

0.512

0.479

1.417

1.462

NC, number of components; PLS, partial least square; LOO, leave one out; q2,cross-validated correlation coefficient; SEP, standard error of prediction; Q2, maximal cross-validated correlation coefficient; cSDEP, calculated cross-validated standard error; dq2/dr2yy', dependent variables versus the perturbed dependent variables; STD, Standard CoMFA; RF, CoMFA with region focusing.

579

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580 581

Table 4 The summary of the calculated parameters of the 3D QSAR models Parameters

CoMFA

CoMSIA

ONC

3

7

q2

0.718

0.748

2

r

0.991

0.999

Predictive r2

0.827

0.753

Standard error of estimate

0.060

0.028

F-test value

452.137

882.253

S

0.587

0.538

E

0.413

Field’s contribution

A

0.462

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583 584

Figure 1 The ciELISA standard curve for pazufloxacin (n=3).

585

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586 587

Figure 2 The pharmacophore superimposition by GALAHAD. DA1 and DA2:

588

hydrogen bond donor atom; AA3, AA4 and AA5: hydrogen bond acceptor atom

589

(AA4 and AA5 were overlapped with DA1 and DA2, respectively); HY6 and HY7:

590

hydrophobic centers; NC8: negative center; NP9: positive nitrogen.

591

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592

593 594 595

Figure 3 The scatter plots of predicted versus experimental pIC50

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596

597

598 599

Figure 4 The CoMFA contour maps.

600

a, b and c: CoMFA steric contour maps together with PAZ, SOF and ROF,

601

respectively. e, f and g: CoMFA electrostatic contour maps together with PAZ, SOF

602

and TOS, respectively. The energies of all fields were calculated with the weight of

603

the standard deviation and the coefficient. Green, yellow, blue and red contours

604

represented steric bulk desirable, steric bulk undesirable, positive charge desirable and

605

negative charge desirable, respectively; and their contributions were 30.8%, 18.5%,

606

11.0% and 3.4%, respectively.

607

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608

609 610

Figure 5 The CoMSIA contour maps.

611

a: CoMSIA steric field and SOF; b: CoMSIA H-bond acceptor field and SOF. The

612

energies of all fields were calculated with the weight of the standard deviation and the

613

coefficient. Green, yellow, magenta and red contours represented steric bulk desirable,

614

steric bulk undesirable, acceptor bulk desirable and acceptor bulk undesirable,

615

respectively; and their contributions were 1.7%, 2.7%, 5.4% and 36%, respectively.

616

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Table of Contents Graphic

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