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Predicting N-nitrosamines: N-nitrosodiethanolamine as a Significant Component of Total N-nitrosamines in Recycled Wastewater Ning Dai, Teng Zeng, and William Armistead Mitch Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00005 • Publication Date (Web): 30 Jan 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 31, 2015
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Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Predicting N-nitrosamines: N-nitrosodiethanolamine as a Significant Component of Total N-nitrosamines in Recycled Wastewater Ning Daia,¥, Teng Zengb,c,¥, and William A. Mitchb,c* a
Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, 231 Jarvis Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260 b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Energy and Environment Building, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 c
Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), National Science Foundation ¥
Authors contributed equally to this work
*Corresponding author phone: (650) 725-9298; fax: (650) 723-7058; e-mail:
[email protected] 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Environmental Science & Technology Letters
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Environmental Science & Technology Letters
ABSTRACT
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N-Nitrosamines are key contaminants of concern for wastewater reuse. Although
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research has focused on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), measurements indicate that NDMA
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accounts for only ~9% of total N-nitrosamines in wastewaters, similar to previous findings in
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drinking and recreational waters. Recognizing the limited timescale for biological
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transformation during wastewater treatment, N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) was targeted as
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a component of total N-nitrosamines based upon the widespread usage of its triethanolamine
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precursor in consumer products. NDELA accounted for ~6% of total N-nitrosamines, exceeding
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NDMA concentrations in some cases, and all other specific N-nitrosamines measured. While
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ozone and chloramines increased NDMA concentrations by up to an order of magnitude, and
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chloramines increased NDELA concentrations in some cases, other N-nitrosamine concentrations
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did not increase. Total N-nitrosamine concentrations increased by only 38-89% during ozonation
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and 23-65% during chloramination, suggesting that, in wastewaters, N-nitrosamine occurrence
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upstream of disinfection may be more significant than their formation as disinfection byproducts.
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In three advanced treatment trains, reverse osmosis and UV/hydrogen peroxide advanced
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oxidation reduced specific N-nitrosamines below their quantification limits, although 13-30 ng/L
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as NDMA of uncharacterized total N-nitrosamines remained.
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INTRODUCTION Since the 1974 discovery that trihalomethanes form as chlorine disinfection byproducts
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(DBPs),1,2 over 700 halogenated DBPs have been identified.3 While trihalomethanes and
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haloacetic acids account for the majority of the characterized fraction of total organic halogen
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(TOX), identified DBPs generally account for
