Reactivity Network: Secondary Sources for Inorganic Reactivity lnformation E. K. Mellon Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 The goals of the NSF-supported Reactivity Network Proiect are to translate information concernine inoreanic chemical reactivity from the original and secon&ry chemical literature into a form suitable for use by high school chemistry teachers and curriculum developers, and to disseminate the translated information in the form of reviews. This paper is an eclectic, annotated bibliography of secondary sources for inorganic reactivity information, of interest to reactivity network review authors and to anyone else seeking information about simple inorganic reactions in order to develop experiments and demonstrations. Sources devoted to the chemistry of a single element or a small number of elements are not included: neither are most hieh school and colleee general chemistr; and qualitative anzysis texts. A numb& of older sources are included both for their wide coveraee of inorganic reactivity, and especially for their descriptions of simple apparatus and procedures for the performance of intractable reactions. Older sources frequently appeared in multiple editions. The editions cited here are those available to thiauthor. hut newer or older editions. where found.. mav serve as well.
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References to the Chemical Literature in General 1. Bottle, R. T., Ed. The Uses of Chemical Literature, 2nd ed.; Archon: Hamden, CT, 1969. 2. Maizell, R. E. How To Find Chemical Information; WilevInterscience: New York, 1979. 3. Mellon, M. G. Chemical Publicotions-Their Nature and Use, 5th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1985. Guldes to the Literature of lnorganlc Chemistry 4. Woodburn. H. M. J. Chem. Edue. 1972.49.689-696 5. Huheey, J.'E. Inorganw Cherntslr), 3rd ed., Harper and Row: New York, 1983; pp A-62-A-82.
minus some graphics-of the contents of 18 ACS primary journals since 1982, CJRSC, offering the contents of 10 primary journals of the Royal Society of Chemistry since 1987, CSCHEM and CSCORP, containing information ahout chemical ~ r o d u c t sand their suvnliers. GFI. containine the .. Gmelin formula index and complete'ratalog dating 'from IY2J. 1.CdO. the learnine file for CHEMICAL JOURNALS ONLINE, and LHB, th&ahoratory Hazards Bulletin of the Royal Society of Chemistry. 7. Krumpolc,M.;Trimakas,D.; Miller,C. J. Chem.Edue. 1987,64, 55-62, Reference 7, is a training paper, Part 1 of a series, that is concerned with the logic of online searching using STPi International's ~ e s s e n g e command r language. DIALOG2is a very large online database collection coverine not onlv the sciences~hutalso law.. eovemment. econom-" ics, the social sciences, the humanities, education, and husiness. I t offers CA SEARCH (coverine CA since 1967). SCISEARCH (accessing the records in Screnre Citation Index), KIRK-OTHMER ONI.INE, HEILBRON, ANALYTICAL ABSTRACTS wince 1984-Royal Society of Chemistry). THE MEHCK INDEX ONLINE, and KRlC (the datahase on education materials from the Educational Resources Information Center). The training and practice programs ONTAP CA SEARCH, ONTAP ERIC, and ONTAP SCISEARCH are also offered. Reference 8 describes the CDROM version of the Science Citation Index. 8. Garfield, E. Current Contents 1988.28(22), 3-13. Other Nonprlnt Secondary Sources Project SERAPHIM3 offers a number of interesting sources. "KC? Discoverer" (9:PC-tvoe comouters) allows various graphical explorations'amonga variety of data concerning the elements, including simple reactivity. "The Periodic Table Videodisc" under development by Alton Banks of Southwest Texas State University and planned for completion in late 1988 will supplement "KC? Discoverer" with reactions of about 75% of the elements with such common reactants as air, water, acids, and bases. "Predicting Inorganic Reactivity: Expert System" (PC-type computers), under development by James P. Birk, Arizona State University, will make predictions concerning possible reactions among the inorganic species which are input. ~~~
Reference 4 covers the retrieval and use of the inorganic literature, while ref 5 contains a relatively complete listing of inorganic journals and modern secondary sources. Reference 6 is an index of review articles about coordination chemistry. 6. Davis, R. In Comprehenbsiue Coordination Chemistry; Wilkinson, G.; Gillard, R. G.; McCleverty, J. A., Eds.;Pergamon: Oxford, 1987; Vol. 7, pp 1-71. Abstracts of Orlginal Sources Chemical Abstracts has been the kev to the orieinal chemical literature for more than half a ckntury. searching the literature via this source will increasingly he done online in the future. CAS ONLINE is the computer search arm of the Chemical Abstracts Service, supplied by STN Inernationall, a cooperative effort of the Ameiican Chemical Society, the Fachinformationszentrum Energie, Physik, Mathematic (FIZ Karlsruhe). and the Jaoan Information Center for Science and ~ e c h n b l o ~(JIcS'T). y CAS ONLINE files include CA, consisting of more than 7 million records covering printed CA beginning in 1967, CAOLD, heing constructed currentlv to cover the 1962-1966 oeriod. REGISTRY. coverine ~ ~ s - ~ e ~ Numbers, i s t r a~n d t w o Gaming files, LCA an; LREGISTRY. Other files offered by STN International include CHI (Chemical Hazards in Industry; Royal Society of Chemistry), CJACS, allowing downloading of the full text-
9. Feng, A,; Moore, J.; Harwood, W.; Gayhart, R. J. Chem. Educ.; Software 1988, IB (1). 10. Allen, C. B.; Bruce, S. C.; Zubrick, J. W. Annotated List of Laboratory Experiments in Chemistry from the Journal of Chemical Education, 1957-1984; PROJECT CHEMLAB; ACS: Washington, DC, 1986. -
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STN-Columbus, c/o Chemical Abstracts Service, 2540 Ofek tangy River Road. P.O. Box 02228. Columbus, OH 43202; Telephone (614)421-3698. DIALOG lnformation Services. Inc., 3460 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304; Telephone: (800) 334-2564. Project SERAPHIM, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti. MI 48197. Volume 66 Number 3 March 1989
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The PROJECT CHEMLAB materials are available both as a Project SERAPHIM search program and database on software for PC-type computers (authored by Aw Feng and entitled "CHEMLAB'V and in nrint form (ref 10L4 "Doing C h e m i ~ t r y "consists ~ i f a set of three 12:in. videodiscs containing directions for more than a hundred demonstrations and experiments and should be ready for distribution late in 1988. T h e presentations are designed for secondary school chemistry teacher workshops, and many are concerned with reactivity. "DEMO FILE"5 (PC-type computers) is a database containing descriptions of hundreds of general chemistry lecture demonstrations suitable for secondary school and college use.
11. Gmelin, I.. Handburh der Anorflonischen Chemie. 8th ed.: Springer-Verlng: Berlin. 1924-prerent. 12. Anderrm,H. C. Am. Lob. 1987,19(4),8-10. Gmelin is the most complete of the comprehensive treatises and is being continually updated with the supplementary volumes since 1982 appearing in English. This reference was first published in 1817 by Gmelin himself as the Handbuch der Theoretischen Chemie and since has become an invaluable resource for organic and inorganic chemists, geologists, metallurgists, and physicists. How current the coverage for a given element is depends on when the most recent supplementary volume was published. Anderson in ref 1 2 describes the current status of the Gmelin project. 13. Mellor, J. W. A Comprehensive Treatise of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry; Longmans-Green: London, 1922-1937; Supplements, 1958-1967. Mellor resents a verv detailed account of the historv and early work on the and properties of inorganic are archaic, substances, although some of the inter~retations as would naturallibe the case with any of the older sources listed here. Other recent comprehensive treatises include: 14. Pascal, P., Ed. Nouueau Traite de Chemie Minerale; Masson: Paris, 19561970. 15. Remv, H. Treatise on Inoraanic Chemistry: .. Elsevier: Amsterdam;1956. 16. Sidgewick, N. V. Chemical Elements and Their Compounds; Oxford: London.. 1950. 17. Bailar, J. C.; Emeleus, H. J.; Nyholm, R. S.; Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Eds. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry; Pergamon: Oxford, 1973. ~
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While refs 11, 13, and 1 7 are probably the most useful because of their detailed coverage, each of the above may be consulted with profit. Review Series In Inorganic Chemistry T h e following two series contain critical reviews covering inorganic reactivity and structure, with literature coverage generally up to within a year or less of the volume date. See also ref 6. 18. Lippard, S. J., Ed. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry; Wiley: New York, 1959-present. 19. Sykes, A. G., Advances in Inorganic Chemistry; Academic Orlando, 1959-present. Series 18and 19 are both producing volumes as frequently as yearly. Series 19 was formerly entitled Advances in Inorpanic ChemistrI a n d Rodiochernistr~.edited bv H. J. Emek u s and A. G. ~ h a r p e . 20. Jolly, W. L.,Ed.PreparotiveInorgonicReactions; Interscience: New York, 1964-1971; Vols. 1-7. 'Contact: Kenneth Chapman. Education Division, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20036.
Contact: Gardiner H. Myers, Department of Chemistry. University of Florida, Gainesvilie, FL 3261 1.
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21. Emeleus, H. J., Ed. Inorganic Chemistry; Butterworths: London, Series 1,1972; Series 2,1974-1975. 22. Shreeve, J. M., Ed. Inorganic Syntheses; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1939-present. Series 22 contains detailed instructions for the preparation of hundreds of inorganic compounds, with each preparation checked independently. lnorganlc Textbooks with Extensive Coverage of Reactivity 23. Cotton, F. A,; Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed.; Wiley: New York, 1988. 24. Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Pergamon: Oxford, 1984.
References 23 and 24 are the standard "descriptive" graduate-level inorganic texts, both impressive in size and scholarship. Jolly in ref 25 attempts to systemize synthetic inorganic chemistry. bv of thermodvnamic and . the application .. kinetic principles: 25. Jolly, W. L. The Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds; Prentiee-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970. Wulfsberg's text (ref 26) is designed primarily for the sophomore inorganic chemistry course and is concerned with the descriptive chemistry of the elements and their most frequently encountered compounds (halides, oxides, hydrides, hydrated ions, and 0x0 anions). Reference 27 is similar in coverage. 26. Wulfsherg, G. Principles of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry; Brooks/Cole: Monterey, CA, 1987. London. 1917. 27. Parish.. R. V. The Metallic Elements:. Loneman: ~,~ ~" 28. Burns. D. T.; I'ownrhend. A,; Carter. A. H. Inorpanic Reoctlon ('hemirtq: Rvarrions I,/ the Efementv and Thetr Ccrmpoundr, Vd. 2: Wiley: Yew York, 1981. Reference 28 lists important and useful chemical properties and aoueous solution reactions for more than 60 of the elements and is the companion volume to ref 32. Inorganic Oualitatlve Analysis Textbooks By their very nature qualitative analysis texts are concerned with inorganic reactivity. Only a few of the hundred or soof these which have been published are mentioned here. Examination of successive editions of the classics (Fresenius, Prescott and Johnson, Treadwell and Hall) indicates that with the nassaee of time. and esneciallv since about 1930, principle's have increasingly been emphasized a t the l about reactions. blow-nine analexnense of ~ r a c t i c adetails ysis, reactions in the dry way, etc. Just about any modern qualitative analysis textbook will be found useful, but the following have unique features: 29. Noyes, A. A.; Bray, W. C. A System of Qualitative Analysis for the Rare Elements; Maemillan: New York, 1927. 30. Swift, E. H. A System of Chemical Analysis (Qualitative and Semi-Quantitotiue)for the Chemical Elements; Prentiee-Hall: New York, 1939. 31. Charlot, G. Qualitatiue Inorganic Analysis: A New PhysieoChemical Approach; Methuen: London, 1954. 32. Burns, D. T.; Townshend, A,; Catchpole, A. G. Inorganic Reaction Chemistry: Systematic Chemical Separation, Vol. 1; Wiley: New York, 1980. T h e Noyes and Bray scheme (ref 29) was designed to follow after a standard course in qualitative analvsis and covers such elements as Zr, Hf, Ce, and the rare earths. It is still a part of the analytical literature, appearing, for example, in Scott's Standard Methods (ref 33). T h e authors hoped that use of the scheme would ". . . lead to the discovery of rare elements in minerals and ores where they had not previously been detected.. .".Swift's system (ref 30) included the separation, detection, and semi-quantitative estimation of the constituents of samples. Charlot (ref 31) uses graphical methods, including formal potential diagrams, akin to Pourbaix diagrams, a t realistic couceutrations. Fi-
nally, ref 32 represents the results of the researches of the Midlands Association for qualitative Analysis, active since 1954 in England, and offers a useful history of qualitative analysis. 33. Furman, N. H., Ed. Scott's Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, 6th ed.; Van Nostrand: Princeton, 1962. Volume 1of ref 33 is devoted to discussions of the detection, estimation, separation, and determination of the elements. Reference 34. one of the Peterson Field Guides. treats older methods of mineralogy such as blow-pipe analy: sis and flame tests, and describes where minerals may be found in nature in North America. 34. Pough, F. H. A Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals, 4th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1983. General Chemistry Sources Most " eeneral chemistrv textbooks and laboratorv manuals contain some reaction chemistry. Listed here are a select few which either contain a great deal of reaction chemistry or present reaction chemistry in a pedagogically useful manner. 35. Latimer, W. M.; Hildebrand,J. H. Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry, revised ed.; Macmillan, New York, 1940. Reference 35 was bound together with Hildebrand's Principles of Chemistry, and both were designed to accompany 36. Bray, W. C.; Latimer, W. M. A Course in General Chemistry, 3rd ed.; Macmillan: New York, 1940. In the eeneral chemistrv course suooorted bv refs 35 and 36, the 1ai;oratory work w& the central'feature and consisted of exoeriments designed in the main to foster the careful observation of inorganic reactivity phenomena. Students were constantly urged to try experiments and to make predictions referring to careful observations entered earlier in their laboratory notebooks. 37. Young, J. A. Practice in Thinking: A Laboratory Course in Introductory Chemistry; Prentiee-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1958. In Young's approach, students observed phenomena, many of which were inorganic reactions, and then formulated testable hypotheses leading t o further experimentation. 38. Pode, J. S. F. The Periodic Table: Ezpeperiment and Theory; Mills and Boon: London, 1971. Pode cites about 150 experimental demonstrations stressing the regularity of the chemical properties of the groups in the periodic table. Reference 39 presents a wealth of descriptive chemistry of the elements in the broader sense-uses, industrial chemistry, etc. Chapter 22 of ref 4Ois especially noteworthy because of the number and quality of problems it contains about inorganic reactivity. 39. Rochow, E. G. Modern Descriptive Chemistry; Saunden: Philadelphia, 1977. 40. Goates, J. R.; Ott, J. B.; Butler, E. A. General Chemistry: Theory and Descri~tion:Harcaurt Brace Jovanovich: New York,
lrisl.
41. Gillespie,R. J.; Humphreys, D. A,; Baird, N. C.;Robinson, E. A. Chemistry; Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 1986. The present generation of college general chemistry textbooks is returning to coverage of inorganic reactivity. Reference 41 resulted in part from the International Conference on Introductory Chemistry: New Directions in the Chemistrv Curriculum held a t McMaster University in Hamilton, ~ n t a r i o ,in June of 1978 (42, 43), and represents current attempts to merge the description of chemical phenomena with theories and principles.
42. Gillespie, R. J.; Humphreys, D. A. J. Chem. Edue. 1980,57,348. 43. Bodner, G. M.; Herron, J. D. J. Chem. Educ. 1980,57,349-350. A Dlctlonary and an Encyclopedia of Chemical Reactions 44. Gilman, A. F., Jr., Ed. A Dictionary of Chemical Equations; Eclectic: Chicago, 1961.
Hundreds of balanced equations are listed in ref 44, although the commentary is sparse. 45. Jacobson, C. A., Ed. Encyclopedia of Chemical Reactions; Reinhold: New York, 1951. Reference 45 also lists hundreds of reactions, each with a brief description and one or more references to the (older) original literature. Only a few references past 1930 are cited. Technology Encyclopedias These are useful for descriptions of the technological applications of inorganic reactivity. 46. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology; 6th ed.; 20 vols.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1987. 47. Grayson, M., Ed. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed.; 24 vols.; Wiley: New York, 1978-1984. 48. Meyers, R. A,, Ed. Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology; Academic: Orlando, 1987. 49. Haynes, W. American Chemical Industry: A History; 6 vols.; Van Nostrand: New York, 1945-1954. Demonstratlon Handbooks 50. Farady, M. Chemical Manipulations: Being Instructions to Students in Chemistry, On the Methods of Performing Experiments of Demonstration and Research, with Accuracy and Success; Phillips: London, 1827. Surprisingly, Faraday's book is more accessible than many of the other older sources listed here.6 T h e descriptions of manipulations and apparatus are worth reading even today, as are those given by von GompBensanez: 51. von Gonrp-Rensanez, E. F. Lehrburh der Anorganisrhm Chemie, 2nd ed.: Vieweg: Hraunschweig, 1863. 52. Vernon Harcourr, A. G.; Madan, H. G. Ererris~ain P r ~ ~ t i r o l Chemislr), Slhed.; Clarendon: Oxford, 1897,2vols. Reference 52 contains hundreds of oaees . of clearlv written descriptions of inorganic reactions, culminating in a scheme of qualitative analysis. Examples of around-the-house chemistry are also given, as on page 245 of Volume 1where the use of hypochlorites in calico printing is described. 53. Frankland, E. How To Teach Chemistry: Hints to Science Teachers and Students, Being the Substance of Six Lectures Delivered at the Royal College of Chemistry in June 1872; Lindsay and Blakiston: Philadelphia, 1875. Sir Edward Frankland, one off the first organometallic chemists, an early experimental craftsman, and a n important contributor to the early theory of valence, was a master of chemical manipulation, and his hook is replete with directions for demonstrations. 54. Mendeleev (or "Mendelejeff"), D. I. Grundlagen der Chemie; Trans. by Jawein, L.; Thillot, A.; Ricker: St. Petershurg, 1891. There are a number of editions of Mendeleev's book out in Russian. French. German. and English. Reference 54 is cited hecauseit is available (in German1 on microprint.6 55. Knling, 0.Karl Heumanns Anleitung zum Experimentieren, 3rd ed.; Vieweg: Braunschweig, 1904. Reference 55 contains unpublished experiments contributed by many of the distinguished German chemists of the day, for example, Bunsen, Volhard, Biichner, Ostwald, Victor Mever. and Emil Fischer. References 50 and 54 are available on microprint: Hartley. H.; Roller, E. H. D., Eds. Landmarks of Science: Readex Microprint: New York, 1967-1968. Volume 66
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56. Reynolds, J. E. Ezperimentol Chemistry for Junior Students, 4th ed.; Longmans, Green: London, 1887. The relevant portions of Reynold's set, bound separately, are Part I. Introduction, Part 11, Non-Metals, and Part 111, Metals. 57. Newth, G. S. Chemical Lecture Experiments: Non-Metallic Elements, new impression;Longmans, Green: London, 1905. Newth gives clear directions for over 600 demonstrations, mostlv of inoreanic reactivitv and most illustrated with drawings of simple apparatus designed and depicted by Newth himself. Benedict, F. G. Chemical Lecture Experiments; Macmillan: New York, 1901. Benedict reports, among many spectacular experiments, the unpublished demonstrations of the early Harvard chemist Josiah P. Cooke eleaned from ". . . Constant attendance u on Professor Cooke's lectures for five successive years . . ." His aim was to present only experiments that could be performed with simple apparatus. Bloxam (59) presents a fascinating array of practical, everyday information about the reagents described: 59. Bloxam, C. L. Chemistry: Inorganic and Organic, with Experiments, 11th ed.; Blakiston's Sons: Philadelphia, 1923. 60. Fowlea. G. Lecture Eroeriments in Chemistrv: Blakiston's Son: In ref 60, Fowles presents about 550 experiments, mostly preparative, and includes as well an interestinp: discussion of lecture demonstration and experimentation history and pedagogy. Arthur (61) presents over 170 experiments, many from the early volumes of this Journal. 61. Arthur, P. Lecture Demonstrations in General Chemistry; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1939. Followina is a selection of more modern chemical demonstration manuals. David A. Katz70f the Community College of Philadelphia has prepared a much more comprehensive reference list of science demonstrations and experiments, K-college. Barbara Sawreya of the University of California, San Diego, has available a list of movies, videos, humor, supplier catalogs, journals, and literature references in this area. 62. Ford, L. A. Chemical Magic: Mprery Demonstrarion for Sci. ence Clubs. Closser, and Cenpral Enterrainment Programs: Dmison: Minneapolis, 1959. 63. Chen, 1'. S. Entwraining and Educational Chemical Demonsrrarions: Chemical Elemen-: Camarillo, CA, 1974.9 64. ~ u m ~ h r i yD. s ,A. Demonstrating hemi is try: 160Experiments To Show Your Students; 1983, available from the author.10 65. Alyea, H. N.; Dutton, F. B., Eds. Tested Demonstrations in Chemistry; Journal of Chemical Education: Easton,PA, 1965. A new edition of ref 65 is projected by the publisher. 66. Summerlin, L. R.; Ealy, J. L., Jr. Chemical Demonstrations: A Sourcebookfor Teachers, Vol. 1; ACS: Washington, 1985. 67. Summerlin,L. R.; Borgford, C. L.; Ealy, J. B. Chemical Demonstrations: A Sourcebookfor Teaehers, Vol. 2, ACS: Washinpton, 1987. 68. Borgford,C. L.; Summerlin, L. R. Chemical Activities: Teacher Edition; ACS: Washington, 1988. 69. Shakhashiri, B. Z. Chemical Demonstrations: A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, Vols. 1and 2; University of Wisconsin: Madison, 1983 and 1985. 70. Liem, T. K. Inuitations to Science Inquiry, 2nd ed.; Ginn: Lexington, MA, 1987, available from the author." The first section of ref 70 contains a number of discrepant (intuition-offending) events, many involving chemical reactions. 71. Talesnick, I. Idea Book Collation: A Handbook for Science Teachers, 517 Science Supplies: Kingston, ON, 1984.12
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Talesnick collates more than 600 ideas for demonstrations, many from chemistry. 72. Joseph, A,; Brandwein, P. F.; Morholt. I?.; Pollack. H.: Catska, J. F. A Sourcebook /or the Phg~icalSrirnrea; Hnrcourt, Rrare & World: New York, 1963. Reference 72 contains a number of interesting procedures, includina a descriotion of carborundum-tool-minder snark tests yieiding information about the identifGation of the components of alloys. Among chemical education journals, the most useful source for information concernine inoreanic chemical reactivity is the Journal of Chernic; ~ d & t i o n . Particularly handv is the annual index: all inoreanic chemistrv articles are collected under the headinp:lnor&nic ~ h e m i s t r )as , well as individually by title keyword. Regular features include Tested Demonstrations, edited by George Gilbert of Denison University, and Overhead Projector Ilrmonsrrotinns, edited by Doris K d b of Bradley University. The Royal Society of Chemistry journal Education in Chemistr\ is also useful. The S I F T (Source Information For Teachers) feature appears in alternate issues and contains brief abstract3 of relevant articles from over 50 iournals with an emphasis on project ideas and demonstratibns. Another valuable source of information on demonstrations and projects is Chem 13News's, a Canadian journal aimed a t high school teachers. The Questions a n d Answers feature is an especially rich source. Chem M a t t e d 4 is a n American Chemical Society journal aimed a t high school students. Articles are brief, interestingly written, well illustrated, and filled with information on applications. Optlcal Prolectlon of Lecture Demonstrations 73. Hartung, E. J. The Screen Projection of Chemical Erperiments: Universitv Press: Melbourne. Australia. 1953. 74. ~ l y e a ; ~N.. T ~ P Sin General ~h;mrstry (~eststedOuerhead Projeetmn Series), 3rd ed.; J. Chem. Edue.: Springfield, PA, 19fi7
75. Alyea, H. N. Microchemistry Projected: TOPS, Tested Ouerhead Projection Series, 2nd ed.; 1977, available from the author.16 Two recent contributions t o the Overhead Projector Demonstrations feature in the Journal of Chemical Education are cited as examples of the reactivity information t o be found there. Reference 76 is concerned with rapidly growing silicate crystals, while ref 77 covers the application of Le Chatelier's principle to-halogen chemistry. 76. Phillips, D. B. J. Chem. Edue. 1988,65,453-454. 77. Hansen, R. C. J. Chem. Edue. 1988,65,264-265. Sources on lnorganlc Preparations 78. Brauer, G., Ed. Handbook of Preporatiue Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Academic: New York, 1963; Vols. 1 and 2, 1963 and 1965. 'Contact: David A. Katz. Department of Chemistry, Community College of Philadelphia. 1700 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia, PA 19130. Contact: Barbara Sawry, Department of Chemistry, 5003, University of California. San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. 'Chemical Elements Publishing Co., 529 Mission Drive, Camarillo. CA 93101. 'O Contact: David A. Humphreys, Chemistry Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON. Canada L8S 4M1. li Contact: T. K. Liem, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada B2G ICO. l2 517 Science and Services Co.. Ltd., Box 1591, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 5C8. Department of Chemishy, University of Waterloo. Waterloo. ON. Canada N2L 3G1. l4Office of High School Chemistry. American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St. NW. Washinaton. DC 28036. TOPS-ALYEA. 3 3 j ~arris0-n~t;eet.Princeton. NJ 08540; Telb phone: (609) 924-0416.
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References 22 (Inorganic Syntheses) and 78 represent the best sources for reliable, checked svntheses of s ~ e c i f i cinoris the sucEessor to the ganic substances, ~ r a u e k ~s a n d b o i k venerable Handbook of Preparative Chemistry bv L. Vanino. A section on prep&ativi methods is followed b y procedures for the preparation of hundreds of compounds. The next series of sources (refs 79-88) are listed in order of decreasing age. As the sources become more recent, the coverage of air sensitive and organometallic compounds necessarily becomes more extensive. 79. Archibald, E. H. The Preparation stances; Wiley: New York, 1932.
of
Pure Inorganic Sub-
Archibald was chiefly concerned, in a day when commercially available reagents were of questionable purity, with making preparations of a limited number of highly purified inorganic compounds available to researchers: He quotes extensively from the researches of T. W. Richards, for example. 80. Henderson, W. E.; Fernelius, W. C. A Course in Inorganic Preparations; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1935. 81. Blanchard, A. A.;Phelan,J. W.; Davis, A. R. SyntheticInorganie Chemistry: A Course of Laboratory and Classroom Study for First Year College Students, 5th ed.; Wiley: New York, 1936. Reference 81 was the textbook for the MIT eeneral chemistry course in the 1930's, built around some50 three-hour laboratory exercise, a different set chosen for each year. 82. Walton, H. F. Inorganic Preparations: A Laboratory Manual; Prentice-HaU: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1948. Reference 82 describes experiments for an inorganic laboratory course intended for upper level undergraduates and beginning graduate students. 83. King, A. Inorganic Preparations: A Systematic Course of Erperiments, new ed. prepared by Welch, A. J. E.; George Allen and Unwin: London, 1950. Reference 83 gives preparations for a number of ordinary materials such as magnetic alloys, plaster of Paris, Mortar, and Portland cement, in addition to the usual spectacular pyrophoric metals, etc. 84. Palmer, W. G. Experimental Inorganic Chemistry; Cambridge: London, 1954. Palmer concentrates more on structure than earlier authors and consequently gives fewer preparations. 85. Dodd, R. E.; Robinson, P. L. Experimental Inorganic Chemistry: A Guide to Laboratory Practice, 2nd impression; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1957. Primarily a textbook on laboratory practice, Dodd and Robinson also contains preparations for upwards of 50 gases, volatile substances, acids, and bases. 86. Adams, D. M.; Raynor, J. B. Advanced Practical Inorganic Chemistry; Wiley: London, 1965.
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The first portion of ref 86 contains simple preparations, with more complex work described in the latter portion. 87. Pass, G.; Sutcliffe,H. Practical Inorganic Chemistry: Preporations, Reactions and InstrumentalMethods, 2nd ed.; Chapman and Hall: London, 1974. 88. Angelici, R. Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Saunders: Philadelphia, 1977.
In refs 87 and 88, preparations are carefully chosen to illustrate principles, and many independent projecta are laid out. Complexatlon and Color-Formlng Reactions 89. Basolo, F.; Johnson, R. C. Coordination Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Science Reviews: Wilmineton.~.DE. - -. 1SRfi. -~ 90. Wilkinson, C . ;Gillard, R. D.; MrCleverty. -1. A. Comprehensive Coordinal~onChemistr): The Synlheris,Reaclions. Properlter
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~
& Applications of Coordination Compounds; Pergamon: Ox-
ford, 1987;Vols. 1-7. Reference 89 is the best recent brief introduction to metal complexation, while ref 90 is the modern comprehensive work with literature references extending into 1986. 91. Feigl, F.; Anger, V. Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis, 6th English ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1972. 92. Feigl, F. Chemistry of Specific, Selective and Sensitiue Reaetions; Academic: New York, 1949. Reference 91 gives specific tests sufficient to establish the presence or absence of most of the elements in a sample without chemical separation, while ref. 92 is the textbook intended to accompany a n earlier edition of ref 91. 93. Jungreis, E. Spot Test Analysis: Clinical, Enuironmentol, Forensic, and Geochemical Applications; Wiley: New York, 1985. Chapter 5 of ref 93 complements ref 34 in the coverage of simple, geochemical analysis. Reference 94 covers 27 reagents in some detail: 94. Johnson, W. C., Ed. Organic Reagents for Metals and Other Reagent Monographs, 5th ed.; Hopkin & Williams: Chadwell Heath, Kssex, 1955. 95. Wenger. P. E.; Duckert, R.. Eds. Reagentsfor Quo1iratir.eInornantc Anolvnir:S~condReoorl of lhe Inlernoli~nolC,~mrnittw o n ~ e w ~ n d y t i e~eactions al and~eagentsofthe International Union of Chemistry; Elsevier: New York, 1948. Reference 95 contains information about a variety of reactions mostly done on a spot plate, but with a number of micro-crucible and microscopic tests as well. Both cation and anion tests are discussed. 96. Jorgensen, C. K. Inorganic Complezes; Academic: London, 1963. 97. Baes, C. F. Jr.,; Mesmer, R. E. The Hydrolysis of Cations; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1976. Reference 96 is an interesting introduction to early work in coordination chemistry, recommended reading, while ref 97 provides an introduction t o cation hydrolysis, without which there can be no understandine of aaueous metal ion chemistry. References 98 and 99 are concerned with the kinetics and thermodynamics of ion solvation: 98. Burgess, J. Metal Ions in Solution; Wiley: New York, 1978. 99. Burgess, J. Ions in Solution: Basic Principles of Chemical Interactions; Wiley: New York, 1988. 100. Sone, K.; Fukuda, Y. Inorganic Thermochromism; SpringerVerlag: Berlin, 1987. Reference 100 treats inoreanic comnlexes in solution and in the solid state, particulahy changes in color induced by heatine. cooline comoression. or solvent chanee. Volume 4 of ~ e g r e n c e151 i n i u d e s a iection on inorganic coloring materials: 101. Colour Index, 3rd ed.; 7 vols.; Society of Dyers and Colourists: Bradford, Yorkshire, 1971-1982. Sources of Thermodynamic Data 102. Martell, A. E.; Smith R. M. C~itieolStability Constants; Plenum: New York; Vol. 1, Amino Acids; 1974; Vol. 2, Amines; 1975; Vol. 3, Other Organic Ligands; 1977; Vol. 4, Inorganic Complexes; 1976; Vol. 5, First Supplement; 1982. 103. Bard, A. J.; Parsona, R.; Jordan, J., Eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueow Solution; Dekker: New York, 1985. s t o criticallv reviewed stahilReference 102 ~ r o v i d eaccess ity constant data; ref I03 is the authoritati;e successor to W. M. Latimer's Oxidation Potentials last revised in 1952. and ref 6 (see above) indexes review articles containing coordination chemistry data. ~
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Graphical Presentatlon of Data While how /ar a given reaction proceeds in reaching equilibrium is described with thermodynamic data (K,Q, AGO, Volume 66
Number 3 March 1989
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Ah?, ASo. ED),comnlex inoreanic reaction svstems can be rendered much mork understandable graphLcally. Various graphical methods developed hv analvtical chemists and geoihemists over the past'few decade; are appropriate to general chemistry a t the higher levels but unfortunatelvhave been underitilized in ~ h e r i c a teaching n practice. Charlot (ref 31-see above) uses graphical methods to illustrate the qualitative analysis scheme in a simple and understandable way, while Butler (ref 104) develops amathematical approach to all sorts of predominance-area, distribution, and logarithmic concentration diagrams. 104. Butler, J. N. Ionic Equilibrium: A Mathematical Approach; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1964.
Ringborn (ref 105) applies graphical treatments of complexation reactions to the critical selection of analytical methods. 105. Ringhom, A. Complexation in Analytical Chemistry; Interscience: New York, 1963. 106. Kragten, J. Atlas ofMetal-Ligand Equilibria in Aqueous Solution; Horwood: Chichester, 1978.
Kragten (ref 106) follows Schwarzenbach and Ringbom in the use of side-reaction coefficients and presents lots for some 600 combinations hetween 45 metals and 29 ligands useful for prediction of the p H of hydroxide precipitation both in the presence and absence of other ligands. Pourbaix (ref 107,108, and 109) bas applied EH-pH diagrams to thestudy of corrosion, while Garrels and Christ (ref 110) descrihe the use of various graphical methods in geochemistry. 107. Pourbaix, M. Thermodynamics of Dilute Aueous Solutions,
with Applications toElectrochemistry and Corrosion; Arnold: London, 1949. 108. Pourbaix, M. J. N.; Van Muylder, J.; de Zhoubov, N. Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solution; Pergamon: London, 1966. 109. Pourbaix, M. Lectures onElectrochemica1Corrosion; Plenum: New York, 1973. 110. Garrels, R. M.; Christ, C. L. Solutions,Minerals, andEquilibria; Harper & Row: New York, 1965. Finally, no description of the design of graphical methods would be complete without mention of: 111. Tufte, E. R. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information; Graphics: Cheshire, CT, 1983.
Department of Government Relations and Science Policy. American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20036.
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Journal of Chemical Education
Kinetics Kinetic information is to he found in the comprehensive sources listed above. I n addition, four rather different sources are listed: 112. Basolo, F.;Pearson, R. G. Mechanisms oflnorganic Reactions:
A Study ofMetal Complexes in Solution, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York. 1967. 113. Gordon, L.;Salutsky, M. L., Willard, H. H. Precipitationfrom Homogeneous Solution; Wiley: New York, 1959. 114. Mottola, H. A. Kinetic Aspects ofAnalytica1 Chemistry; Wiley: New York, 1988. 115. Epstein, I. R. Chem. Eng. News 1987,65(13), 24r36. Reference 112is the standard critical review of the kinetic literature up to the mid-1960's for reactions of metal complexes. Reference 113 describes how precipitating reagents may be generated via kinetically slow processes yielding larger, purer crystals. Among other topics, ref 114 covers metal-ion-catalyzed systems. Finally, ref I15 covers recent work on homogeneous oscillating reactions. Safety Many, perhaps most, of the reactivity sources described above are deficient in the application of modern safety practices. Adequate safety, storage, and waste disposal information must be included before any demonstration or experiment is introduced into the curriculum. The Manufacturer's Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) must be consulted for each reagent before a reaction is allowed to proceed. References 116-119 serve as an introduction t o the vast literature of chemical safety: 116. Board-Council Committee on Chemical Safety. Safety in Aca-
demic Chemistry Laboratories,4th ed.; ACS: Washington, DC, 1985.16
117. National Research Council. Prudent Practices for Handling
Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories; National Academy: Washington, DC, 1981. 118. National Research Council. Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories; National Academy: Washington, DC, 1983. 119. Young, J. A.,Ed. Improbing Safety in the ChemieolLaboratory: A Practical Guide; Wiley: New York, 1987. Acknowledgment This compilation is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number MDR87-51183 and hy the ACS Society Committee on Education.
