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PREFACE A lthough the word "advanced" was used in the title of the symposium, the reader should be aware that the practice of producing fuel gases from wastes and residues is not new. During the early part of the 20th century, Crossley Brothers Limited of Manchester, England, was selling gasifiers worldwide that produced a low-Btu fuel gas from agricultural or forestry residues. During World War II, many vehicles in Sweden were retrofitted with low-Btu gas producers fueled by wood or charcoal. Therefore, some individuals may consider some of the research and development work described here to be refinements of previous art in the gasification field. In other cases, though, the processes have been conceived only within the last decade and are concerned with concepts new to the processing of wastes and residues. (However, some of the processes may have been applied previously to the conversion of fossil fuels such as coal or oil shale. ) The first two chapters present overview discussions of the feedstocks, technologies, and economics for producing fuels from wastes and residues. Chapter One briefly describes alternative technologies, including combustion and biochemical conversion processes, and also presents waste and residue quantities and a method for categorizing pyrolysis, thermal gasification, and liquefaction processes. Chapter Two discussed the production of low-Btu and medium-Btu fuel gases and the relative advantages to the product, which has a higher heating value. The next section of the book contains six chapters that describe verticle flow packed-bed reactor (or fixed-bed reactor) processes. The feedstocks included in these chapters are municipal solid waste, municipal wastewater treatment sludge, scrap tires, agricultural residues (such as peanut shells, corn cobs, cotton gin trash, walnut shells), and wood residues. Two of the process reactors are designed to operate with oxygen, whereas the other four are air-blown. The reactor products described include low-Btu gas (which is immediately combusted in a secondary combustion chamber), a medium-Btu gas, pyrolytic oil, and char. The third section contains three papers describing processes with multiple-hearth-type staged reactors. Although this type of reactor has been used for many years for ore roasting and sludge combustion, a great deal of development work has been done recently to lower the fuel requirements for processing high-moisture feedstocks, such as sludge or
vii Jones and Radding; Solid Wastes and Residues ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.
manure. The methods developed include operating in a starved-air combustion mode and changing the conventional gas flow between stages. Processes with horizontal or inclined-flow rotary reactors are described in the fourth section. Municipal sludge and solid waste, wood, and scrap tires are the respective feedstocks for the three processes discussed. The products include char, electric power, carbon black, and a pyrolytic oil. All of the rotary reactors described use indirect heat transfer. The last section of the book describes a flash pyrolysis process based on the use of a transport reactor, a new concept in fluidized-bed design, and research work being funded by the Environmental Protection Agency on topics such as a molten salt pyrolysis reactor that will accept whole (unshredded) scrap tires and a process for producing polymer gasoline from wastes. The last chapters also discuss a multiple reactor system that can produce a high methane content gas with a heating value of 370 Btu/scf, a high-pressure catalytic liquefaction process that is currently being developed to produce oil from wood, and the processing of char (from municipal solid waste) to produce an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Special recognition and appreciation is given to the authors whose efforts made this publication possible. We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the officers of the Environmental Chemistry Division of the ACS, and of Linda Deans, who coordinated the Environmental Chemistry Division programs at Anaheim. SRI
International
JERRY L . JONES
Menlo Park, C A 94025
SHIRLEY B. RADDING
Received June 2, 1978
viii Jones and Radding; Solid Wastes and Residues ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.
CONTRIBUTORS Alderstein, Joseph K., Syngas Inc., Suite 1260 East, First National Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73102 Bailie, Richard, Chemical Engineering Dept., West Virginia University, Morgantown, W V 26505 Beck, Steven R., Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech Uni versity, Lubbock, T X 79409 Bowen, M . D., Tech-Air Corp., Atlanta, GA 30341 Brunner, Paul H . , E A W A G , Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, C H 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland Coffman, J. Α., Wright-Malta Corp., Malta Test Station, Plains Rd., Ballston Spa, NY 12020 Cone, Eugene J., Occidental Research Corp., 1855 Carrion Rd., La Verne, CA 91750 Davidson, Paul E., Andco-Torrax Division, Andco Inc., 25 Anderson Rd., Buffalo, NY 14225 Farrell, J. B., U.S. E.P.A., M E R L , Cincinnati, O H 45268 Feldman, Herman F., Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Ave., Columbus, O H 43201 Funk, Harald F., 68 Elm St., Murray Hill, NJ 07974 Garrett, Donald E., Garrett Energy Research and Engineering Co., Inc., 911 Bryant Place, Ojai, C A 93023 Goss, J. R., University of California, Davis, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Davis, C A 95616 Hoang, Dinh Co, Garrett Energy Research and Engineering Co., Inc., 911 Bryant Place, Ojai, C A 93023 Hooverman, R. H., Wright-Malta Corp., Malta Test Station, Plains Rd., Ballston Spa, NY 12020 Huffman, George L., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, O H 45268 Huffman, William J., Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, T X 79409 Jenkins, B., University of California, Davis, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Davis, C A 95616 Jones, Jerry L., SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025 Knight, J. Α., Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Tech nology, Atlanta, GA 30332
ix Jones and Radding; Solid Wastes and Residues ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.
Leckie, James Ο., Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, C A 94305 Liberick, Walter W., Jr., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Indus trial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, O H 45268 Lindemuth, T. E., Research and Engineering, Bechtel National, Inc., 50 Beale St., San Francisco, C A 94119 Lucas, Theodore W., Jr., Andco-Torrax Division, Andco Inc., 25 Ander son Rd., Buffalo, NY 14225 Mann, Uzi, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech Univer sity, Lubbock, T X 79409 Mehlschau, J. J., University of California, Davis, Agricultural Engineer ing Dept., Davis, C A 95616 Mikesell, Ritchie D., Garrett Energy Research and Engineering Co., Inc., 911 Bryant Place, Ojai, C A 93023 Moses, C . T., Union Carbide Corp., Linde Division, Tonawanda, NY 14150 Mudge, L . K., Battelle-Northwest, P.O. Box 999, Richland, W A 99352 Negra, John S., Nichols Engineering & Research Corp., Homestead and Willow Rds., Belle Mead, NJ 08502 Purdy, K. R., Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Tech nology, Atlanta, GA 30332 Ramming, J., University of California, Davis, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Davis, C A 95616 Richmond, C. Α., Wheelabrator Incineration, Inc., 600 Grant St., Pitts burgh, PA 15219 Roberts, Paul V., Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, C A 94305 Rohrmann ,C. Α., Battelle-Northwest, P.O. Box 999, Richland, W A 99352 Schulman, B. L., Tosco Corp., 18200 West Highway 72, Golden, C O 80401 Shelton, Robert D., BSP/Envirotech, One Davis Dr., Belmont, C A 94002 Sigler, John E., 2839 Tabago Place, Costa Mesa, C A 92626 Smyly, E. D., Tech-Air Corp., Atlanta, GA 30341 Stern, G., U.S. E.P.A., M E R L , Cincinnati, O H 45268 von Dreusche, Charles, Nichols Engineering & Research Corp., Home stead and Willow Rds., Belle Mead, NJ 08502 White, P. Α., Tosco Corp., 10100 Santa Monica Blvd., Los Angeles, C A 90067 Williams, R. O., University of California, Davis, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Davis, C A 95616 Wong, Ho-Der, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech Uni versity, Lubbock, T X 79409 Young, K. W., Union Carbide Corp., Linde Division, Tonawanda, NY 14150
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Jones and Radding; Solid Wastes and Residues ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.
