Apr.,
1915
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
Union at a price of 3 marks per ton. Including these, the original list for the current year comprises thirty-eight concerns, of which the largest allotments (in tons) for 1915are those of:
...... 234,483
Gelsenkirchener Co.. Lubeck Blast-Furnace C o . , German Luxemburg C o . , K r a f t Kratzwieck Co.. K r a f t Nether Rhine Co.. Iron Works Meiderich. , Fried. K r u p p . .
167,500 .. 163,000 .... 160,000
. .. . . 158,600 157,009 ............ 150,211
Van der Zyppen-Wissen C o Budernssche Iron Works.. Gutehoffnungshhtte.. North German Iron Works, Bremen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E a s t German Pig-Iron Syndicate..
.....
106,592 105 000 101 1197 100,000
............ 100,000
All the other allotments are of less than IOO,OOO tons, the lowest on the list being: Geisweiler Iron Works, 12,000 tons. The Bast German Pig-Iron Syndicate only figures with 75,000 tons for 1916 and 1917,while the North German Iron Works in Bremen advanced from IOO,OOO tons in 1915to 150,ooo for the following two years, etc.
357
There are numerous special arrangements; the allotment of the Gelsenkirchener concern, the figure for which increases 43,000 tons for 1916 and 1917, only refers to the company’s production a t the blast furnaces of the Schalker section (Gelsenkirchener and Vulkan-Duisburg), and i t does not comprise the same company’s production in Luxemburg and Lorraine. The Gelsenkirchen concern, it will be seen, comes second to the aggregate of the two Kraft companies. There is, perhaps, no more striking example of the German disposition to establish and maintain system and method in the prosecution of commerce, industry, of everything in fact, than their immense structure of kartels and combines, the formation and working of many of which have entailed endless labor and the most patient perseverance.
,
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE THE KJELDAHL-GUNNING-ARNOLD METHOD FOR NITROGEN The possibilities-in point of rapidity-of the KjeldahlGunning-Arnold method of determining nitrogen appear not to be fully realized. TrescotI and Jensen2 seem to imply that the digestion should be an hour and a half a t least-in some cases two and a half hours. It is to be regretted that they did not try the method out with shorter periods. The following results are presented with a view to inducing experimenters to test the method for short periods of digestion-a quarter of an hour up. The quantity of substances taken in these determinations was 0.7 gram. The periods of digestion-one quarter, one-half, one and a half, and three and a fifth hours-represent the total time that heat was applied. The digestion was very vigorous throughout. The flasks (500 cc. long neck Jena) were set down against full (or almost full) flame of Bunsen burners a t the start. The percentages are for nitrogen. In the case of short periods of digestion (one-fourth to onehalf hour), the acid must, of course, be brought quickly to vigorous boiling, in order that the acid vapor may quickly reach
No. 80 granulated zinc is added. If a large excess of zinc is added, this, besides being a waste of material, releases so much mercury that some of it (mercury) will be carried over into the distillate, where i t manifests itself as minute spheres floating on the surface of the distillate. But the presence of this mercury never, so far as the writer ever observed, affected the results of the determination. STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE J. M. PICKEL RALEIGH,N. C., March 12, 1915
ON SHORTAGE OF DYES IN THE UNITED STATES Editor Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: I n view of the long-maintained complaint of a dyestuff shortage the following based upon the “Monthly Summary of the Foreign Commerce of the United States” published by the Department of Commerce for January 1915 are not without present interest.
Ratio 1915 IMPORTS BOR JANUARY 1914 1915 Increase t o 1914 Alizarin and alizarin dyes $ 33,400 $ 459,266 $425,866 1375 : 100 Anilin oil 19,872 9,872 -10,000 50 : 100 Anilin dyes 611,350 1,086,570 475,220 178: 100 77.123 183.082 105.959 2 3 7 : 100 K JELDAHL-GUNNING-ARNOLD NITROGENDETERMINATIONS (PERCENTAGES) Indiso ~ _ _ _ No. Periods of digestion l/a H r . 112 Hr. l*/z Hrs. 3 Hrs.-23 Min. TOTALS $741,745 $1,738,790 $997,045 2 3 5 : 100 14.18 14.28 14.22 5416 Dried blood 14.12 14.36 14.22 IMPORTSFORTHE 14.14 14.26 14.24 (3 hrs.) 7 MONTHSENDING JAN. 1913 1914 1915 14.04 $ 833,715 $ 425,150 $1,222,093 16.88 Alizarin and alizarin dyes 16.86 16.90 5417 Calcium cyanamide Anilin oil 192,741 131,143 79,320 16.70 1 6 , 8 8 16.92 4,230,730 6.06 Anilin dyes 4,199,823 4,278,797 6.12 6656 Cottonseed meal 680,359 6.58 Indigo 660,493 862,021 6.64 6672 Cottonseed meal 6.12 6.18 6674 Cottonseed meal 85,937,545 $5,416,609 86,442,231 6.54 TOTALS 6.56 6675 Cottonseed meal 6.10 6.12 6676 Cottonseed meal 6.68 6.76 6678 Cottonseed meal 6.16 6.08 6660 That is, in the seven months ending January, 1915(during six 3.82 3.86 6659 of which the European War was going on), the imports of coal2.44 6655 2.46 3.00 3.04 667 1 tar dyes were $1,025,622 greater than for the corresponding 2.74 2.74 6673 2.36 2.32 2.30 6662 Red dog seven months ending January, 1914and $504,686 greater than 3.00 2.96 6661 Peanut bran 3.02 the corresponding period ending January, 1913. Or, the 1915 1.46 1.46 1.52 6663 Ground corn and cob 1.48 1.46 6657 Ground corn and cob values are 119 per cent of the 1914values and 109 per cent of 1.86 ‘1.94 6669 Corn screenings 1.46 1 .50 6668 Cracked corn the 1913values. 1.40 1.38 6670 Molasses feed With the equally insistent complaint of slow business in colored 2.56 6658, Wheat bran 2.54
the entire nterior of the flask, and bring every particle of substance quickly and completely under the full influence of the reagents. It has fallen to the lot of the writer to make many thousands of nitrogen determinations. He regards a half hour -start to finish-of vigorous boiling as ample for determining organic nitrogen by the Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold method. Following the lead-if he remembers correctly-of the late Professor Atwater, he alkalizes, and alkalizes strongly, by adding the sodium hydroxide and potassium sulfide as a mixture. This saves one manipulation and precludes the releasing of hydrogen sulfide. There will be no bumping if a little (50 or so mg.) of 1
THISJOURNAL, 6 (1913), 914
* Zbid,
7 (1915), 38
textiles is there not some room for the suspicion that somebody is hoarding dyes? If there be hoarding, is there a shortage in the true sense of the word? 90 WILLIAMSTREET, NEW Y O R K BERNH.4RD c. HESSE March 23. 1915
THE NORMAL CHLORINE CONTENT OF SURFACE WATERS OF WESTERN FLORIDA Determinations of chlorine in surface waters of western Florida, made by using the Volhard and Mohr methods yielded the following conclusions and results. of chlorine determinations in surface waters bv _A_ cnmnariwn - - - - - r ----
_
3 58
T H E J O U R N A L OF IiVDCSTRIAL A X D ENGINEERING CHEiVISTRY
the Volhard and Mohr methods showed that o . o ~ Nammonium thiocyanate and the o 01N silver nitrate solutions are too dilute to obtain sharp color changes a t the end of the reactions. Careful manipulation with a O.IN solution yields as accurate results as the use of more dilute solutions. Comparing the Volhard and Mohr methods, using o I N solutions, the former yielded more satisfactory, concordant and accurate results, although requiring more time. Many determinations on 24 samples of surface water from Leon County in western Florida, about thirty miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico, showed that they contained from 7 to 24 parts per rgillion of chlorine, the average being 1 2 parts per million. Rain water in this locality, one determination, was found to contain when concentrated to one-tenth of its volume 0.9 part per million of chlorine, equivalent to 1.4 parts per million of sodium chloride. A t the Dry Tortugas’ the chlorine content is 2.9 parts per million corresponding to 5 parts per million of sodium chloride. A few chlorine determinations on surface waters from Pensacola, on the Gulf, in Escambia County, showed from 2 1 to 42 parts per million of chlorine. CHENlrCAL LABORATORY C. A. BRAUTLECHT FLORIDA STATECOLLEGEFOR W O M E N B , x, ~~~~~s~ TALLAHASSEE, March 1, 1915 ACTION OF THE NEW ENGLAND DYE COMMITTEE The New England Section of the Society of Chemical Industry having requested the Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society to join with them in appointing a committee to consider the manufacture of dyestuffs in the United States, it was voted that the President of the Section be authorized to appoint such a committee. The representatives of the two sections were as follows : NORTHEASTERK SECTIONA. C. S. NEN E N G L A ~ SECTION ~D S. C. I. Eugene Barry F, G. Stantial A. A. Claflin C. A. West a’.D. Livermore S. W. Wilder
John Alden W. B.-Nye W. K. Robbins
C. L. Gagnebin Grinnell Jones J , Russell Marble
On January 29th, a t a joint meeting of the New England Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Northeastern Section of the American Chemical Society, the Joint Committee on Dyestuffs presented its report through its Chairman, Mr. s. W. Wilder. After a lengthy discussion, Prof. H. P. Talbot offered an amendment to the report which was accepted by the committee, and the following amended report was unanimously passed. “In the opinion of this committee there is no insuperable chemical or physical obstacle to the establishment of a coal-tar industry in this country, but we believe this is an economic question on which i t is outside the provinces of these societies to make a recommendation. “The subject is one of great importance to the chemical industries of the United States, and should be investigated by Congress.
The 2nd annual meeting of the chemical engineers of the University of Kansas was held on March 12th. The program was as follows: Opening Remarks, by Dean P. F. XValker and Prof. W. A. Whitaker; “The Technology of Clay Refractories,” Mr. Paul Teetor, clay investigator, Uniwrsity ol Kansas; “Rock Salt Mining in Kansas,” Mr. Sam. Ainsworth, mining engineer, Lyons, Kansas; “ Chemical Process Control,” Mr. William J. Kee, Jr., supt., National Zinc Co., Kansas City, Kansas; “The Chemist in Commerce,” Mr. Rudolph Hirsch, chemist, Ridenour-Baker Co., Kansas City, Missouri; ‘ I Manufacture of Portland Cement,” Mr. Chris Goll, chemist, Bonner 8
U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 319.
Vol. 7 , KO.4
TO CHANGE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS
Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: As students are constantly required to alter the specific gravities of solutions for reagent purposes, it would seem that simple arithmetic would be as often applied as the hydrometer, But such is not the case and when the hydrometer is misplaced, trouble very often begins. The following formula will suffice in such a case. If
Then
X = Volunie of water (sp. gr. 100) to be added to original solution S = Specific Gravity of original solution V = Volume of original solution SI = Specific Gravity of required solution
(S x V)
+ ( X x 1.00) = (S’ x
whence,
4- X) s1
= E - 2 1 2
s1-
1
As the quantities S,SLand V are known, substitution in the last equation gives the desired information. E. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE p. F. BOX‘ARD, Chemist S A XFRANCISCO, January 25, 1915 .-
PLATINUM THEFT
-1 professional platinum thief has stolen about $3100 worth of platinum from me. He answers the following description: age about 3 j , prominent nose, peculiar eyes, red hair, freckled face, Boston accent, two large X-Ray burns on his left arm. Height about 5 feet I O and weight about 180. This note is intended as a warning to other owners of platinum. HAHNEMAKX MEDICALCOLLEGE W.A . PEARSON, Dean PHILADELPHIA, March 3, 1915
HYDROMETALLURGICAL APPARATUS-CORRECTION In my article under the above title, which appeared in THIS 7 (1915), I 19, the following corrections should be made in addition to those already noted onpage 261 of theMarchissue: I n Table I, page 121, the first heading under “Sand” should 100, and not f zoo as given. be Table 111, page 124, under remarks in connection with the Porcupine-Crown, Ontario, the figure 83 should read 73 per cent solids. Page 1z7-The results of the calculation dealing with the Continuous Counter-Current Decantation flow sheet, Fig. I I , are not quite accurate, owing to the value of “Z” not having been carried out far enough. The results should be: V = 2.673, J%r = 1,173, x = 0.298, IT= 0.079, Z = 0.039. Page 129-The value of 2 should be “2.1164 lbs.,” instead of “2.7164 lbs.,” which means that “2-Solution wasted with the residue, 2, contains 0.1 per cent copper, or 2.1 lbs. per ton of ore.” JOHN V. N. DORR 30 CHURCH STREET,Xnm YORK JOURNAL,
+-
March 15, 1915
Portland Cement Co., Bonner Springs, Kansas; “The City Milk Problem,” Mrs. George H. Hoxie, Consumers League, Kansas City, Missouri, Mrs. Joseph W,Murray, former food analyst, State Laboratories, Dr. F. H. Billings, prof. of bacteriology and Dr. E. W.Burgess, assistant professor of sociology, University of Kansas. In the evening a “chemical smoker” was given in Eagles’ Hall. Prof. R. W. Thatcher, chief of the division of agricultural chemistry of the University of Minnesota, has been elected president of the Minnesota Section of the A. C. S. The section will hereafter hold regular meetings on the third Friday evening of each month a t various laboratories in the Twin Cities.
