80 Next in importance to its use as a “sizing agent” comes its use as a cold glue. Excellent glues are made merely by stirring up casein with distilled water and a little sodium bicarbonate, sometimes with the addition of shellac. I n the woodworking trade casein glues threaten to displace ordinary gelatin glues because casein glues can be applied cold (so t h a t all the trouble of melting the glue is avoided), can be made waterproof, and b y their use certain delicate effects are attainable in veneering work which are impossible with gelatin glue, since the latter must be applied hot and is not waterproof. Several American firms are now producing these glues in large quantities. When treated with certain chemicals, casein is converted into cxtremely tough, hard substances like bone or ivory, which can be kneaded and moulded when hot and when cold can be polished and worked. The best known of these products is galalith, which is made by treating casein with formaldehyde.
I
I t forms a tough, white product, which can be colored or marbled when hot by stirring in dyes, soot, etc. It is now used for making piano keys, backs of brushes, imitation ivory articles, and especially as a n insulating medium for electrical fittings. Casein is used as a total or partial substitute for celluloid, but has the disadvantage that it cannot be produced in very thin, transparent sheets. Similar substances are produced by adding to a caustic soda solution of casein various chemicals such as sulfur, water glass, lime, sand, zinc and lead hydroxides, wood meal, cork dust, and so on. Such compositions arc used for producing mouldings for picture frames, friezes, fancy articles, and toys. Casein is also used as a constituent of shoe polishes, etc., and a n important and growing trade is the consumption of casein in foods, such as brain and nerve foods (“Visem,” “Sanatogen,” and “Plasmon”).
I
NOTE3 AND CORRESPONDENCE OBITUARY-WILLIAM
WILLARD DANIELLS
~ ’ K N N S Y L V A W I A FACTORIES’
NAZlF.
William Willard Daniells, emeritus professor o f chemistry a t the University o f Wisconsin, died a t the home o f his s o n , Dr. Ralph P. Daniells, a t Toledo, Ohio, on October Izth, at the age of j z years. He graduated from Michigan Agricultural College in 1864, and then spent about two years in study with \tTolcott Gibbs a t the Lawrence Scientific School o f Harvard University. Dr. Daniells came to the University o f \Visconsin in 1868 as professor of agriculture. The following year analytical chemistry was also included in his department. In 1875 his chair \vas changed t o chemistry and agriculture, and in 1880 he was elected professor of chemistry, the chair of chemistry having been established a t that titnc. Dr. Daniells served n l ~ t only as a teacher o f chemistry, but also as a tncmber c ~ fthc State Hoard of Health, as State Analyst, as chemist tu thc Statc Geological and Natural History Survey, and in other advisory capacities. For several decades hc was onc of the very few reliable chemists of the middle west to whom the public could turn for expert services, and so his influence extended far beyond the university campus. But while this scientific work together with the founding and upbuilding of a strong department of chemistry a t thc university stand to his credit, it is for his qualities as a man that Dr. Daniells will especially be remembered. He \vas an exceptionally strong, pure, lovable Christian character, Ivho always stood for things that ought to be, and who exerted a quiet yet none the less potent influence for good upon his pupils, his colleagues, and all others with whom he came in contact. As a member of the American Chemical Society he always showed a live interest in fostering the work of the Society, and was instrumental in establishing the Wisconsin Section of the Society.
L. KAHLENBERG
THE PRESENT STATUS O F THE WINDOW GLASS INDUSTRY The total number of hand-operating window glass plants in the United States is 46, but many of these may not be operated throughout the entire year. On October I j , 1912,about 500 hand-operated pots were put into operation, and on November I, 1912,the number was increased to approximately 989.’ This statement refers to factories located in Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania and West Virginia; in other sections of the country a possible total of 300 pots can operate if fuel and men are obtainable. The following is a list of the hand-operating plants:
.\IIc.gany XVindow (:lais Cu. . . . . . .
I.OCAT1CIN I’ort ?illegany. . Lluhois . . . . . . . . . .Hrook\,ille . . . . . Shinglehouse. . ..... . Punxsutaaney. . . . . . . . .I’oiut Marion . . . . . . Priint hlarion. . . . . Masontown. . . . . . . New Bethlehem. . . . .
:\merican French-Belgian C o .. . . . . Brookville Glass & Tile Co. . . . . . . . Empire Glass C o . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eldred \Vindow Glass Co. . . . . . . . Pederatcd n‘induw Glass Co,, . . . . . Jeannette \Vindow Glass Co . . . . . . . . 11asontown \\‘itidow Glass Co . . . . . Iiew Bethlehem \Vindow Glass Co.. . . Point Marion Window Glass Cci., . . . . . . . (:uyaux.. . . . . . . . . . .
POTS
24 30 30 80 3h ;l6 60
30 .30 2.4
__
330 \\’EST \ ‘ I K ( : I N I A
PACTOR~~S
Hiinner \\.iridow (:lash CI,. , . , , . S . Charleston . . . . . . Clarkshurg Glass Co... . . . . . . . . . . .\damston. . . . . . . . . Crescent \Vindow Glass Co.. . . . . . . .\Veston . . . . . . . I h m i n i o n Window Glass Cu.. . . . . . . . . Grafton, . . . . . . . . . . Dunkirk \Vindow Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . P. . Charleston . . . . Doddridge Windo\y Glass C o . . . \V. 7.nion. . . . . . . Squitable Window Glass Cr). . . . . . . . . . . . Ruckhanilon. . . . Fairmont Window Glass Co. . . . . . . . Fairmont. . . . . . . Ideal 1Vindow Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . \V. . I:nion. . . . . . . . . Independent Glass C o . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sistersville.. . . . . . . Lafayette \Vindow Glass C o . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkshurg. . . . . . . . . . Modern Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . S a l e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patterson Glass Mfg. Co.. . . . . . . . . Cameron. . . . . . . . . . . . Peerless \Vindow Glass C o . . . . . . . . . . . Clarksburg. . . . . . . . . Salem Co-operative Glass Co.. . . . . . . Salem, . . . . . . .. T u n a Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarksburg.. . . . . . . . \V. Pork Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkshurg.. . . . . . . . . .
:
1X
33 4X 36
36
24 30
30
24 24 24 36
13 24 2.4 4X
30
502
OHIO FACTORIES
Buckeye Window Glass Co... . . . . . . . . . . .Columbus.. . . . . . . . . Camp Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mt. Vernon. . . . . . . . . Case & Merry Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M a u m e e . , . . . . . . . . . . . Crystal Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pleasantville. . . . . . . . . Sandusky Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sandusky.. . . . . . . . . . . Licking Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utica.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utica Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utica.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 54 30
24 30
72
48
__
285 KANSASVACTORIES Chanute Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . Chanute. . ............ Cheyenne Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C a n e y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caney Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C a n e y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . Fredonia. . ............ Kansas Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . .Coffeyville. . . . . . . . . . .
30 30 30 48
12
150
These plants are rated b y a unit pot which represents an o u t p u t of 5 0 boxes of 5 0 square feet each per day. T h e writer is indebted t o Mr. George B. Kimes, of Pittsburgh, P a . for certain of t h e i o f o m a t i o n used in t h i s report.
Jan.. 1913
T H E JOUR-VVAL OF INDUSTRIAL. A N D EL\’GI.VEERING OKLAHOMA FACTORIES
NAME LOCATION POTS Baker Bros. Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Okmulgee.,. . . . . . . . . . 30 C o f f e y d l e Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . .Okmulgee. . . . . . . . . . . 54 Ponca City Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ponca . City 108
TEXASFACTORIES Texas Window Glass C Wichita Falls Window
. . Texarkana.. . . . . . . . . . .Wichita Falls.. . . . . . . .
36 36
72
MISCELLANEOUS
Blackford Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . .Vincennes. Ind.. . . . . . . Shreveport, La.. . . . . . . Caddo Window Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . .
30 54
84
Grand t o t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,531 . pots
The general resumption of the American Window Glass Company took place on October 2 6 , 1912, although some of this Company’s tanks did not start until November I , 1912. About one-half of the sheet or window glass manufactured in the United States is produced by the American Window Glass Company, and in its production mechanical blowers, or “machines,” are employed. The Lubbers’ blowing machine eliminates skilled labor from the blowing departments, and this Company has a t present I 16 machines installed. Formerly, a glass-blower received about $z,ooo.oo for nine months’ work, while now the operator of a mechanical blower receives about ,$6o0.00 for the same period; in addition to this, a machine is capable of producing more than 50 boxes of window glass in an eight-hour shift, whereas the hand-blower could produce only 60 boxes in 6 days. The cylinders obtained by the use of the improved Lubbers’ blowing machine are from 25-28 feet in length and about 2 1 inches in diameter, although cylinders have been blown 44 feet long and 4 feet in diameter. I t is now possible to produce plate glass in this manner, and it is reported that the American Window Glass Company will shortly enter the plate glass field. The following factories are now operated by the American Window Glass Company: LOCATION
POTS
Hartford City, Ind.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arnold, Pa.. ..................... Belleverno ......................... 100 Jeannette, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Kane, Pa.. 48 Monongahela City, Pa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In the process used by the American Company, the fluid glass is ladled from the furnace into the blowing pots, and is then covered, planed, and disclosed for the insertion and immersion of the head of the electrically controlled blowpipe, which is a n iron tube 5 feet in length and z1/2 inches in diameter, except a t its head where it is from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, and containing a central opening 2 inches in diameter. This preheated blowpipe head immersed in the molten glass is left long enough for the melt to adhere. A bubble is formed by the slow admission of compressed air, and an upward draw is then slowly made to form the straight neck of the cylinder. This neck, from 4 to 6 inches in length, is held stationary long enough to enable the importation of sufficient rigidity to it to proceed to the formation of the bell-shaped shoulder, or “bait,” which determines the diameter of the cylinder to be drawn. The slowness of drawing, together with the viscosity of the glass in the pot, determines the length and diameter of the cylinder: and it may be said in general that the hotter the glass and the more rapid the drawing, the thinner the cylinder. The inflow of compressed air, as well as the upward movement of the blowpipe and adhering cylinder, are subject to the manipulation of the operator. A cylinder of any dimension is elongated from the cap to a length of 18 to 20 feet in 8 to IO minutes, depending
CHEMISTRY
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upon the fluidity of the glass. When the cylinder has reached the desired height, it is cut by shears a t the lower end, and deposited upon a “horse” for capping off, division, and cracking open. All of the latter operations are done by the aid of an electric heater, as in the tumbler, lamp chimney, and globe manufacturing industries. The fire-clay blowing pots now in use are arranged in a row, about 14 feet distant from the melting furnace front. They are of peculiar construction, having a concavity centrally on both sides, about 4 inches deep and 30 inches in diameter, with shafts extending horizontally to pillar blocks and controlling mechanism, whereby the upper concaved side of the pot may be turned down and be cleaned by flame contact, and the other be refilled and utilized for blowing another cylinder. Aside from the factories mentioned, there are a limited number of firms making machine glass in a n experimental way: but these can hardly be considered a factor in the window glass industry. Some of these concerns follow. NAXE LOCATION POTS Enterprise Glass Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sandusky, . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.. . . . . . . . Mt. Vernon, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . 48 Consolidated Window Glass Co . . . . Hazelhurst, P a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Smethport Glass Co. . . . . . . . . . . . .Smethport, P a . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 W.R.Jones Glass Co lorgantown, I\‘. Va.. . . . . . . .
The long stoppage of the window glass plants has resulted in the cleaning up of manufacturers’ stocks to a n extent not approached before in 2 5 years. On October 1 2 , 1912, there were in the warehouses of hand-plant operators 200,ooo boxes, and stocks of the American Window Glass Co. were reported to be lower than they had been in years. 4 large glass brokerage company reported that stocks in the hands of the factories it represented amounted to only 160,000 boxes on October 8, 1912, of which more than one-half were small sizes and broken assortments. On October 1 2 , 1912, brokerage stocks were being drawn upon a t the rate of about 2,000 boxes per day. An authority says: “Those who have kept in touch with the operating capacity in former years know there can be no overproduction this year. The scale terminates May 29, 1913, and the combined hand plants cannot possibly produce more than three million boxes. Stocks in the hand factories are about seventy-five thousand boxes, which is the lowest in the memory of the writer. “A firm and advancing market should be expected with regular and liberal purchases throughout the season. The customary dull period in January or February is not likely to be noticeable this year. “Many factories have rebuilt their furnaces and flattening ovens and several have replaced their flattening equipment complete. New glass this year will be of a high standard both in quality and strength.” \V. A. HAMOR CENTENARY OF THE GAS INDUSTRY-COMMITTEE REPORT M r . A . D. Little, President American Chemical Society: Your committee appointed December.29, 1911, to confer with the American Gas Institute and such bodies as may seem proper with a veiw to arranging some suitable celebration of the Centenary of the Gas Industry, reports that it performed the duty assigned it and that the centenary celebration designed was held a t the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., on April 18th and 19th under the auspices of the ‘American Philosophical Society, the American Chemical Society and the American Gas Institute. Addresses were made by Dr. Charles E. Munroe on “By-Products in Gas Manufacture;” Hon. George B. Cortelyou on “The Commercial and Financial Aspects of the Gas Industry;” Mr. Alfred E. Forstall on “The Technic of Gas Manufacture;” Mr. Van Rensselaer Lansingh on “Gas as an Illuminant;” and Dr. Edward B. Rosa on “The Use of Gas for Heat and Power and the Testing of Gas.” The sessions were presided over successively by Dr. W.W.Keen, President of the American Philo-
