netics of distinct groups collected in an effort to establish relationships among human populations. Genetic differenc es among individuals are also being studied to determine inherited suscep tibilities to conditions such as heart dis ease or cancer. On first consideration, the book's ti tle seems a bit ambitious. In the pref ace, the authors describe their struggle to find an appropriate title, and they justify using the word "man" to define mankind. They settled on "The Book of Man" because they believe this title conveys "the requisite feeling of com pleteness and relevance to our species" of the Human Genome Project. Indeed, the completed genome map may not be all that difficult to read—how to in terpret it will be the challenge. "The Book of Man" was written to illustrate the enormous potential bene fits of the Human Genome Project and to educate readers about the vast tech nological advances in genetic research that either preceded the project or have been made since it began. The idea is to defuse some of the commonly raised objections to genetic research. Among these are that individual genomes might be manipulated to enhance some traits, such as athletic ability or intelli gence, or to delete others, such as those representing ethnicity. In the last chapter, "The Slippery Slope," the authors discuss difficult moral issues that will have to be faced when all human chromosomes can be
analyzed. For instance, when prospec tive parents can know the genetic traits of their offspring in utero, will it be eth ical to terminate a pregnancy for trivial reasons, such as gender or color blind ness? The authors suggest that some constraints on the "genetic" reasons to terminate a pregnancy will need to be imposed. Other issues focus on the right to privacy—whether the knowl edge of an individual's predisposition to cancer, heart disease, or schizophre nia, for instance, might affect employ ment prospects, ability to obtain health insurance, or even desirability as a mar riage partner. Bodmer and McKie reiterate the ben efits that likely will accrue from ge nome research. But they warn that "so ciety must cultivate the maturity not to misuse" potentially dangerous infor mation. To have that maturity, society must be knowledgeable about the sub ject matter, they note. In other words, society must be "DNA literate." These arguments can be applied to technological advances in general. When new, sophisticated technology is intro duced, it's important for the lay public to be able to participate knowledgeably in making decisions about how it will be used. The Human Genome Project, with its associated controversies, is an excel lent example of the urgent need to in crease scientific literacy. Jane G. Tirrell is a staff associate in the biotechnology program at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. •
With organic surfactants, you have to choose among: D Wetting Π Leveling D Lubrication D Flow enhancement D Dispersion D Foam control D Emulsification • or surface tension reduction
With Silwet surfactants, vou net it all ST Wetting H* Leveling B* Lubrication B ' Flow enhancement
Women's Experience in Science: Why So Bad?
B* Dispersion 5? Foam control
"Gender Differences in Science Ca reers: The Project Access Study," by Gerhard Sonnert with Gerald Holton, Rutgers University Press, 109 Church St., New Brunswick, N.J. 08901, 1995, 187 pages, $50 Reviewed by Henry Etzkowitz If any women are having a good experi ence in science, surely they should in clude the winners of prestigious post doctoral fellowships awarded by the National Research Council, the National Science Foundation, or the Bunting Insti tute at Radcliffe College. These elite sci entists presumably should be immune to
discrimination—they might be expected to have bypassed early barriers to career advancement and, given the push of a high-status award, be impervious to the "glass ceilings" that hinder advance ment later on. Not so, according to Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald Holton in "Gender Differ ences in Science Careers: The Project Ac cess Study," a monograph that presents the conclusions of Harvard University's research project on scientists' career paths. Sonnert, a science sociologist at Har vard, and Holton, Mallinckrodt Profes sor of Physics and a professor of sci ence history at the university, compiled a large database of information—699
S? Emulsification B* and surface tension reduction
For more information on Silwet® surfactants, call 1-800-295-2392, ext. 3201, and ask for OS-144.
S l> L (
Ι Λ Ι Τ M S
P.O. Box 7429, Kndicott, NY 13761-7429 CIRCLE 15 ON READER SERVICE CARD AUGUST 28,1995 C&EN 67
BOOKS questionnaires and 200 in-depth interviews—to track the career paths of men and women who held prestigious postdoctoral fellowships between the mid1950s and the mid-1980s. They found that with the exception of biological scientists, male scientists in positions of power (doctoral and postdoctoral advisers and tenured professors) often harmed women's scientific careers, both intentionally and unintentionally. Invidious differences arose from male professors not taking women seriously as scientists. The men might neglect to pass on information about a conference, or they might not use their connections to further a woman's career, as they would to advance a man's. One woman told of not being introduced to a visitor to the lab, an all too typical form of discrimination reported in other studies of research scientists. No wonder the authors find sociologist Georg Simmel's concept of "the stranger" a telling model for analyzing women's experiences in science. Simmel defines a stranger as a person entering a
foreign culture and thus susceptible to its prejudices. Gender constraints imposed by society at large reinforce the male culture of science, the study shows. For instance, a significant number of women who participated in the study said they selected a fellowship site, not on professional grounds, but to follow a husband whose career had priority over their own. Individually, the disadvantages to women might appear small—an oversight, perhaps, or a matter of personal choice. But as they accumulate over time, they leave women more likely to play a Cinderella role in science and men more likely to acquire the "Matthew effect"— the halo of success that attracts additional rewards and renown. So where is the "glass slipper," the unique remedy that will do away with these ill effects? Are women scientists condemned to a long march through the tangle of complex interacting forces, hidden resistances, and setbacks that typically make social change difficult and long term? A clue can be found in the
Need qualified people? ACS gives you a full house every time. The Employment Clearing Houses at the American Chemical Society's régional meetings let employers draw from the best people in the industry. Come to where dozens of regionally local, talented ACS members are seeking positions with employers like you! Maximize your interviewing potential for a mere $100 (in addition to regional meeting registration). Can't be with us in person? For just $75, post your position(s) and receive a complete set of resumes following the meeting with messages from interested candidates. So don't delay- call today about one or more of the Fall, 1995 Regional Employment Clearing Houses. 31st Western 25th Northeast 30th Midwest 51st SW /47th SE
San Diego, CA Rochester, NY Joplin, MO Memphis, TN
October 17-20 October 22-25 November 1-3 Nov. 28-Dec. 1
Please see the meeting programs to be found respectively in the August 21, August 28, September 11, and October 9 issues of Chemical & Engineering News. 1-800-227-5558, press 9,3,1 and reference code 407. Internet:
[email protected] 68
AUGUST 28,1995 C&EN
field of biology, where gender distinctions between men and women (such as differences in productivity) have fallen away: About half of biological scientists are women, and at this level of equality, "thresholds" and "ceilings" appear to disintegrate. In a department or discipline where women make up only 10 to 15% of faculty members, barriers don't seem to crumble. Some overt forms of discrimination have lessened in the past 30 years, but others have merely been hidden in the face of federal requirements. Subtle barriers persist, such as excluding women from the informal venues where inside information is exchanged. The authors also note that despite increases in skill and knowledge, women continue to lack the advantages that come from being included in powerful networks. How male superiors choose to exercise their power makes a difference in how a woman experiences science and in how her career evolves. The data for this monograph were gathered in the U.S. But similar results were reported recently in "Women in Science/Technology Research in the European Community," edited by Lily Talapessy and commissioned by the Directorate-General for Science, Research & Development of the European Union (Brussels, 1993). "Gender Inferences in Scientific Careers" is a powerful, welldocumented indictment of the deleterious treatment of women scientists. As an antidote to its discouraging portrayal of discrimination, the authors have written a follow-up volume, focused especially on women, that shows aspiring young scientists how to spot opportunities that can lead to success and includes policy recommendations for reconstructing the modern research enterprise into an arena where women are welcome. The new book, "Who Succeeds in Science? The Gender Dimension," is scheduled for publication in September by Rutgers University Press. Henry Etzkowitz is director of the Science Policy Institute, State University of New York, and author of "Athena Unbound: Overcoming Barriers to Women in Science/' to be published by Cambridge University Press. • Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice. P. Marcus, J. Oudar, editors, viii + 641 pages. Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. 1995. $185.
N E W
Ν Ε Ο D Ο L ® 1
OUR SURFACTANTS PERFORM IN ALL THE IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTS.
S E R I E S
E T H O X Y L A T E S
INCLUDING THE ONE YOU LIVE IN.
What you'll like about Shell's Neodol* ethoxylates is not what they do, it's what they don't do. These new nonionic surfactants don't like to fool with Mother Nature. And that's why they're readily biodegradable. Which means when effluent receiving waters are treated, foaming and aquatic toxicity problems are reduced. Neodol ethoxylates are essentially linear and based on a discrete cut of C„ alcohol. They're liquid at room temperature, fast wetters, powerful emulsifiers and excellent detergents. Also, Neodol 1 series ethoxylates provide the rapid kinetics and solvency action of short-chain alcohol surfactants without the strong alcohol odor. In addition, they're easy to handle and affordable— which makes them ideal for making commercial laundry detergents, textiles, hard surface cleaners and agri cultural chemicals. So ask for the strong industrial-performing surfactant that is not only effective in your work environment, but also the one you live in. Please write: Shell Chemical Company, Manager, Neodol 1 Communications, One Shell Plaza, P.O. Box 2463, Houston, Texas 77252-2463. Or call 1-800-USA-SHELL (1-800-872-7435). We'll give you some useful information to consider and help select the product or blend that best suits your needs from our Neodol 1 series ethoxylates: 1-3, 1-5, 1-7 and 1-9.
Shell Chemical Company Never underestimate what we can do together."' CIRCLE 1 9 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Formulate Your Future With These Building Blocks
Exxon Chemical has increased its neo acid capacity and product slate — offering you new formulation and reformulation flexibility with possible cost and performance advantages. The steric hindrance from the tertiary branching of the neo structure provides significant thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability to the derivatives of neo acids including: • • • •
Unreactive carbonyl due to steric shielding Quaternary carbon with no alpha hydrogens Unreactive secondary hydrogens More primary hydrogens
Neo Heptanoic Acid, Neo Octanoic Acid, and Methyl Pivalate can easily be incorporated into your products offering performance benefits of the unique neo acid structure. These TSCA-listed intermediates serve as building blocks for such diverse applications as organic peroxide initiators, herbicides, and metal salts. Exxon Chemical offers a broad range of C5 - C10 neo acids and their derivatives. Exxon Chemical also offers iso acids. These products and our technical team are ready to make your future easier. For technical assistance and data, call 800-526-0749 or for product samples, call 800-98-Exxon.
CIRCLE 1 1 ON READER SERVICE CARD
A division of Exxon Corporation
CHEMICAL
Dynamics of Environmental Bioprocesses: Modelling and Simulation. Jonathan B. Snape, editor, xxiii + 492 pages. VCH Publishers, Distribution Center, 303 Northwest 12th Ave., Deerfield Beach, Fla. 33442-1705. 1995. $165.
Square West, New York, N.Y. 10003. 1995. $25. Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. Peter Kennedy, xv + 237 pages. Hanser-Gardner Publications, 6600 Clough Pike, Cin cinnati, Ohio 45244-4090. 1995. $78.
Electrochemical Process Engineering: A Guide to the Design of Electrolytic Plant. F. Goodridge, K. Scott, editors, xiv + 312 pages. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, N.Y. 10013-1578. 1995. $59.50.
Fortran Programs for Chemical Process Design, Analysis, and Simulation. A. Kayode Coker. χ + 854 pages. Gulf Publishing Co., P.O. Box 2608, Hous ton, Texas 77252-2608. 1995. $95.
Electron Transfer and Radical Processes in Transition-Metal Chemistry. Didier Astruc. xxi + 630 pages. VCH Publish ers, Distribution Center, 303 Northwest 12th Ave., Deerfield Beach, Fla. 334421705. 1995. $140.
Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evalu ations and Application to Process De sign, xxvii + 210 pages. Center for Chem ical Process Safety of the American Insti tute for Chemical Engineers. AIChExpress Service Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017-2395.1995. $140.
Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy. HeinzHelmut Perkampus, editor. 700 pages. VCH Publishers, Distribution Center, 303 Northwest 12th Ave., Deerfield Beach, Fla. 33442-1705. 1995. $90. The Engineer in the Garden: Genes and Genetics: From the Idea of Heredity to the Creation of Life. Colin Tudge. xii + 388 pages. Hill and Wang, 19 Union
Guidelines for Process Safety Documenta tion, xxvi + 386 pages. Center for Chemi cal Process Safety of the American Insti tute for Chemical Engineers. AIChExpress Service Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017-2395.1995. $120. Guidelines for Safe Process Operations and Maintenance, xxxi + 319 pages. Center for Chemical Process Safety of
LOOKING FORCAREER DIRECTION?
the American Institute for Chemical Engineers. AIChExpress Service Cen ter, 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017-2395. 1995. $120. Handbook of Emergency Response to Tox ic Chemical Releases: A Guide to Com pliance. Nicolas P. Cheremisinoff. χ + 315 pages. Noyes Publications, 120 Mill Rd., Park Ridge, NJ. 07656.1995. $64. Handbook of Transport Property Data: Viscosity, Thermal Conductivity, and Diffusion Coefficients of Liquids and Gases. Carl L. Yaws, vi + 203 pages. Gulf Publishing Co., P.O. Box 2608, Houston, Texas 77252-2608. 1995. $65. Hazardous Materials and Waste Man agement: A Guide for the Profession al Hazards Manager. Nicholas P. Cher emisinoff, Paul N. Cheremisinoff. xii + 265 pages. Noyes Publications, 120 Mill Rd., Park Ridge, N.J. 07656. 1995. $54. Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Composites. ACS Symposium Series 585. J. E. Mark, C. Y-C. Lee, P. A. Bianconi, editors, xi + 378 pages. American Chemical Society, 1155—16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. 1995. $109.95. Π
ACS publications give you the knowledge you need to make sound career decisions. Are you a new grad? A seasoned chemist? Somewhere in between? ACS Career Services offers publications that give you an accurate view of today's market and a look ahead at tomorrow's. For example: • Current Trends. Information on technology, business, economic, R&D, and hiring trends in the corporate, government, and academic worlds. • Career Transitions for Chemists. Covers personal assessment, salaries, resumes and networking for laboratory and other careers. • Tips on Resume Preparation and The Interview Handbook. Help with the nuts and bolts of getting a job. • What a Chemist Should Consider Before Accepting a Position. Offers information on compensation and career growth for B.S. and Ph.D. chemists considering employment in industry, lovernment, or academe. ACS also offers publications on domestic status and discrimination; women, retired, and foreign-born chemists; professional and academic employment guidelines; workforce reports; and more. Many of our publications are free, while a few have a nominal charge. For a catalog, call ACS today at 1-800-227-5558, press 9, 3, 2. Refer to code 104. We'll help you chart the best course.
ACS Career Services Internet:
[email protected] AUGUST 28,1995 C&EN 69
