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Kinetics, Catalysis, and Reaction Engineering
Effects of oxygen enrichment on natural gas consumption and emissions of toxic gases (CO, aromatics, and SO2) in Claus process Mohammad Al Hamadi, Salisu Ibrahim, and Abhijeet Raj Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03408 • Publication Date (Web): 19 Aug 2019 Downloaded from pubs.acs.org on August 19, 2019
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Effects of oxygen enrichment on natural gas consumption and emissions of
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toxic gases (CO, aromatics, and SO2) in Claus process
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Mohammad Al Hamadi, Salisu Ibrahim, Abhijeet Raj*
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Department of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi,
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UAE
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ABSTRACT
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The contaminants of acid gas feed to the Claus process plants such as benzene, toluene,
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ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) increase the operational cost through catalyst deactivation and
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high fuel gas consumption and impact the sulfur recovery efficiency and the emission of toxic
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gases (such as CO and SO2). In this study, a detailed and validated reaction mechanism for Claus
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feed combustion is utilized to simulate the Claus process plant by integrating Chemkin Pro and
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Aspen HYSYS software. The effect of oxygen enrichment of air on sulfur recovery, BTEX
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destruction, toxic gas emissions, and fuel gas consumption is studied. Upon increasing the oxygen
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concentration in air, BTEX concentration decreased substantially due to their enhanced oxidation
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by SO2 and O2. An increase in oxygen concentration resulted in (a) increased SO2 emission and
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decreased CO2 emission from the incinerator, and (b) decreased fuel gas consumption in the
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incinerator. Interestingly, CO emission increased with increase in oxygen concentration in air as
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the furnace temperature increased up to 1350°C, but it decreased with the further increase in the
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furnace temperature at higher oxygen concentrations. The reaction path analysis is presented to
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understand this decrease in CO emissions at high oxygen concentrations. The results demonstrate
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that a high oxygen concentration in air can be utilized to decrease fuel gas consumption and CO
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and CO2 emissions in the Claus process. The oxygen concentration, required to minimize the
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emission of aromatics, SO2, CO, and CO2 depended on the feed composition, and the developed
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reaction mechanism can assist in optimizing the oxygen enrichment level required for a given feed
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in a Claus process plant.
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Keywords: Oxygen enrichment; Claus Process; BTEX; CO; Reaction Kinetics; Reaction
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mechanism.
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Corresponding author: Abhijeet Raj (
[email protected]). Phone: +971-2-6075738.
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1. INTRODUCTION
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The regulatory agencies worldwide are enacting very strict legislations on the maximum allowable
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quantities of sulfur in gasoline and sales gas. In recent years, the United States Environmental
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Protection Agency (US EPA) has decreased the maximum allowable sulfur content in gasoline
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from 30 to 10 ppm 1. In addition, gas refineries must ensure that the H2S content in natural gas
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does not exceed a maximum of 4 ppmv 2. To achieve these low concentrations, more efficient
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desulfurization processes are being utilized 3, leading to the production of a large volume of acid
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gas (a gas rich in H2S and CO2). The treatment of acid gas occurs mostly in the Claus process unit,
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where elemental sulfur and high-pressure steam are recovered from H2S. The Claus process,
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depicted in Figure 1, consists of thermal and catalytic sections and a tail gas incinerator. The
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thermal section consists of a reaction furnace and a waste heat boiler (WHB). In the reaction
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furnace, one-third of the H2S is combusted to SO2 and H2O through reaction 1, and then H2S reacts
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with SO2 to produce sulfur, S2 (reaction 2) at high temperatures above 1000°C.
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𝐻2𝑆 + 1.5𝑂2→𝑆𝑂2 + 𝐻2𝑂 (𝑅1)
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2𝐻2𝑆 + 𝑆𝑂2⇄1.5𝑆2 + 2𝐻2𝑂 (𝑅2)
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The effluent gases are allowed to cool down to a temperature of 315°C in the WHB to recover
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thermal energy and elemental sulfur. Subsequently, in the catalytic section, elemental sulfur is
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produced through reactions 3 and 4 at a much lower temperature (160-400°C) in the presence of
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alumina and/or titanium catalysts 4.
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2𝐻2𝑆 + 𝑆𝑂2⇄0.5𝑆6 + 2𝐻2𝑂 (𝑅3)
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3 2𝐻2𝑆 + 𝑆𝑂2⇄ 𝑆8 + 2𝐻2𝑂 (𝑅4) 8
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Figure 1: Process Flow Schema of a three-stage Claus Process.
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The typical sulfur recovery efficiencies (SRE) of 90-96% and 95-98% are achieved with two and
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three catalytic sequences, respectively 3. The gases exiting the catalytic section are further treated
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in the incinerator, where remaining H2S is converted to SO2 and CO to CO2 at temperatures above
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600°C. The Claus process plants are required to achieve SRE above 98% in order to meet the
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environmental regulations 3. The SRE in Claus process is mostly dependent on the operating
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temperature of the Claus process reactors
5
and the feed conditions (concentrations of H2S and
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associated contaminants in acid gas) that often fluctuate 6. The feed to the Claus process usually
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have undesired characteristics such as low concentrations of H2S and the presence of contaminants
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such as CH4, CS2, CO2, aromatics, and mercaptans that cause severe operating problems, leading
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to a decrease in the SRE and an increase in the operating costs 7. To mitigate the impact of these
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contaminants and increase the SRE, an optimum temperature in the Claus furnace is required. The
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numerical 5 and experimental 8 studies show that SRE increases at temperatures up to 1400 K, and
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decreases with further increase in it. An increase in CO2 concentration in acid gas decreases SRE
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and increases the production of CO, COS, and CS2, but enhances BTEX destruction in the Claus
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furnace.
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To increase the SRE, process modifications have been proposed, which include the installation of
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additional catalytic units 9, addition of a tail gas treatment unit (TGTU) 10, acid gas enrichment to
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increase feed quality 7, optimization of process variables11, moisture removal to overcome the
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equilibrium constraints of Claus reactions
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additional catalytic unit or an acid gas enrichment unit increases the capital and operating costs to
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a process that is already economically deficient due to the low sale price of sulfur14. The process
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optimization approach is usually deployed to obtain the optimum operating conditions to maximize
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sulfur recovery and steam production and decreases fuel gas consumption and the operating cost,
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though it only provides a marginal increase in the SRE (≈ 0.5%) 15.
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Oxygen enrichment is a commercial and cost-effective technique that enhances the flame stability
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and the processing capacity of the Claus furnace, and promotes the destruction of hydrocarbon
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contaminants present in the feed, which helps to increase the SRE depending on the utilized oxygen
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concentration
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accompanied by a decrease in nitrogen flow to the furnace. This increases the furnace temperature
13, 16.
12,
and oxygen enrichment
13.
The installation of an
During oxygen enrichment, an increase in oxygen concentration is
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and gas residence time that favors BTEX destruction
and decreases the feed flowrate, which
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helps to reduce the equipment size (capital cost and plant footprint) and the pressure drop through
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the unit. For new units, up to 50% of flowrate reduction can be achieved by oxygen enrichment
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and this translates to capital cost savings of up to 70% excluding the oxygen generation unit cost
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16.
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to increase the acid gas processing capacity by 20–25% without major modifications to the existing
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equipment in the conventional Claus process plant. To increase the acid gas processing capacity
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by up to 75%, oxygen concentrations in the range of 28–45% of O2 in air is required in addition to
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the installation of special burners designed for direct oxygen injection and to withstand high
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temperature
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temperature was compared to some commonly practiced techniques such as fuel gas and acid gas
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co-firing in the furnace, preheating of air and acid gas feed to the furnace, and acid gas enrichment
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to increase the H2S concentration in it. The oxygen enrichment technique was found to be most
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effective in increasing the Claus furnace temperature. Similar findings were reported in 19, where
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simulations were conducted using a simplified kinetic mechanism for the Claus furnace that
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accounted for the reactions of H2S, BTEX, CO2, CS2 and COS. However, it was noted that high
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oxygen concentrations (up to 100% O2) and H2S concentrations above 50% in the acid gas stream
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triggered excessive temperature excursions (>1500°C) that can damage the in-house furnace
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refractory linings and WHB tubing. Besides, excessive furnace temperatures could also decrease
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the production of sulfur due to the increased production of COS, as CO production from CO2
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increases in the furnace. In such cases, furnace temperature can be regulated through staged
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combustion 16, effluent gas recirculation 19, and by using additives (e.g. H2O) to the furnace 12.
In 16, it was reported that oxygen concentrations up to 28% in the combustion air can be used
17.
In
18,
the use of oxygen enrichment technique to increase the Claus furnace
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Some numerical and experimental studies on the effect of oxygen enrichment on the increased
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production of undesired by-products that include CO, SO2, COS and CS2 in the Claus furnace have
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been reported. Li et al. 20 reported the lab-scale experimental data on the structure of rich diffusion
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flames of H2S/CO2 with different oxygen concentrations in air (21, 30 and 50%). They found that
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oxygen enrichment increases COS formation through the reactions between CO and sulfur species.
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The production of CS2, which significantly relied on CO2 reactivity, increased with the higher
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concentrations of oxygen due to increase in the formation of CS radicals that reacted with several
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sulfur species (S, S2, SH, SO and SO2) to form CS2. Rahman et al.
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mechanism and acid gas feed containing 62.5% H2S to investigate the effect of oxygen enrichment
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on the furnace temperature, BTEX destruction, residence time, and sulfur production. It was found
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that oxygen concentration higher than 25% was required for complete BTEX destruction, while
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maintaining the high levels of sulfur production. However, higher oxygen concentrations above
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25% increased the production of CO and COS, but the production of CS2 decreased. Using an acid
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gas feed consisting of 69% H2S, Abdoli et al.
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sulfur production and contaminant destruction in the Claus furnace. They used an industrial plant
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data and a 6-step global reaction model for the Claus furnace to conduct CFD simulations with
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due consideration to the turbulence, combustion, and radiation effects in the Claus furnace. They
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found that the higher oxygen concentrations increased the production of S2, while the production
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of COS and CS2 decreased and CO remained almost constant, even though the Claus furnace
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temperature increased up to 1500°C. The trends of CO and COS contradicts the observations from
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experiments 20, 22 and simulations 17, 19.
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It is evident from literature that high temperature, which accompanies oxygen enrichment,
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increases CO, CS2, and COS production in the Claus furnace due to the faster CO2 decomposition
21
17
used a detailed reaction
evaluated the effect of oxygen enrichment on
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17.
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the SRE 23 and increase sulfur emissions in the tail gas 9. Although CO can be oxidized in the tail
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gas treatment unit (TGTU) and/or the incinerator to meet the environmental standards, such
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practice involves firing a large volume of natural (or fuel) gas that increases the operating cost and
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the carbon footprint of the Claus plants. It is, therefore, very important to optimize oxygen
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enrichment in the Claus furnace, while monitoring the performance of the catalytic units and the
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incinerator to minimize the emissions of undesired byproducts, operating costs, and to maximize
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the SRE. The effect of oxygen enrichment on the production of important species such as SO2,
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CO, and COS can alter the incinerator’s fuel gas consumption and the H2S/SO2 ratio required to
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maintain optimal sulfur recovery in the catalytic units. Most studies focus on the Claus furnace,
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rather than the entire Claus plant to investigate the role of oxygen enrichment on the process
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performance. The standalone effects of oxygen concentration, temperature, and volumetric
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flowrate on the complex reactions occurring in the Claus furnace are also not fully understood.
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The changes in these parameters can have divergent effects on the reactions in the furnace to
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increase the emissions of CO, COS, and CS2 and the fuel gas consumption in the incinerator.
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In this study, a detailed reaction mechanism for sulfur recovery unit (SRU) feed combustion is
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utilized to quantify the effects of oxygen concentration in air on toxic gas emission, BTEX
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destruction, sulfur recovery efficiency, and fuel gas consumption in the incinerator. The standalone
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effects of oxygen concentrations at different furnace temperatures is conducted for better
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understanding of the role of oxygen enrichment on the production pathways of sulfur and
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undesired byproducts. Simulations are conducted using CHEMKIN and Aspen HYSYS software
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using an industrial feed from a UAE Claus process plant. The simulation model developed in this
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work can be used for the optimization of oxygen enrichment in the Claus furnace to increase
The presence of COS and CS2 in the catalytic section can cause sulfate formation to decrease
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processing capacity, decrease toxic gas emissions and save on the operating cost of the Claus
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process.
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2. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
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The kinetic simulation software, CHEMKIN PRO [12] is used to model the Claus furnace and the
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WHB, while the chemical process simulator, Aspen HYSYS 24 is deployed for the catalytic section
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and the incinerator simulation, and the model is validated using the experimental data from the
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literature. The previously developed detailed reaction mechanism for acid gas combustion
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adopted to account for the complex radical chemistry occurring in the Claus furnace and the WHB.
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The mechanism consists of 290 chemical species and 1900 reactions and has been validated
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previously in
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results.
17.
17
is
The scheme depicted in Figure 2 shows the procedure followed to obtain the
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Figure 2: Schema of the procedure and steps used for the SRU simulations.
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The furnace was modelled as a steady-state plug flow reactor (PFR) due to the high Reynolds
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number of the process gas, and its further justification can be found in
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surrounding in the PFR was neglected due to the presence of refractories in the industrial Claus
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The heat loss to the
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furnaces. Since the temperature of the gas decreases in the WHB via heat exchange with cooling
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water, the WHB was modelled as a PFR with heat exchange. The WHB’s cooling water enters at
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115°C and 41.5 barg and exits as high-pressure steam at 253.5°C. The ambient temperature is the
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average temperature of the heating/cooling fluid which was calculated to be equal 184°C.
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The catalytic section (consisting of two catalytic converters, heaters, and sulfur condensers) and
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the incinerator were modelled in Aspen HYSYS (Sulsim). The properties of the WHB's effluent
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stream from CHEMKIN are defined as the inlet stream for the catalytic section in HYSYS. The
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stream is initially cooled in a condenser to a temperature of 135°C before it gets reheated to a
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temperature of 254°C in a heater upstream the first catalytic converter. The effluent of the first
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catalytic converter is cooled to a temperature of 135°C in a condenser before it gets reheated to a
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temperature of 155°C upstream the second catalytic unit, where H2S/SO2 ratio is maintained to a
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value of two. The catalytic converters in HYSYS are simulated through free energy minimization
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calculation based on the inlet composition and temperature and the outlet pressure. The reactions
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of COS and CS2 hydrolysis occur in the catalytic reactors and they are quantified using empirical
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data, while the species, CO, H2, and hydrocarbons are constrained from reacting. The first catalytic
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converter is a regular catalytic bed equipped with alumina catalyst and the second converter is a
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sub-dew point catalytic converter (CBA) equipped with alumina catalyst. The catalyst is assumed
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to be fresh, and HYSYS’s default value of the pressure drop (0.5 psi) through both catalytic
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converters is used. The incinerator was fired through fuel gas combustion (using normal air) with
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a composition of 95% methane, 4% ethane and 1 % propane. The temperature target at the
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incinerator’s exit was set to 650°C, while the targeted excess oxygen concentration was around
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3% in the incinerator’s stack. The fuel gas and air flow rates to the incinerator is dependent on the
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properties of the process gas flow from the catalytic section and the targeted exiting temperature
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and excess oxygen concentration at the incinerator exit.
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3. MODEL VALIDATION
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Since the major objective of this work was to utilize a detailed reaction mechanism to evaluate
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oxygen enrichment effects on the industrial Claus process plants, it was necessary to validate it
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with the experimental data. The detailed mechanism used for the Claus furnace simulations has
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been validated using several experimental data from the lab-scale setups and the industrial Claus
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process plant in the UAE 17. Its sub-mechanisms on H2S, CO2, COS, CS2 and hydrocarbon were
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validated successfully in
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before using the adopted mechanism to substantiate the role of oxygen concentrations on the
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emissions of toxic byproducts such as CO and SO2 in the Claus furnace, it was necessary to validate
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the CO sub-mechanism using the recent experimental data on CO oxidation in the presence of
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CO2, N2, and SO2 in order to enhance reliability of the simulation results.
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In
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investigated using lab-scale flow reactor within a temperature range of 527–1527°C. They used a
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micro gas chromatograph equipped with a TCD detector to measure the concentration of CO with
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an uncertainty of ±5%, while the SO2 composition was measured using Fourier Transform Infrared
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(FTIR) spectrometer that had an uncertainty of ±10%, but not less than ±10 ppm. The inlet
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conditions used for the simulation are shown in Table 1. It was noted that the SO2 concentration
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did not show any noticeable changes for the entire temperature range analyzed in all the
208
experiments, and were not reported. The experimentally observed data on the CO concentrations
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with the changes in the reactor temperature with/without SO2 addition under CO2 and N2 diluted
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atmosphere were collected and compared with the simulated data. Figure 3 shows a comparison
28,
17, 26,
while the H2O sub-mechanism was validated in
12, 27.
However,
the effect of SO2 on the oxidation of CO under CO2 and N2-diluted conditions was
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of the experimental data with model predictions, depicting the effect of SO2 on the conversion of
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CO in CO2 and N2 diluted reactor.
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Table 1. Experimental conditions obtained from
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pressure and total gas flow rate, 16.7 cm3(STP)/s, are constant.
No. 1 2 3 4
𝜆=
[𝑂2] [𝐶𝑂] ([𝑂2] [𝐶𝑂])𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
28.
Residence time, tr [s] = 3100/T [K], and
[CO] (ppm)
[O2] (ppm)
[SO2] (ppm)
[H2O] (%)
[CO2] (%)
[N2] (%)
2000 2000 2000 2000
700 700 700 700
1000 0 1000 0
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
75 75 0 0
24.0 24.1 99.0 99.1
215 Simulation 1.0
Experimental
With SO2 (CO2 Dilution)
With SO2 (N2 Dilution)
0.8 0.6 0.4
CO/COinlet
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0.2 0.0 1.0
Without SO2 (CO2 Dilution)
Without SO2 (N2 Dilution)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
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1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Reactor Temperature (K)
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Figure 3: CO oxidation in a CO2 or N2 atmosphere in the presence and absence of SO2 at different
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reactor temperatures. The experimental data is from 28.
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A good agreement can be observed between the model prediction and the experimental data. In
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the CO2 atmosphere, the temperatures below 1127°C favored CO conversion to CO2, but the higher
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temperatures hindered CO conversion due to its production from CO2 decomposition. Both in the
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presence and the absence of SO2, the oxidation of CO is observed to be inhibited in the CO2
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atmosphere compared to the N2 case. For both the CO2 and N2 atmospheres, the addition of SO2
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inhibited the oxidation of CO due to the reaction of HOSO (intermediate radical formed from the
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reaction of SO2 with H radicals) with oxygen to produce SO2 and HO2. The radical, HOSO is an
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intermediate product formed from the initial decomposition of SO2 via its reaction with H radicals
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under the oxygen-deficient condition. The adopted reaction mechanism reliably captured all the
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observed trends, which highlight its accuracy and reliability.
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The mechanism was also validated using experimental data from the industrial Claus process
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plants operating in Iran and Canada, in order to enhance the model reliability under a wide range
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of conditions. The plant data, alongside the inlet feed conditions and geometrical parameters of
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the furnace (shown in Tables 2 and 3) were reported in 29 for South Pars’s plant in Iran and in 30
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for Ultramar Refinery plant in Canada. The plant data were only available at the exit of the furnace.
234 235
Table 2: Inlet streams properties and physical parameters of the South Pars's SRU furnace. Streams Properties Streams Composition (mol%)
Pressure (Pa) Temperature (°C) CO2 N2 CH4 C2H6 C3H8 H2S O2 H2O Molar Flow (mole/s) Length (m) Furnace Specifications Diameter (m) Gas residence time (s) Gas superficial velocity (m/s) Gas residence time in boiler (s)
Acid Gas Air Fuel gas 177000 168000 600000 218 220 40 53.16 0.00 1.03 0.00 73.00 3.68 0.90 0.00 89.46 0.00 0.00 5.66 0.00 0.00 0.17 36.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.50 0.00 9.90 7.50 0.00 171.11 181.50 3.24 6.5 3.4 2.0 62.44 0.48
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Table 3: Inlet feed properties and geometrical parameters of Ultramar Refinery's SRU. Stream Properties Stream Composition (mol%)
Pressure (kPa) Temperature (K) CH4 CO2 H2O H2S N2 O2 Ar C2H4 C2H6 Mass Flow (kg/s) Furnace Length (m) Specifications Diameter (m)
Feed 182.3 1497 0.0117 4.24 8.585 32.5 46.3 12.3 0.624 0.00977 0.01134 0.0135 8 0.05
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239 240
Figure 4: Comparison of predicted species compositions at the exit of Claus furnace with plant
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data from (a) South Pars’s SRU in Iran 29, and (b) Ultramar Refinery’s SRU in Canada 30.
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Figure 4 shows a comparison between the observed species composition at the exit of the furnace
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with their predicted values. A good agreement can be observed between the experimental data and
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the model simulations for most species. The mechanism under-predicted the mole fraction of S2 at
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the exit of the furnace, when compared to the plant data from South Pars’s refinery. Sulfur exists
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in various isomeric forms (S1-S8) and their relative concentration is highly temperature-dependent,
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which makes their accurate quantification in the experiments difficult. While S2 is the most stable
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one at high temperatures above 350°C, the stability of S8 is enhanced at low temperature. Thus,
249
the gas sampling technique and the quenching procedure have significant effect on the detection
250
and the quantification of sulfur, which, unfortunately, were not made available. For this reason,
251
the discrepancy between the predicted S2 concentration and the plant data could be attributed to
252
the experimental error. These validations highlight the accuracy and the reliability of the adopted
253
reaction mechanism and the model developed for the furnace simulations.
254
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
255
The simulations of the thermal, catalytic, and incinerator sections of the Claus process plant were
256
carried out to evaluate the effect of oxygen enrichment on the major performance indices that
257
include, sulfur recovery, processing capacity, fuel gas consumption, and the emission of harmful
258
gases including BTEX, CO, SO2, and COS. The entire Claus process plant simulations were
259
conducted using the practical feed conditions and the physical specifications shown in Table 4,
260
which were obtained from an industrial Claus process plant operating in the UAE.
261
Table 4: Properties of feed streams and physical parameters of furnace and WHB in UAE's Claus
262
process plant.
Streams Properties
Streams Composition (mole fraction)
Temperature (°C) C6H6 C7H8 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C6H5CH3 CH4 CO2
Acid Gas 230°C 0.000314 1.5E-5 0.000345 0.000292 0.000103 0.000231 0.003024 0.0 to 0.645
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Air 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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263 264 265 266 267 268
Furnace and WHB Specifications
Page 16 of 34
H2S 0.99 to 0.345 0 N2 0.00159 0.759 S 1.0E-5 0 iC4H10 3.4E-5 0 o-C8H10 4.2E-5 0 AR 0 0 H2O 0 0.0399 O2 0 0.201 Flowrate (kg/s) 12.4 Furnace: Length (12m); Diameter (3.3m); Pressure (1.64bar). WHB: Length (10m); Pressure (1.54bar); Number of Tubes (2500); Diameter of each tube (58.93 mm).
269
To investigate the effect of oxygen enrichment with the changes in H2S content in the acid gas
270
stream, the concentrations of H2S and CO2 were varied accordingly while the concentration of all
271
the other species were maintained. It was necessary to ensure that the adiabatic temperature in the
272
Claus furnace did not exceed the maximum value of 1527°C (1800 K) that is required to protect
273
the refractory linings from damage. Thus, for a given H2S concentrations in the acid gas stream,
274
simulations were conducted to determine the oxygen concentration at which the maximum
275
allowable temperature of 1527°C in the Claus furnace is reached. Figure 5 shows the concentration
276
of oxygen in air that is required to attain the maximum permissible temperature in the Claus
277
furnace with different compositions of H2S in the acid gas stream. It can be observed that the
278
increase in H2S concentrations in the acid gas decreased the amount of oxygen required to achieve
279
the maximum allowable temperature in the Claus furnace. For high H2S concentration (above
280
90%) in the acid gas, only a low-level oxygen enrichment is permissible, while for the acid gas
281
with less than 60% H2S, the entire combustion air can be replaced with oxygen without exceeding
282
the temperature limit of the furnace. The results have also been validated using the literature-based
283
information for rich acid gas streams. In 20, for an acid gas with 60% H2S and an equivalence ratio
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of 3, 100% oxygen enrichment level could be used without exceeding the furnace temperature of
285
1800 K, which agrees with our results (presented as point (a) in the figure). The results in their
286
study were obtained using Gibbs reactor in Aspen Plus software for a simplified Claus furnace
287
with heat recovery unit through equilibrium calculations by considering the species, H2S, CO2, O2,
288
N2, SO2, COS, CS2, S2, S6, S8, H2, CO, C, and H2O. In 19, the feed had 85% H2S, and the required
289
oxygen enrichment level was 34.69% to reach the furnace temperature close to 1800 K (presented
290
as point (b) in the figure). Our results predict the permissible oxygen enrichment level of 34.3%
291
for such feed, which is close to their results. In 31, for 90% H2S feed, it is mentioned that only 30
292
to 32 mol% oxygen in airstream could be used to hold the furnace temperature below 1811 K
293
(presented as point (c) in the figure). Our results predict a permissible oxygen enrichment level of
294
31.3% for a feed containing 90% H2S, and is in between their range.
295 296
Figure 5. The oxygen enrichment level required to achieve the maximum permissible temperature
297
of 1527°C in the Claus furnace for acid gas feeds with varying H2S concentration. For acid gas
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Page 18 of 34
298
with < 60% H2S (grey dotted line), an enrichment level of 100% can be applied without exceeding
299
1527°C. For validation, reported data from (a) 20, (b) 19, and (c) 31 are also provided here.
300
The species composition and the properties of the process gas such as the temperature and the flow
301
rates were collected for the further analysis to quantify the effect of oxygen enrichment and
302
changes in acid gas composition on toxic gas emissions, fuel gas consumption, processing capacity
303
and sulfur recovery. Three different composition of acid gas were selected for analysis, which
304
include 34.8% (≈35%) H2S, referred to as Case 1, 54.8% (≈55%) H2S, referred to as Case 2, and
305
74.8% (≈75%) H2S, referred to as Case 3. Note that the acid gas feed obtained from the plant in
306
UAE contained 54.8% H2S, but the scope of the oxygen enrichment study was extended to higher
307
and lower H2S concentrations (74.8% and 34.8% H2S) due to the frequent fluctuations in acid gas
308
composition and to observe the effect of H2S concentration on the results of oxygen enrichment.
309
The higher H2S concentrations will lead to a much higher adiabatic temperature in the Claus
310
furnace, which could alter the rates of several reactions governing the production of undesired
311
byproducts (such as CO, SO2 and BTEX). The simulations were conducted using the feed
312
conditions given in Table 4. For all the simulation cases (1, 2 and 3) and the oxygen concentrations
313
in air, the flow rate of acid gas entering the Claus furnace was kept constant. Overall sulfur
314
recovery efficiency (SRE) was computed using the widely used formula [15]:
315
SRE =
Mass of Sulfur Produced × 100 Mass of Sulfur in Inlet H2S
316
Here, the mass of sulfur produced is calculated from the amount of sulfur flowing from the
317
condensers. The results obtained for cases 1-3 are presented in Figures 6-8, which show the effect
318
of oxygen concentration on furnace temperature, processing capacity, steam production, the
319
incinerator’s fuel gas consumption, and the exiting molar flow rates of CO2, CO, SO2, and BTEX.
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Page 19 of 34
35% H2S in Acid Gas (Case 1) (a)
Sulfur Recovery Efficiency Steam Production in WHB
Capacity Increase Incinerator's Fuel Gas Consumption
Furnace Maximum Temperature (°C) 81 10
02 11
16 11
25 28 11 11
98.8
30
20
10
0
Sulfur Recovery Efficiency (%)
Capacity Increase (%)
40
28.5
98.6
28.0 98.4
27.5
98.2
27.0 26.5
98.0
26.0 97.8
Steam Production in WHB (103 kg/hr)
29.0
25.5 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
900
800
700
600
500
400
Incinerator's Fuel Gas Consumption (kg/hr)
40 10
1 4 95 99
100
Oxygen Enrichment Level (%)
(b)
SO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator CO Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator
CO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator BTEX's Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator
Furnace Maximum Temperature (°C) 40 10
0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
780
760
740
720
SO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
0.16
CO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
1 4 95 99
CO Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
BTEX's Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmole/hr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
81 10
02 11
16 11
25 28 11 11
9
8
7
6
5 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Oxygen Enrichment Level (%)
320
Figure 6: Case 1 (35% H2S): (a) sulfur recovery efficiency, steam production, processing capacity, and fuel gas
321
consumption, and (b) flowrates of SO2, CO2, CO and BTEX at the exit of the incinerator at different O2 concentrations.
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55% H2S in Acid Gas (Case 2) (a)
Sulfur Recovery Efficiency Steam Production in WHB
Capacity Increase Incinerator's Fuel Gas Consumption
Furnace Maximum Temperature (°C)
30
20
10
67 13
03 14
32 39 14 14
98.2
Sulfur Recovery Efficiency (%)
Capacity Increase (%)
40
20 13
45.0
98.1
44.5
98.0
44.0
97.9
43.5
97.8
43.0
0 97.7
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Incinerator's Fuel Gas Consumption (kg/hr)
50
41 12
Steam Production in WHB (103 kg/hr)
13 58 11 11
100
Oxygen Enrichment Level (%)
(b)
SO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator CO Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator
CO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator BTEX's Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator
0.0005
0.0000
32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14
580
560
540
520
SO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
0.0010
34
CO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
0.0015
CO Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
14 3 14 2 39
14 03
13 67
13 20
12 41
11 1113 58
Furnace Maximum Temperature (°C)
BTEX's Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmole/hr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
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14
13
12
11
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Oxygen Enrichment Level (%)
322
Figure 7: Case 2 (55% H2S): (a) sulfur recovery efficiency, steam production, processing capacity, and fuel gas
323
consumption, and (b) flowrates of SO2, CO2, CO and BTEX at the exit of the incinerator at different O2 concentrations.
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75% H2S in Acid Gas (Case 3) Sulfur Recovery Efficiency Steam Production in WHB
Capacity Increase Incinerator's Fuel Gas Consumption
30
20
10
Sulfur Recovery Efficiency (%)
Capacity Increase (%)
40
0
69.0
98.3
68.5 98.2 68.0 98.1
67.5
98.0
67.0
97.9
66.5 66.0
97.8
Steam Production in WHB (103 kg/hr)
1200 69.5
98.4
65.5 20
25
30
35
40
45
1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500
Incinerator's Fuel Gas Consumption (kg/hr)
15 68
10 15
14 38
13 52
12 37
Furnace Maximum Temperature (°C)
50
Oxygen Enrichment Level (%)
(b)
SO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator CO Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator
CO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator BTEX's Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator
0.00008
0.00004
0.00000
26
24
22
20
360
350
340
330
320
SO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
0.00012
28
CO2 Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
0.00016
CO Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmol/hr)
15 68
15 10
14 38
13 52
12 37
Furnace Maximum Temperature (°C)
BTEX's Flowrate at Exit of Incinerator (kgmole/hr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
20 19 18 17 16 15 20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Oxygen Enrichment Level (%)
324
Figure 8: Case 3 (75% H2S): (a) sulfur recovery efficiency, steam production, processing capacity, and fuel gas
325
consumption, and (b) flowrates of SO2, CO2, CO and BTEX at the exit of the incinerator at different O2 concentrations.
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For cases 1-2, shown in Figures 6 and 7, an increase in oxygen concentrations from 20 to 100 %
327
(and the corresponding reduction in inert N2 concentration) increased furnace temperatures to
328
1129°C in case 1 and 1439°C in case 2, which is below the refractory limit of the Claus furnace.
329
The increase in gas processing capacity of the furnace is defined as:
330
Capacity increase (%) Vol.flow rate of nonenriched feed ― Vol. flow rate of enriched feed = × 100 Vol. flow rate of nonenriched feed
331
Increasing the oxygen enrichment level to 100% increased the acid gas processing capacity by
332
35% (in case 1) and 45% (in case 2). However, despite the increase in the furnace temperature, the
333
production of high-pressure steam decreased due to the reduction in the volumetric flow of air.
334
The increase in oxygen enrichment causes a rapid decrease in the emission of BTEX and their
335
molar flow rates remained almost zero at oxygen concentrations above 30% in all cases. This was
336
found to be due to the faster oxidation of BTEX through the combined efforts of oxygen and SO2
337
as the Claus furnace temperature increased with increase in oxygen concentration. For example,
338
near the burner in the furnace, benzene reacted with oxidants such as OH and O atom to form
339
phenyl (C6H5) and phenoxy (C6H5O) radicals, and in the latter part of the furnace, phenyl radicals
340
got oxidized by SO2 and phenoxy radicals decomposed to C5H5 and CO. Toluene and xylenes had
341
similar fates, where oxidants, O and OH formed benzyl radicals that got oxidized by SO2 in the
342
latter part of the furnace. It should be noted that the production of higher aromatics (PAHs) from
343
the hydrocarbon contaminants (such as aliphatics and BTEX) present in the Claus feed also
344
occurred in the furnace, but their flow rates at the exit of WHB were found to be negligible. For
345
example, with increasing oxygen concentrations, the molar flow rate of PAHs at the WHB exit
346
increased from 0.0005 to 0.0069 kmol/h in case 1, but remained below 0.0001 kmol/h in cases 2
347
and 3 due to their higher furnace temperatures. The production of PAHs in the furnace is dependent
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on the operating temperature and the inlet concentration of hydrocarbons 6. The rapid oxidation of
349
BTEX due to the favorable furnace temperature and low concentration of small hydrocarbons,
350
particularly methane (due to zero fuel gas injection) helped to suppress the reactions of PAH
351
production. The incinerator’s fuel gas consumption decreased by up to 40% in case 1 (Figure 6)
352
and 60% in case 2 (Figure 7) due to the decrease in the volumetric flow rate of gas with increase
353
in oxygen concentration. The decrease in the fuel gas consumption in the incinerator was found to
354
be primarily responsible for the decrease in the molar flow rates of CO2 from the incinerator’s exit.
355
The molar flow rates of the undesired species (BTEX, CO, and SO2), mainly controlled by the
356
chemistry occurring in the Claus furnace, were also analyzed. Note that the species CO, H2, and
357
hydrocarbons (including BTEX) are constrained from reacting in the catalytic reactors, hence they
358
were analyzed at the exit of the Claus furnace and the WHB. The results suggest that the use of
359
high oxygen concentration (above 30%) in the Claus furnace will have a negative impact on the
360
SRE, which leads to an increase in SO2 emissions. This effect was more pronounced in the results
361
of case 2 (Figure 7) and case 3 (Figure 8) with higher H2S concentrations due to the higher furnace
362
temperatures. In case 2, it can be observed that SO2 emission at the incinerator’s exit decreased
363
due to the increase in sulfur production as the furnace temperature increased (from 1113 to
364
1200°C) at oxygen concentrations below 25%, but with further increase in the oxygen
365
concentration and the furnace temperature, a decrease in sulfur production occurred that caused
366
the SO2 molar flow rate to increase. The decrease in sulfur production at higher furnace
367
temperature was mainly due to the oxidation reaction of sulfur to SO2. The following reactions in
368
the mechanism were responsible for sulfur oxidation in the high oxygen enrichment cases: 𝑆2
369
+𝑂⇌𝑆𝑂 + 𝑆, 𝑆2 +𝑂𝐻⇌𝑆2𝑂 + 𝐻, and 𝑆3 +𝑂𝐻⇌𝑆𝑂 + 𝐻𝑆𝑆. The molar flow rate of CO emission
370
increased up to a maximum value corresponding to about 50% O2 concentrations and furnace
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371
temperatures around 1054°C, but surprisingly decreased with the further increase in oxygen
372
concentration. This suggest that a further increase in furnace temperature up to the permissible
373
limit of 1530°C could decrease CO emission. This was verified by increasing the H2S
374
concentration in acid gas up to 74.8% (case 3) and increasing the oxygen concentration until the
375
furnace refractory limit is attained.
376
In case 3 (shown in Figure 8), the maximum furnace temperature (1568°C) exceeded refractory
377
design temperature at 50% O2 concentrations, and thereby, oxygen concentrations above 50% were
378
not considered. An increase in oxygen concentration decreased the incinerator fuel gas
379
consumption that caused a decrease in the molar flow rates of CO2 in the incinerator’s stack, which
380
agrees with the trends observed previously in cases 1 and 2. The high furnace temperatures near
381
1200-1500°C caused a marginal decrease in sulfur recovery efficiency (by up to 0.4%), which
382
increased the SO2 molar flowrate from the incinerator stack. The steam production in the WHB
383
increased, despite the decrease in the volumetric flow with higher oxygen concentrations in air due
384
to the significant increase in furnace temperature that rose up to 1527°C with 50% O2
385
concentration. Also, an increase in oxygen concentrations from 20 to 28% caused the CO molar
386
flow rates to increase to a maximum value, but the CO molar flow rate decreased rapidly with the
387
further increase in oxygen concentration. Compared to cases 1 and 2, the CO molar flow rates
388
showed a more severe decrease due to the higher furnace temperatures in case 3. The Claus furnace
389
is characterized by complex radical chemistry of several competing reactions that could lead to
390
CO production and consumption. An increase in furnace temperature could increase the rates of
391
several reactions that consume CO (such as CO oxidation by oxygenated sulfur radicals) or cause
392
the reaction of CO production (such as CO2+H=CO+OH) to occur in the reverse direction.
393
Nevertheless, the reason for this drastic decrease in CO at high temperatures has been explored
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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
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further, as this can provide insight into the favorable means of decreasing CO emissions during
395
the combustion with oxygen-enriched air.
396
To understand the chemistry of CO production and consumption in the Claus furnace, the
397
fundamental studies were conducted to investigate the standalone effect of oxygen concentrations
398
on the reactions of CO production at fixed furnace temperatures (isothermal conditions) ranging
399
from 950 to 1500 °C. The use of isothermal regime in the Claus furnace allowed us to decouple
400
the competing effects of temperature and oxygen concentrations on the radical reaction chemistry.
401
The catalytic section was allowed to operate normally with a controlled H2S/SO2 ratio of 2
402
upstream of the 2nd catalytic unit. Throughout the simulations, the species molar flow rates in Claus
403
furnace, WHB, and the incinerator’s stack and the reaction rates of the most important reactions
404
occurring in the Claus furnace and the WHB were collected and analyzed.
405
Figure 9 shows the effect of oxygen concentrations and fixed furnace temperatures on the molar
406
flow rates of CO exiting the Claus furnace and the WHB. It can be observed that for a fixed oxygen
407
concentration, an increase in furnace temperature increased the emissions of CO due to its faster
408
production from CO2 decomposition (mainly CO2+H=CO+OH). But interestingly, upon
409
increasing the oxygen concentration in air and maintaining fixed furnace temperatures below
410
1100°C, the CO molar flow rates from the furnace exit increased, while it decreased with further
411
increase in the furnace temperatures up to 1500°C. At the WHB exit, CO molar flow rate decreased
412
with the increase in oxygen concentrations, and a more significant decrease was seen at the
413
temperatures above 1100°C. In order to understand the reactions responsible for the observed
414
trends of CO production, molar flow rates and the rates of several competing reactions of CO were
415
analyzed. The cases of 20% and 100% oxygen concentration at fixed temperatures of 1050°C and
416
1400°C were chosen for the further investigation and comparative analysis.
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(a) 250 200 150 100
CO Flowrate at Exit of WHB (kgmole/hr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
CO Flowrate at Exit of Furnace (kgmole/hr)
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Base 24% O2 34% O2 50% O2 65% O2 80% O2 95% O2 100% O2
50 0 1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
(b)
140 120 100 80 60
Page 26 of 34
Base 24% O2 34% O2 50% O2 65% O2 80% O2 95% O2 100% O2
40 20 0 1000
Furnace Temperature (°C)
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Furnace Temperature (°C)
417
Figure 9: Effect of fixed furnace temperature and oxygen concentrations on the molar flow rates
418
of CO at the exit of (a) furnace and (b) WHB.
419
Figure 10 shows the molar flowrate of CO along the Claus furnace and the WHB at two different
420
oxygen concentrations (20% and 100% O2 in air) and fixed furnace temperatures (1050°C and
421
1400°C). At 1050°C, while a high oxygen concentration (100%) increased CO production in the
422
furnace, the oxidation of CO in the WHB occurred at a faster rate and its exiting molar flow rate
423
decreased when compared to the base case with 20% oxygen concentration in air. In the initial
424
parts of the Claus furnace, the production of CO mainly occurred through CO2 chemical
425
decomposition with H radicals (reaction 5), but in the latter parts, its contribution to CO production
426
becomes insignificant due to the consumption of H radicals by other reactions of COS
427
decomposition (reaction 6) and the formation of H2 and H2O. Subsequently, the CO production
428
proceeds through the reactions of COS with H, S and HS radicals (reactions 6-8). The COS
429
production, shown in Figure 11, was found to be occurring through reaction 9, which is the major
430
reaction of CO conversion in the WHB.
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(a)
(b)
Furnace ← → WHB
11
Furnace ← → WHB
Base Case Enriched Case
CO Flowrate (mole s-1)
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
CO Flowrate (mole s-1)
10
2 1 0 0
65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Base Case Enriched Case
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Distance (cm)
Distance (cm)
431
Figure 10: CO Flowrate in the furnace and the WHB at 20% and 100% O2 enrichment levels for
432
fixed furnace temperature of (a) 1050 °C and (b) 1400 °C. 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻⇌𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂𝐻
Reaction (5)
𝐶𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻⇌𝐶𝑂 + 𝑆𝐻
Reaction (6)
𝐶𝑂𝑆 + 𝑆⇌𝐶𝑂 + 𝑆2
Reaction (7)
𝐶𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑆⇌𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻𝑆𝑆
Reaction (8)
𝐶𝑂 + 𝑆3⇌𝐶𝑂𝑆 + 𝑆2
Reaction (9)
(a)
(b)
Furnace ← → WHB
11
Furnace ← → WHB
22 20
10
18
COS Flowrate (mole s-1)
9
COS Flowrate (mole s-1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Base Case Enriched Case
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 14
Base Case Enriched Case
12 10 8 6 4 2
0
0 0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Distance (cm)
Distance (cm)
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433
Figure 11: COS flowrate in the furnace and the WHB at base case conditions and 100% O2
434
concentration for fixed furnace temperatures of (a) 1050°C and (b) 1400°C.
435
The increase in oxygen concentration increased the rate of CO production from reactions 5-8 due
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to the faster rates of H2S oxidation that enhanced the radical pool. The initial oxidation of H2S is
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characterized by the formation of several active radicals that include S, HS, HSS, HSO, and SO
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species, and the rates of their production and consumption increased with increasing oxygen
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concentrations. At fixed temperature of 1050°C and with the increase in O2 concentration (from
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20 to 100%), the rates of CO production from reactions 6 and 8 were found to be 3 times faster (at
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locations closer to the furnace exit) due to the enhancement in radical concentrations of H and HS
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species. This justifies the observed increase in CO production with increasing oxygen
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concentrations at temperatures below 1100°C in the Claus furnace.
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The increase in temperature from 1050 to 1400°C caused CO production in the Claus furnace to
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reach equilibrium value due the emergence of reverse reaction 5 (responsible for the initial
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production of CO). Interestingly, an increase in oxygen concentration from 20 to 100% decreased
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the equilibrium value of CO molar flow rate by up to 10% as indicated in Figure 10, even though
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its production in the initial parts of the furnace was faster at higher oxygen concentration. It was
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observed that the higher furnace temperatures (above 1100°C) triggered CO production from
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reaction 10 in addition to reaction 5, and the rate of reaction 10 increased at higher oxygen
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concentration. 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑆⇌𝐶𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂
Reaction (10)
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While the increase in oxygen concentrations increased the rate of CO production from reactions 5,
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6, and 8, reactions 5 (in reverse direction) and 9 consumed CO at much faster rates causing a
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decrease in its molar flow rate in the furnace and the WHB. Reaction 7, whose contribution to CO
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production was noticeably high at temperatures below 1100°C, was found to be negligible at higher
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temperatures. Thus, the observed decrease in CO production with increase in oxygen concentration
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at temperatures above 1100°C is not only due to the emergence of reverse reaction 5 but also due
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to slower rates of other reactions leading to CO production.
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At all temperatures and oxygen concentrations examined, reaction 9 was the more predominant
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pathway for CO conversion to COS in the Claus furnace and WHB, though the reverse of reaction
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5 and reaction 11 to a lesser extent contributed to CO oxidation to CO2 at temperatures above
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1100°C. With the increase in oxygen concentration, CO conversion via reactions 9 and 11 was
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found to be more dominant in the WHB than in the furnace, thus causing a more significant
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decrease in the exiting molar flow rate of CO at higher temperatures. 𝐶𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂2⇌𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑆𝑂
Reaction (11)
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The above analysis suggests that, provided the Claus furnace temperatures remain below 1100°C,
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increase in oxygen concentrations could result in higher CO production in the furnace but faster
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conversion to COS in the WHB. In contrast, at higher furnace temperatures above 1100°C,
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increasing concentrations of oxygen could decrease CO production in the Claus furnace and
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increase its conversion to COS and CO2 in the WHB. The production of radical species such as H,
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S, HS, and SO radicals that governs the initial oxidation of H2S plays a very critical role in the
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conversion of CO to COS and CO2. Clearly, the conversion of CO is expected to occur at faster
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rates with high concentrations of H2S in the acid gas stream as the production of active radicals
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will increase. Hence, the reduction of CO at high O2 concentrations (seen in figure 7 and more
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significantly in figure 8) that is accompanied with higher furnace temperatures occurred due to its
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lower production in the furnace and faster conversion to COS and CO2 in the WHB. The COS
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exiting the WHB is hydrolyzed and converted to sulfur in the catalytic reactors.
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5. CONCLUSION
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The effect of oxygen concentration in air (20 to 100%) in an industrial SRU on the incinerator’s
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fuel gas consumption and the emission of harmful aromatics, CO, and SO2 was studied using a
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detailed reaction mechanism. The oxygen enrichment effects were investigated for three feed
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conditions, consisting of about 35, 55, and 75% H2S in the acid gas stream. For all the feed
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conditions, the increase in oxygen concentration decreased significantly the fuel gas consumption
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in the incinerator and the CO2 emission, while the SO2 emission increased at the high enrichment
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levels. The increase in oxygen concentration increased CO emissions (which was mainly produced
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in the Claus furnace) as the furnace temperatures remained below 1350°C, while the CO emissions
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decreased with the further increase in the oxygen concentration and the furnace temperature. The
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decrease in CO emission occurred very rapidly with higher concentrations of H2S in the acid gas,
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where higher furnace temperatures up to 1527 °C could be achieved. The effect of furnace
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temperatures at different oxygen concentrations on the major reactions of CO in the Claus furnace
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and the WHB was investigated. It was observed that, while an increase in the furnace temperature
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(within 950-1500°C) increased CO production at fixed oxygen concentration at the WHB exit, a
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decrease in CO production occurred with increase in oxygen concentration at fixed temperatures.
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At furnace temperatures below 1100°C, the increase in oxygen concentration resulted in higher
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CO production in the furnace but faster conversion to COS in the WHB. However, higher furnace
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temperatures above 1100°C decreased CO production in the Claus furnace and increased the rates
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of CO conversion to COS and CO2 in the WHB (through the reactions CO+S3=COS+S2,
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CO+OH=CO2+H and CO+SO=CO2+S). The production of radical species such as H, S, HS, and
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SO radicals that governs the initial oxidation of H2S played a very critical role in the conversion
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of CO to COS and CO2. Hence, the decrease in CO emissions observed at high oxygen
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concentration (accompanied with higher furnace temperatures) occurred due to its lower
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production in the furnace and faster conversion to COS and CO2 in the WHB. COS, thus produced,
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can be hydrolyzed in the catalytic section to produce H2S and CO2. Clearly, the oxygen
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concentration required to destruct the aromatics and minimize the production of CO depends on
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the feed composition. For the UAE’s SRU feed, an enrichment of above 50% was found to be
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suitable to achieve the two targets.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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The authors acknowledge the financial support by the Petroleum Institute Gas Processing and
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Materials Science Research Centre under grant number GRC17004.
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REFERENCES
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