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Bioactive Constituents, Metabolites, and Functions
Effects of whole-grain rice and wheat on composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in rats Fei Han, Yong Wang, Yangyang Han, Jianxin Zhao, Fenli Han, Ge Song, Ping Jiang, and Haijiang Miao J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01891 • Publication Date (Web): 16 May 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 16, 2018
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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Effects of whole-grain rice and wheat on composition of gut
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microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in rats
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Fei Han†,§,*, Yong Wang†,§, Yangyang Han†,‡, Jianxin Zhao‡, Fenli Han†,‡, Ge Song†,
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Ping Jiang†, and Haijiang Miao†
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†
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China
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‡
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Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, People’s Republic of
School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122,
People’s Republic of China
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§
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* Corresponding author.
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E-mail address:
[email protected] (F. Han).
F. Han and Y. Wang contributed equally to this work.
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ABSTRACT: Diets rich in whole grain (WG) cereals bring lower disease risks
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compared with refined grain-based diets. We investigated the effects of polished rice
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(PR), refined wheat (RW), unpolished rice (UPR), and whole wheat (WW) on
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short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gut microbiota in ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta
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of normal rats. Animals fed with UPR and WW diets exhibited higher total SCFA in
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cecal and colonic digesta compared with those fed with PR and RW diets. Wheat diets
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contributed higher total SCFA than rice diets. In cecal and colonic digesta, animals
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fed with UPR and WW diets demonstrated higher acetate and butyrate contents than
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those given PR and RW. Firmicutes were the dominant eumycota in rat ileum digesta
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(>92% abundance). Cecal and colonic digesta were dominated by Firmicutes,
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Verrucomicrobia, and Bacteroidetes. UPR and WW affected gut microbiota,
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decreasing the proportion of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. SMB53, Lactobacillus, and
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Faecalibacterium were the main bacterial genera in ileal digesta. Akkermansia was
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highest in cecal and colonic digesta. In the colonic digesta of rats, the relative
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abundance of Akkermansia in rats on wheat diets was higher than that in rats on rice
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diets (P1%
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are listed in the pie chart, whereas rare taxa are pooled and shown as “other.”
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Figure 3. Venn diagram displays number of unique and shared OTUs among five
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groups in ileal (A), cecal (B), and colonic (C) digesta (n = 5 per group) of rats after 6
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weeks. BG: basal diet-fed group, PR: polished rice group, UPR: unpolished rice group,
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RW: refined wheat group, WW: whole wheat group.
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Table 1 Formula, nutritional components, and energy of different diets. Diet (g/100 g of dried feed) Basic diet Casein Corn flour Polished rice flour Unpolished rice flour Refined wheat flour Whole wheat flour Dextrin Soybean oil Cellulose Minerals Vitamins L-cysteine Choline chloride TBHQ Nutritional component (%) Dry matter Crude protein Crude fat Crude ash Crude fiber Resistant starch Non-starch polysaccharide Arabinoxylan MJ/kg feed Energy density
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Polished rice diet
Unpolished rice diet
Refined wheat diet
Whole wheat diet
14 56.6 0 0 0 0 15.5 4 5 3.5 1 0.18 0.25 0.0008
14 6.6 50 0 0 0 15.5 4 5 3.5 1 0.18 0.25 0.0008
14 6.6 0 50 0 0 15.5 4 5 3.5 1 0.18 0.25 0.0008
14 6.6 0 0 50 0 15.5 4 5 3.5 1 0.18 0.25 0.0008
14 6.6 0 0 0 50 15.5 4 5 3.5 1 0.18 0.25 0.0008
87.56±0.03e 10.25±0.05d 3.63±0.05c 2.22±0.01d 3.55±0.02d 2.32±0.07c 8.83±0.05a
93.17±0.05a 13.70±0.08c 3.70±0.01c 2.45±0.01c 3.74±0.03c 5.52±0.28a 7.18±0.18b
90.23±0.08d 13.73±0.05c 3.90±0.03b 2.68±0.01b 3.89±0.01b 2.35±0.35c 8.82±0.52a
91.57±0.03c 16.25±0.01b 3.73±0.06bc 2.47±0.10c 3.42±0.01d 3.34±0.11bc 7.61±0.40b
92.24±0.03b 17.30±0.01a 4.10±0.07a 2.96±0.02a 4.27±0.01a 3.57±0.11b 7.35±0.42b
0.06±0.01d
0.07±0.00d
0.15±0.01c
0.36±0.02b
0.80±0.02a
16.41
17.43
17.21
17.29
17.26
Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3).
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Table 2 Effects of experimental diets on body weight gain, feed intake, and food efficiency ratio of
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rats after 6 weeks
Basal diet-fed group Polished rice group Unpolished rice group Refined wheat group Whole wheat group
Initial body weight (g) 298.50±7.82
Final body weight (g) 477.80±12.46
Body weight gain (g) 185.98±4.88d
Food intake (g) 821.64±28.45d
Food efficiency ratio 0.23
303.69±9.56
526.32±29.48
223.20±16.13a
907.96±19.72a
0.25
300.02±9.07
484.84±9.33
191.36±5.75c
874.90±20.37ab
0.22
298.70±10.26
504.56±22.93
210.68±16.24b
850.08±6.52c
0.25
302.21±4.35
494.85±12.94
193.49±7.78c
862.20±34.31bc
0.22
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Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 10). Differences among groups were evaluated for
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significance by Tukey’s post hoc test. Values in the same column that do not share the same
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lowercase letter are significantly different (P
