ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING
Stu Borman, C&EN Washington
T
he presentation of magazines, books, and journals in digital formats is accelerating as an alternative to conventional print-on-paper media. More and more publishers are embracing the electronic publication concept—often from a fear of being left behind in the technological dust more than from a desire to meet market demand, which for the most part remains nonexistent. Most scientists continue for now to rely on tried-and-true print media. However, in the future, electronic publishing could have a major impact on the way scientists acquire and disseminate information. Today, an increasing number of online scientific journals and magazines are being introduced, often on an experimental basis. And a growing number of sophisticated electronic library systems, each containing a wide range of text- and graphics-based information resources, are being developed. But as publishers get swept up in this wave of new technology, they are simultaneously troubled about how to replace diminishing revenues from traditional print publications and protect intellectual property when it is available in an easily copied electronic form. Established publishers are also facing a growing challenge from scientists who have discovered that scientific information can be disseminated fairly easily and economically using electronic print (e-print) archives. In some fields, particularly physics, the e-print concept has proven to be compelling in its simplicity and immediacy, and
Electronic Publishing Increasingly Offered As Alternative To Print Medium
42
MARCH 27, 1995 C&EN
growth in use of such systems has been exponential. It remains to be seen whether conventional scientific publishers will adopt the e-print idea—or possibly get steam-rollered by this new form of grassroots publishing. Publishers face further challenges from document delivery services, which undercut the need to subscribe to journals. A major advantage of electronic publishing over conventional printing is elimination of the costs of printing, paper, and mailing entailed in the production and distribution of print journals. In addition, electronic publishing makes it ' 'easier to search through masses of documents to find what you want," says John Hearty, director of reference services marketing for OCLC, the Online Computer Library Center. The center, based in Dublin, Ohio, is a nonprofit organization that works with publishers to develop electronic journals. "It's possible to get regular updates on topics you're interested in," says
Hearty. "You can develop your own journal on demand across all the publications a library subscribes to. Information is delivered directly to your workstation, so there's a convenience factor. And data can be pulled out and manipulated in spreadsheets." Such advanced capabilities are not yet available with many existing electronic publications, but they could become realities in the future.
On-line scientific publications
In the chemical sciences and related fields, the American Chemical Society, headquartered in Washington, D.C., is taking a leading role in electronic information delivery. ACS Director of Publications Robert H. Marks believes that demand for the society's electronic publications will increase over the next few years as demand for traditional print products declines. All 23 ACS research journals are currently available as the CJACS Plus file on the STN International on-line system. Users can view scanned page images from issues of the journals going back to 1992, including all graphics and tables. The full text of articles (without graphics and tables) is also searchable from 1982 to date for all journals. Page images can be downloaded to a user's computer and then printed out. For the first time this year, ACS journals will not have to be laboriously scanned page by page into the system. Instead, they will be created in fully digitized form and published directly in an electronic format. Page images of ACS journal articles from 1992 forward are also now accessible with SciFinder, a graphical user interface that facilitates nonexpert searching of databases created by ACS
and by the Chemical Abstracts Service vidual subscriptions have been sold, munology Today (published by Elsevier (CAS), a division of ACS located in but only a handful of the more expen- Science, New York City). OCLC has Columbus, Ohio. SciFinder does not sive library subscriptions, he says. plans to make available later this year yet provide for searching and brows"Librarians, and maybe even publish- on-line versions of 30 journals from the ing of the full-text contents of individ- ers, don't quite know what to make of Current Opinion series (published by ual articles, but it may be upgraded to journal CD-ROM products/' comments Current Science, Philadelphia), Physical do so. Gary Wiggins, head of the chemistry li- Review Letters (published by the AmeriACS also is investigating the feasibili- brary at Indiana University, Bloomington. can Physical Society, College Park, ty of making annual subscriptions to Electronic scientific journals from Md.), and publications in Elsevier's ACS journals and magazines available several publishers are being distributed Trends series. Print versions of these through the SciFinder arrangement. by OCLC, including the Online Journal publications will continue to exist, with SciFinder-based subscriptions would of Current Clinical Trials, launched by on-line presentation viewed as an alterprovide a fixed-price alternative to the American Association for the Ad- native delivery mechanism. CJACS Plus, users of which are charged vancement of Science, which is headPeople view and search OCLC-disfees based on connect time, the number quartered in Washington, D.C. The tributed on-line journals with Guidon, of answers displayed, and other factors. journal generated insufficient contribu- an interface that runs under Windows or CD-ROM (compact disc read-only tor and subscriber interest, in part be- in conjunction with the World Wide memory) versions of the Journal of the cause there was no regular print ver- Web access program, Mosaic. A MacinAmerican Chemical Society and Biochem-sion, prompting its sale to the current tosh version of Guidon will be introistry are also now available, and ACS publisher, Chapman & Hall, London. duced later this year. Guidon supports hopes to add more journals to this seOCLC also distributes on-line ver- full-text searching by subject, title, auries, called ACS Publications on Disc. sions of Applied Physics Letters (pub- thor, keyword, and date, and searches CD-ROM-based chemistry journals lished by the American Institute of can be structured with a range of Boolare also available from other publish- Physics, College Park, Md.), Electronic ean and proximity operators. ers. Current CD-ROM offerings in Letters (published by the Institution of Guidon can handle page images that chemistry include the European Journal Electrical Engineers, London), and Im- have been digitized by electronic scanof Biochemistry (published by Springer-Verlag, Berlin) Amencan Chemical Society ΈΕ and the Journal of Biological electronic publications Chemistry (published by the cunently include CJACS Plus file American Society for Bioon STN (page from Inorganic Chemistry,right)and CD-ROM chemistry & Molecular Biversions of Biochemistry (below ology, Bethesda, Md.). right) and the Journal of the "So far the response to American Chemical Society. our CD-ROMs from ACS Page images of ACS journal 2C*?S5L?tt22£:- J * * » k M members has been very articles (such as a Biochemistry * *•«* -•MM good—much better than paper, below) are also accessible anticipated," says Marks. with SciFinder, a graphical "But we're a little disapuser interface for nonexpert pointed with the library researching of Chemical Abstracts sponse." Hundreds of indiService and ACS databases.
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MARCH 27,1995 C&EN
43
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1. Introduction High-temperature ceramic oxide superconductors as well as conventional ones can b e used as effective shields against electromagnetic fields ai low temperatures due to the Meis&ner effect But physical phen o m e n a inside metal superconductors a n d ceramic ones might be eniirely different as well as the mechanisms of superconductivity. It is well-known that the current carriers in both types of superconductors a charge of 2 - . But the energy stats id the srructnre of ceramic superconductors scams Λ0 b e o f
percunduClors against elea ious frequencies und intea temperatures. But an uoui ramie material observed dt work initiated a separate » with the slticldiag. of ;he gi
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User interface of the TULIP system at the University of Michigan provides search (upper left), hit list (center left), abstract (lower left), and paper (nght).
on Lotus Notes. Pilot sites for the project include Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.; Lehigh Uni versity, Bethlehem, Pa.; the New York City Public Library; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.; University Col lege, London; and Glaxo Research & Development Ltd., Hertfordshire, En gland. The sites operate independent ly—that is, people at one site cannot ac cess journals at other sites. The objective of the ISI-IBM project
is to test the many variables relating to electronic distribution of informa tion and evaluate new technologies for use in future digital libraries. Ar eas to be explored include protection of intellectual property rights; billing, accounting, and business management of electronic libraries; pricing scenari os; and patterns of use of electronic journals. In addition to such nongovernment efforts, a joint initiative of the National
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Relatively simple equipment (left)—an HP 9000/735 workstation on the floor of Ginsparg's office at Los Alamos National Laboratory— is used to operate automated e-pnnt archives in science and mathematics. Archives can be accessed (nght) via e-mail (upper left) or with World Wide Web interface (lower left). The e-mail window shows a list of abstracts, and the e-pnnt system's home page is in the World Wide Web window. Scientific papers (far nght) can be extracted from the system, read, and printed out. MARCH 27,1995 C&EN 45
ELECTRONIC
PUBLISHING
Science Foundation, the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the National Aeronautics & Space Administration is funding six digital library research projects. The projects are designed to advance the technology for collecting, storing, and organizing digital information and making it available over networks. One of these projects, centered at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, will focus on journals and mag azines in the science and engineering literature. Mosaic will provide users at several universities with access to the publications. Many other scientific electronic pub lishing ventures exist. For example, an electronic version of Protein Science, published by the Protein Society, Seat tle, will soon be available on World Wide Web. According to Protein Science electronic publishing coordinator Ste phen H. White and Editor-in-Chief Hans Neurath, 'The electronic library will, if done right, greatly simplify our lives as working scientists. This is not
to say that the electronic journal will entirely replace the printed journal which, as far as we know today, will always have a place in the distribution and storage of scientific information."
E-print archives Electronic publishing can be so inex pensive that some scientists and librar ians are already beginning to view tra ditional publishers as obsolete middle men. For example, physicists can now transmit scientific papers directly to eprint systems—storage and distribu tion services that make the papers ac cessible to other scientists—thus by passing publishers and the traditional peer review process. The father of the e-print concept is theoretical physicist Paul H. Ginsparg of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), founder and operator of elec tronic archives of nonreviewed preprints of physics, nonlinear dynamics, mathe matics, and economics papers. The ar chives are electronic versions of an earli er system in which printed copies of
physics preprints (papers that had al ready been submitted to journals) were mailed to a list of subscribers. The first e-print system went on-line in August 1991, covering theoretical high-energy physics and serving 160 users. From that modest start, e-print archives have experienced explosive growth and are now some of the larg est and most active databases on Inter net—with more than 25,000 active us ers worldwide and more than 45,000 electronic transactions per day. Archives are relatively inexpensive to set up, and no fees are charged for use. However, publishers point out that federal government support of the people and computer equipment need ed to operate e-print archives helps make the systems inexpensive. E-print archives currently cover 20 topical areas in economics, 15 physics subdisciplines, seven areas of mathe matics, five nonlinear dynamics topics, the field of atmospheric and oceanic sciences, and the area of computation and linguistics. For those with access to
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