J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 5785-5792
5785
Electrospray Ionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry of Amino Acids: Ion Mobilities and a Mass-Mobility Correlation Paul V. Johnson,*,† Hugh I. Kim,‡ Luther W. Beegle,† and Isik Kanik† Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, and Department of Physics, California State UniVersity, Fullerton, California 92834-9480 ReceiVed: February 20, 2004; In Final Form: May 7, 2004
As part of an ongoing effort to explore the utility of high-resolution electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS) for the detection and identification of organic molecules on other planetary bodies, pursuant to NASA objectives, the reduced ion mobilities of 14 amino acids that have been identified in meteoritic material were determined in both N2 and CO2 drift gases. A (12,4) hard core potential model of the ion-neutral interaction was applied to a combined data set of amino acid mobilities from the present work (abiotic) and an earlier investigation of twenty common biotic amino acids (Beegle, L. W.; Kanik, I.; Matz, L.; Hill, H. H. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 3028-3034). The model was used to investigate the protonated amino acid mass-mobility correlation to extract details of the ion-neutral interaction and to gain insight into the structural details of these ions.
1. Introduction One of the primary objectives in the burgeoning field of astrobiology is the in situ detection and identification of organic molecules on the surface of Mars, Europa, and elsewhere. A detailed inventory of organic molecules present on extraterrestrial bodies will certainly broaden our general understanding of the solar system and may help elucidate questions regarding the origin of life on Earth and the possibility of life elsewhere in the Universe. These intriguing possibilities have prompted a flurry of activity in terms of investigating various means of performing such detection and identification. As such, this work is intended to further examine the feasibility of highresolution electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS) as a tool for in situ analysis of organic compounds.1,2 Amino acids found in the terrestrial environment are generally associated with biotic processes as part of more complex molecules, such as peptides and proteins, but are also found as individual molecules as a result of the hydrolyses of biopolymers. Outside the terrestrial environment, amino acids can be formed by abiotic processes in various space and extraterrestrial environments as demonstrated by their positive identification in carbonaceous meteoritic infall, including the Murchison CM2 meteorite.3-5 Specifically, analysis of the Murchison meteorite identified 33 amino acids which have no known biotic source, 11 amino acids which have limited distribution, and 8 amino acids which readily occur in terrestrial proteins.6 The fact that amino acids play an important role in terrestrial life and that they are believed to be prevalent outside the terrestrial environment makes them prime targets for identification on other planetary bodies. In the present investigation, ESI-IMS (positive mode) was used to measure the reduced mobilities of 14 abiotic amino acids in N2 and CO2 drift gases. The 14 amino acids studied were chosen from a list of amino acids identified in the Murchison * To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: paul.v.
[email protected] (P.V.J.). † California Institute of Technology. ‡ California State University.
CM2 meteorite, which is an indication of abiotic origin.3-6 With this investigation, a substantial database of amino acid ion mobility constants (20 common biotic (ref 1) and 14 abiotic (present work)) is now available for use in modeling efforts and to identify IMS peaks in complex field samples. Throughout the history of ion mobility spectrometry (plasma chromatography), many attempts have been made to draw correlations between an ion’s mobility and its mass. In 1973, Griffin et al.7 performed a review of experimental and theoretical ion mobility data and concluded that mass estimates of structurally unrelated compounds based on ion mobility alone could not be made to an accuracy of better than 20% and should therefore be discouraged. However, they also concluded that this error could be lowered by as much as an order of magnitude (i.e., 2%) for a series of structurally related compounds. It was further concluded that within a limited series of related compounds, ion mobilities were characteristic of the sample material and could be used to identify unknown compounds. Ultimately, a tandem IMS-mass spectrometer instrument (IMSMS), yielding both the mobility and mass of an ion, could place an unknown ion on the mass-mobility plane. By comparing an ion’s location on this plane with predetermined regions characteristic of various compound classifications (i.e. known mass-mobility correlation curves), one could identify the family of compounds to which the unknown belongs in a manner similar to the retention times in two-dimensional gas chromatography. Such an ability would be of tremendous value if a tandem IMS-MS system was used to analyze unknown samples in a complex chemical environment. Before such a scenario can become a reality, a number of issues need to be addressed. A mobility-mass database would have to be accumulated for a given drift gas and then differentiated into groups of structurally related compounds. As a matter of practical interest, it is impossible to accumulate an exhaustive database of mass and mobility. It is therefore desirable to develop analytical predictions to extrapolate and interpolate over unmeasured regions of the mass-mobility plane. Previous works have shown that the mass-mobility correlation can be accurately modeled for molecules in a homologous
10.1021/jp0492117 CCC: $27.50 © 2004 American Chemical Society Published on Web 06/12/2004
5786 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004
Johnson et al.
series. Berant and Karpas8,9 demonstrated an ability to accurately model the mass-mobility correlation of compounds in three distinct classifications (acetyls, aromatic amines, and aliphatic amines) drifting in He, N2, air, Ar, CO2, and SF6. More recently, Illenseer and Lo¨hmannsro¨ben10 investigated the mass-mobility correlation of aromatics (from benzene to C60 fullerene). In this work, the amino acid mass-mobility correlation is modeled based on the mobilities (and masses) of biotic amino acids reported by Beegle et al.1 and the abiotic amino acid mobilities determined in the present work. The model was used to investigate the validity of an amino acid mass-mobility correlation, extract details of the ion-neutral interaction, and obtain insights into the structural details of these ions. Previous work1,11 has shown that ESI of amino acids in the positive mode results overwhelmingly in singly charged, protonated amino acid ions. Therefore, this is assumed to be the case in the above discussion and throughout this work.
prevent solvent from evaporating in the needle, the needle was cooled with a flow of room temperature gas (same species as the drift gas; ∼150 mL/min). Ions were introduced into the drift region by toggling the ion gate “open” for 0.2 ms. Signals collected at the Faraday cup were amplified by a factor of 109 (Stanford Research Systems Model SR570 low-noise current preamplifier) and recorded as a function of drift time in 0.02-ms-wide channels. Typically, 1000 individual 0- to 20-ms scans were averaged to produce the final spectra used in the analysis. Resolution of the instrument was found to be ∼0.36 ms full width at halfmaximum (fwhm). Reduced ion mobilities, K0, were determined from the recorded spectra and the experimental parameters according to the usual relation,
2. Experimental Section
where V is the voltage drop across the drift region, L is the drift length, t is the drift time, P is the pressure, and T is the temperature. With the above parameters expressed in units of V, cm, s, Torr, and K, respectively, eq 1 gave the reduced mobility in the typical units of cm2 V-1 s-1. Before proceeding with this investigation, reduced mobilities were determined for three amino acids chosen to cover the range of ion masses investigated in this study. These mobilities were compared to data reported in the literature to assess the quality and reliability of the current apparatus and procedures. Specifically, the reduced mobilities of protonated serine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan ions were measured in N2 and compared to the corresponding mobilities reported by Asbury and Hill11 and Beegle et al.1 Both the Asbury and Hill11 and Beegle et al.1 data were reported at 523 K. Therefore, to ensure a direct comparison, the test measurements were conducted with the temperature of the drift cell elevated to 523 K. Furthermore, an electric field strength of 280 V/cm corresponding to a field strength to gas density ratio (i.e. E/N) of ∼2 Td was chosen to ensure that the spectrometer was operating under low-field conditions during these validation measurements (i.e. mobilities were independent of the electric field). Comparisons of the data showed agreement within the estimated experimental uncertainty of ∼5% and thereby confirmed the accuracy of the apparatus and measurement procedures. As stated earlier, electric field strengths of 413 and 591 V/cm were employed during the current measurements of abiotic amino acid mobilities. To ensure that the spectrometer was operating under low-field conditions at these field strengths, a series of test measurements were conducted. Reduced mobilities were determined for serine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan at 500 K with field strengths of 413 and 591 V/cm in N2 and CO2, respectively. The measurements were then repeated with reduced field strengths of 280 and 325 V/cm in N2 and CO2, respectively. Agreement was seen between all corresponding mobilities within experimental uncertainties (∼5%) with a maximum observed deviation of 2%. These results verified that the current measurements were made at sufficiently low electric fields to avoid any dependence of the measured mobilities on the electric field. In other words, the spectrometer was indeed operating under lowfield conditions throughout the course of this investigation.
The 14 abiotic amino acids studied here were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO) and were used without further purification. All solvents (water, acetic acid, and methanol) were HPLC grade and were purchased from J. T. Baker (Pillipsburgh, NJ). Samples were prepared by weighing out known quantities of amino acids and then dissolving them in a solvent solution consisting of 47.5% water, 47.5% methanol, and 5% acetic acid by volume. The sample concentrations were approximately 10 parts per million (ppm) of amino acid to solvent by weight. The ESI-IMS instrument used in this investigation was based on designs previously described by Hill and co-workers.11,12 The drift length of the ion mobility spectrometer was 13.5 cm and it was operated in the positive mode. Drift voltages which provided the maximum resolving power in N2 and CO2 were determined empirically. These voltages, 5580 V in N2 and 7980 V in CO2, corresponding to electric field strengths of 413 and 591 V/cm, respectively, were employed as appropriate. The drift tube was held at a constant temperature of 500 K by means of an aluminum heating jacket that enclosed the entire length of the desolvation and drift regions. Two thermocouples were located along the length of the heating jacket and were used to provide feedback to two heater controllers which maintained a constant, preprogrammed temperature. To ensure that the temperature of the heating jacket accurately represented the temperature within the spectrometer volume, the drift gas was heated by passing it through a stainless steel tube held in direct thermal contact with the heating jacket, prior to its introduction into the drift cell. All measurements were made at the local atmospheric pressure (∼730 Torr at JPL) while a counter flow of the preheated drift gas was introduced at the detection end of the drift region at a flow rate of ∼800 mL/min for N2 and ∼1100 mL/min for CO2. The differences in these flow rates can be attributed to the open nature of the IMS cell. The higher CO2 flow was required to ensure complete displacement of the drift volume with CO2. Over the course of the measurements, the pressure was seen to vary between 727 and 732 Torr as monitored with a 1000 Torr head capacitance manometer located adjacent to the drift cell. As such, an average value of 730 Torr was used in all calculations of the reduced mobility. The sample solution was delivered by an Eldex Micropro liquid chromatography pump at a flow rate of 5 µL/min into the metal electrospray needle that was held 3.5 kV above the entrance to the desolvation region of the spectrometer. To
K0 )
2
(273T K) (760PTorr) LVt
(1)
3. Modeling 3.1. Theoretical Approach. The equation governing gasphase ion transportation in an electric field is given by Revercomb and Mason13 as
Amino Acid Gas-Phase Mobilities
K)
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004 5787
3q 2π 1/2 1 16N µkT Ω
( )
(2)
where K is the ion mobility, N is the number density of the drift gas atoms/molecules, q is the charge on the ion, µ is the reduced mass, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature in the drift region, and Ω is the collision cross section. Therefore, differences in the mobilities of ions drifting under identical conditions (i.e. temperature, pressure) are a result of the explicit mass dependence in µ and the collision cross section. The expression for the ion mobility given in eq 2 represents the first approximation of a rigorous kinetic theory for low-field conditions. Corrections to this equation are generally taken into account by including a factor of (1 + β) in the numerator. However, for ion masses which are greater than or equal to the mass of the neutral molecules, the value of β is less than13 0.02. Since this condition holds for all scenarios considered in the present work, the (1 + β) correction factor has been omitted. The cross section contains all the information regarding the ion-neutral interaction. In terms of calculation, it is convenient to write the cross section in terms of a dimensionless collision integral for diffusion, Ω(1,1)*, normalized to unity for rigid spheres with a summed radii of rm:
Ω ) πrm2Ω(1,1)*
(3)
Given the interaction potential, Ω(1,1)* can be calculated as a function of temperature through three successive integrations over collision trajectories, impact parameters, and energy.14,15 In practice, a variety of models are used to approximate the cross section based on interaction potentials with various attractive and repulsive terms. In the absence of a permanent dipole or quadrupole moment in the neutral, all these potentials share a common long-range attractive term (∼r -4). This polarization potential is due to the interaction between the ionic charge and the moment it induces in the neutral and is given by
(4)
where r is the separation between the geometric centers of the ion and neutral and R is the neutral polarizability. Since this is the component that dominates at low energies (i.e., in the limit of T f 0 K), all mobilities approach a common low-energy limit,16 i.e., the polarization limit:
13.853 cm2 V-1 s-1 Kpol ≡ K(Tf0 K) ) (Rµ)1/2
(5)
where Kpol is at standard gas density and R and µ are in units of Å3 and amu, respectively. For the purposes of this study, the so-called (12,4) hard core potential, which has proven sufficient to accurately model experimental data in the past,8,9,17,18 has been chosen to represent the ion-neutral interaction. This potential takes the form
{(
) ( 12
be fixed in terms of the other relevant parameters by requiring that the coefficient of the r-4 term equal the known polarization potential coefficient (eq 4). This requirement ensures that the resulting ion mobilities are in agreement with the T f 0 K polarization limit and gives the potential depth as
)
)}
rm - a -3 r-a
4
(6)
where is the depth of the potential well, r is as before, rm is the value of r at the potential minimum, and a is the location of the ionic center of charge measured from the geometrical center of the ion (see Figure 1). For a given neutral species, the depth of the potential well is ion dependent. However, it can
q2R 3rm (1 - a*)4
(7)
4
where the dimensionless parameter a* ) a/rm has been introduced. Now that the potential is defined, the dimensionless collision cross section can be calculated as discussed above. Tabulations of Ω(1,1)* can be found in the literature15 for the (12,4) hard core potential as functions of a* and the dimensionless temperature, T*, given by
T* )
q2 R Vpol(r) ) - 4 2r
rm - a V(r) ) 2 r-a
Figure 1. A schematic plot of the (12,4) hard core potential, V(r), as a function of the ion-neutral center of mass separation, r, is shown as a soil line. Circles on the plot show spherical representations of the ion and neutral at r ) rm, the location of the potential minimum of depth . Solid dots indicate the position of the ion and neutral centers of mass. An open dot indicates the position of the ion’s center of charge. The neutral radius, r0, is also indicated.
4 4 kT 3kTrm (1 - a*) ) q2R
(8)
If the ions and neutral molecules are represented as spherical volumes of uniform mass, then their radii are proportional to the cubed root of their masses and a considerable simplification is achieved. With this assumption, rm can be expressed as the sum of the ion and neutral radii in the following manner
[
r m ) r0 1 + δ
(Mm) ] 1/3
(9)
where δ 3 is the relative neutral to ion density ratio, which is assumed to be unity, m and M are the ion and neutral masses, respectively, and r0 is the neutral radius. It has been empirically determined that an improvement in the model’s performance can be made by introducing a mass dependent correction term8 into the expression for rm of the form mγ;
[ (Mm) ]
rm ) (r0 + mγ) 1 +
1/3
(10)
The expression for gas-phase mobility can be rearranged, substituting the appropriate constants to give
K0-1 ) (1.697 × 10-4)(µT)1/2rm2 Ω(1,1)*
(11)
which yields reduced ion mobilities in units of cm2 V-1 s-1 with rm in Å (eq 10; calculated with r0 in Å, m and M in amu,
5788 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004 and γ in units of Å/amu). Since the mobility data under scrutiny in this investigation were obtained in a drift cell at 500 K, no correction or allowance was made to account for an increase in effective ion mass due to clustering of drift gas molecules and the primary ions of interest.17,19 3.2. The Amino Acid Data Sample. As indicated earlier, the amino acid mobility data measured in this study were combined with our earlier work on biotic amino acids1 for the purposes of the present mass-mobility analysis. This was done to increase the sample size upon which the analysis was performed and thereby improve the statistical accuracy of the results. However, the Beegle et al.1 data were measured at 523 K while the present data were measured at 500 K. Therefore, some justification for considering these data as a self-consistent sample is required before proceeding. The dependence of ion mobility on temperature has been examined in the literature17 and has been reviewed in detail by Eiceman and Karpas.19 This dependence is manifest in eqs 2 and 11 as the temperature not only appears directly in these expressions for ion mobility but through the temperature dependence of Ω(1,1)*. Furthermore, the temperature can affect ion mobility through clustering of neutral drift molecules with the ion of interest. However, as alluded to earlier, clustering is not significant at the temperatures in question (500 and 523 K)17,19 and, therefore, is not relevant to the current discussion. Equation 11 shows that K0-1 is proportional to T1/2Ω(1,1)*. As such, the behavior of Ω(1,1)*, which is determined by the nature of the ion-neutral interaction potential, must be known to describe the exact nature of the temperature dependence of K0-1. If a hard sphere model is assumed, Ω(1,1)* ) 1 and K0-1 is proportional to T1/2. This in turn implies that K0-1 will vary on the order of 2.3% over the relevant 500-523 K temperature range. On the other hand, in the Langevin model,20 which assumes the ion-neutral interaction is due solely to the polarization potential (eq 4), Ω(1,1)* varies as T -1/2 resulting in a reduced mobility that is independent of temperature. To develop a better predication for the temperature dependence of the reduced mobility over the relevant temperature range (500-523 K), T1/2Ω(1,1)* was calculated for ions drifting in N2 and CO2 assuming a (12,4) hard core potential. To proceed, estimates of a*, γ, and r0 were required. These estimates were made based on the results of Karpas and Berant,9 who used a (12,4) hard core potential to analyze the mobilities of aliphatic amines in N2 and CO2 as a function of ion mass. These analyses gave values of a* ) 0.2 (0.3), γ ) 0.0021 Å/amu (0.0018 Å/amu), and r0 ) 2.29 Å (2.60 Å) for protonated aliphatic amines in N2 (CO2). For lack of a better means of predicting the values of a* appropriate for amino acid ions drifting in N2 and CO2, the average of the Karpas and Berant9 a* values listed above was used in these calculations, i.e., a* ) 0.25. As seen in the discussion prior to eq 10, γ represents an empirical refinement to the expression for rm and, in practice, is generally small.8,9,17,18 Therefore, γ was taken to be zero. The values of r0 determined by Karpas and Berant9 for N2 and CO2 were used to estimate the temperature dependence as appropriate. T* was calculated via eqs 8 and 10 over the range of ion masses considered in this work (76-205 amu) at T ) 500 and 523 K for ions drifting in N2 and CO2, using the estimates for a*, γ, and r0 discussed above and the appropriate values for M and R. Values of Ω(1,1)* were then determined from literature tabulations15 for the corresponding values of T*. The differences in T1/2Ω(1,1)* at T ) 500 and 523K were then calculated as a function of ion mass for each drift gas. The results of these
Johnson et al. calculations showed a maximum predicted variation of 1.2%. A variation of this magnitude is below the resolution limit of the current apparatus (∼5%) and would imply that combining the data sets for the mass-mobility analysis as proposed would be legitimate. To verify that the variation was indeed below the resolution limit of the instrument, the reduced mobilities of serine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan were measured in N2 and CO2, using the current procedures at 500 K, and compared to the 523 K results of Beegle et al.1 These comparisons showed a maximum deviation of 3% between reduced mobilities of a given ion measured at each temperature. This confirmed that the current apparatus was not capable of resolving any difference between reduced ion mobilities over the 500-523 K temperature range. As a result, it was concluded that the amalgamation of the current data set with the Beegle et al.1 data was a legitimate means of increasing the sample size and thereby increasing the statistical accuracy of the amino acid mass-mobility correlation analysis. 3.3. Fitting Procedure. Equation 11 was fit to each available set of amino acid mobility data (in N2 and CO2; the combined data set from the present study and that of Beegle et al.1) with use of a nonlinear least-squares fitting procedure. Parameters of the fit were the neutral radius, r0, the dimensionless charge location, a*, and the correction factor, γ, with the ion mass, m, being the independent variable. Calculated values for Ω(1,1)* from the literature15 were used along with the appropriate ion and neutral masses (reduced mass), temperature (T ) 500 K), and polarizability (R ) 1.740 and 2.911 for N2 and CO2, respectively21). As mentioned previously, the amino acids were assumed to be singly ionized via the addition of a proton in the electrospray process.1,11 Therefore, q was taken to be e ) 1.6 × 10-19 C and the masses of the measured ions were incremented by 1 amu accordingly. Since values of Ω(1,1)* were found in tabulations as a function of discrete T* and a* values, the fitting procedure proceeded as follows. A discrete a* was taken for which Ω(1,1)* values were available,15 and T* and rm were calculated based on an initial guess of r0 and γ. Given the calculated value for T*, the appropriate Ω(1,1)* was interpolated from the literature tabulation. The interpolation procedure was accomplished by fitting a thirdorder exponential decay of the form
y ) A0 + A1e-(x-x0)/τ1 + A2e-(x-x0)/τ2 + A3e-(x-x0)/τ3
(12)
to the Ω(1,1)* data for the given value of a*. To maximize the quality of the interpolation procedure, the fit was limited to a small range of relevant T* values (T* ) 1-20) as determined from similar studies;8,9 the appropriateness of this range was verified by the final fitting results. All such fits were seen to give coefficients of determination, R2, approximately equal to unity, and thereby provided an excellent means of interpolation (Figure 2). Once all the required quantities were at hand, K0-1 was calculated as a function of ion mass. The parameters r0 and γ were adjusted to provide the best fit to the experimental K0-1 data points (i.e. minimize the reduced chi squared, χν2). This procedure was repeated for each available a*. The set of parameters, a*, r0, and γ, that produced the smallest χν2 were chosen as the best fit (or equivalently, the fit with R2 closest to unity). 4. Results and Discussion IMS spectra were obtained as described above. After the amino acid features were identified, drift times were determined
Amino Acid Gas-Phase Mobilities
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004 5789
TABLE 1: Drift Times and Reduced Mobilities of Abiotic Amino Acids in N2 and CO2 Drift Gases N2
a
amino acid
chemical formula
MWa
sarcosine β-alanine N-methyl-DL-alanine DL-β-amino-n-butyric acid γ-amino-n-butyric acid DL-R-amino-n-butyric acid R-aminoisobutyric acid L-norvaline 1-amino-1-cyclopetanecarboxylic acid DL-pipecolinic acid L-norleucine R -methyl-DL-aspartic acid N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid DL-R-aminopimelic acid
C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C5H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H13NO2 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C7H13NO4
90 90 104 104 104 104 104 118 130 130 132 148 148 176
DTb 8.64 9.40 9.50 9.68 9.68 9.94 10.10 10.66 10.84 10.40 11.32 10.94 10.80 11.82
CO2 c
K0
DTb
K0c
1.982 1.821 1.802 1.769 1.769 1.722 1.695 1.606 1.579 1.646 1.512 1.565 1.585 1.449
11.50 11.56 11.26 11.54 11.30 11.96 11.48 12.30 12.10 12.06 12.62 12.42 13.10 13.42
1.042 1.037 1.064 1.039 1.061 1.002 1.044 0.974 0.990 0.994 0.950 0.965 0.915 0.893
Protonated molecular weight (amu). b Drift time (ms). c Reduced mobility (cm2 V-1 s-1).
Figure 2. An example of the fits to the Ω(1,1)* values tabulated by Mason et al.15 used to interpolate between T* entries. Specifically, the result of fitting a third-order exponential decay (solid line) to the a* ) 0.2 data set (solid circles) is shown (χν2 ) 2.34 × 10-7, R2 = 1).
by the location of the peak maxima. Measured drift times and reduced ion mobilities in both N2 and CO2 drift gases for the 14 abiotic amino acids chosen for this study are listed in Table 1. Figure 3 shows example spectra taken with pure solvent being introduced to the electrospray needle and with 10 ppm of L-norleucine dissolved in the solvent. These spectra are characteristic of those considered in this work. Of note are the demonstrated dependences of the ion mobilities and, therefore, ion separability on the drift gas species. For example, in CO2, four of the lightest amino acids, sarcosine (90 amu), β-alanine (90 amu), DL-β-amino-n-butyric acid (104 amu), and R-aminoisobutyric acid (104 amu), covered a range in drift times of only 0.08 ms. Therefore, a mixture of these species could not be resolved with the current arrangement (fwhm ∼0.36 ms). However, in N2, these same amino acids recorded drift times of 8.6, 9.4, 9.7, and 10.1 ms, respectively, and could be resolved. These results are consistent with previous studies that have shown that ion separation can be drastically improved through a judicious choice of drift gas.1,2,9,22,23 Figures 4 and 5 show plots of K0-1 versus ion mass for protonated amino acids drifting in N2 and CO2, respectively. The plots include both the current abiotic data and the biotic data from Beegle et al.1 Beegle et al.1 present reduced mobilities in N2 measured with two different drift voltages. Therefore, the averages of these values were employed here. A line representing the best fit of the model to the plotted data is also shown in these two figures. Table 2 gives a tabulation of modeled amino
Figure 3. Examples of the ion mobility spectra taken in this study. Shown are two spectra taken in N2. The dash curve is a spectrum taken with pure solvent being introduced to the electrospray needle while the solid curve is a spectrum of solvent and 10 ppm of L-norleucine. The two spectra were smoothed (10 point adjacent averaging) and shifted in intensity by an additive constant to avoid overlap. The L-norleucine feature is indicated in the figure. The unlabeled features correspond to ionized solvent (water, methanol, and acetic acid) and atmospheric constituents ionized through proton transfer (due to the open nature of the ESI-IMS instrument).
acid mobilites in N2 and CO2 at masses corresponding to the ions considered in this work. Included in Table 2 are the values of the fitting parameters that produced the optimum fits as well as the various physical properties of the ion-neutral system given by the model. Although all amino acids share a carboxylic acid and an amine group in common, there is a large variety in the R groups which can be aliphatic, contain aromatics, and/or contain carboxylic acid, amide, and mercapto groups, to name a few. Therefore, one might not expect to see a mass-mobility correlation among amino acids that is significantly better than the 20% level suggested by Griffin et al.7 for structurally unrelated compounds. However, Figures 4 and 5 show that such a mass-mobility correlation does in fact exist. This statement is supported by the quality of the model fits to the mass-mobility data (R2 values between 0.83 and 0.90; see Table 3). Considering both cases (i.e. N2 and CO2 drift gases), the worst observed deviation of the model from the measured mobilities is 7.2% with average deviations of 2.3% and 2.1% in the N2 and CO2 cases, respectively. The strength of the observed amino acid massmobility correlation is perhaps indicative that the amine and/or
5790 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004
Johnson et al. TABLE 2: Model Results for Amino Acids Drifting in N2 and CO2 N2a
CO2b
MW K0 rm Ω K0 rm Ω (amu) (cm2 V-1 s-1) (meV) (Å) (Å2) (cm2 V-1 s-1) (meV) (Å) (Å2)
Figure 4. Plot of K0-1 for protonated amino acids drifting in N2 versus ion mass. The present abiotic data are shown as solid circles along with the biotic amino acid data of Beegle et al.1 which are shown as open circles. The fit of the (12,4) hard core potential model to the combined data set is shown as a solid line (r0 ) 2.56 Å, γ ) 0.0004 Å/amu, a* ) 0.2).
76 90 104 106 116 118 120 122 130 132 133 134 147 148 150 156 166 175 176 182 205
1.951 1.840 1.747 1.735 1.679 1.668 1.658 1.648 1.609 1.600 1.595 1.591 1.535 1.531 1.523 1.500 1.464 1.434 1.431 1.412 1.346
13.7 11.9 10.5 10.3 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.4 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.3 5.6
6.21 6.44 6.64 6.67 6.80 6.83 6.85 6.88 6.98 7.00 7.01 7.03 7.18 7.19 7.21 7.28 7.39 7.48 7.49 7.55 7.78
93.8 97.4 100.9 101.4 103.8 104.3 104.8 105.3 107.2 107.7 107.9 108.2 111.2 111.4 111.9 113.3 115.5 117.5 117.8 119.1 124.0
1.132 1.085 1.045 1.040 1.015 1.010 1.006 1.001 0.984 0.980 0.978 0.976 0.951 0.949 0.946 0.935 0.918 0.904 0.903 0.894 0.863
34.0 30.0 26.9 26.5 24.8 24.4 24.1 23.8 22.7 22.4 22.3 22.1 20.6 20.4 20.2 19.6 18.6 17.9 17.8 17.3 15.7
6.43 6.63 6.82 6.84 6.96 6.99 7.01 7.03 7.12 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.29 7.30 7.32 7.38 7.47 7.56 7.56 7.62 7.81
138.5 140.4 142.5 142.8 144.4 144.7 145.1 145.4 146.7 147.1 147.2 147.4 149.6 149.8 150.1 151.1 152.8 154.4 154.5 155.6 159.5
a r ) 2.56 Å, γ ) 0.0004 Å/amu, a* ) 0.2. b r ) 2.92 Å, γ ) 0 0 0.0000 Å/amu, a* ) 0.3.
TABLE 3: χν2 and R2 Values for the Model Fits to the Amino Acid Mass-Mobility Curve as a Function of a* N2
a
Figure 5. Plot of K0-1 for protonated amino acids drifting in CO2 versus ion mass. The present abiotic data are shown as solid circles along with the biotic amino acid data of Beegle et al.,1 which are shown as open circles. The fit of the (12,4) hard core potential model to the combined data set is shown as a solid line (r0 ) 2.92 Å, γ ) 0.0000 Å/amu, a* ) 0.3).
carboxylic acid groups are the dominant factors in determining the mobilities of these compounds and not the specific details of the R groups. In a solvent solution of pH ∼3, as in the present experiments, amino acids are likely to exist as cations with the positive charge (i.e. proton) at the amine group. As such, it is reasonable to assume that when the amino acid is ionized and released into the gas phase during the electrospray process, the positive charge remains at the amine group. Once in the gas phase, the ion is then likely to form hydrogen-bonded 5- or 6-membered rings connecting the amine and carboxylic groups depending on whether the amine group is located on the R- or β-carbon (a 7-membered ring in the case of γ-amino-n-butyric acid, which is the one amino acid considered here with the amine group on the γ-carbon). The stability of a 5- or 6- (or even 7-) membered ring should result in fixing the positive charge to the amine group rather than on other functional groups of the amino acid ion. This common charge location and ring structure may
CO2
a*
χν2 a
R2
χν2 a
R2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
4.0 3.2 3.1 4.0 3.7 4.2 5.6 6.5 6.9
0.870 0.895 0.899 0.871 0.881 0.864 0.819 0.788 0.776
34.4 20.2 17.8 6.5 12.4 28.2 39.7 45.9 48.0
0.125 0.487 0.547 0.834 0.685 0.283 -0.010 -0.166 -0.221
χν2 values must be multiplied by 10-4.
therefore lead to the observed indifference of the amino acid mass-mobility correlation to the specifics of the individual R groups. One limitation in the fitting procedure was the fact that the parameter a* was only varied in a stepwise manner as described earlier. This simplification to the fitting procedure can be justified in part due to the fact that the value of Ω(1,1)*, for a given T*, is a relatively slow varying function of a* with a worst case variation (in the relevant region of the (T*, a*) plane; ∼(1,0) f (8,0.8)) of about ∼6% between increments of a* (∆a* ) 0.1). However, T* itself is a function of a* (eq 8) through the dependence of the potential depth on a* (eq 7). Therefore, it is important to discuss the dependence of the “goodness of fit” to the mass-mobility data as a function of a*. Table 3 shows the χν2 and R2 values for the fits to the N2 and CO2 data sets as a function of a*. In the N2 case, the quality of the fit was a relatively weak function of a*, whereas the fit to the CO2 data was strongly dependent on the value of a*. However, the R2 (χν2) values for the CO2 fits show a sharp peak (minimum) near a* ) 0.3 corresponding to the best fit to the CO2 data. Therefore, in both cases, it can be concluded that fitting with a finer interval of a* would not have greatly altered the best fit parameter values and therefore would not significantly alter the outcome of the model’s predictions. Comparison of the model results for K0, , rm, and Ω for amino acids drifting in the different gases can provide insights into the physics of the ion-neutral interaction. Plots of these
Amino Acid Gas-Phase Mobilities
Figure 6. Model results for the reduced mobility, K0, as a function of ion mass in N2 (solid curve) and CO2 (dash curve).
Figure 7. Model results for the potential depth, , as a function of ion mass in N2 (solid curve) and CO2 (dash curve).
quantities for protonated amino acids drifting in N2 and CO2 drift gases are given in Figures 6-9 as a function of ion mass (over the mass range corresponding to the ions considered in this work). The plot of K0 in Figure 6 shows how drastically an ion’s mobility can vary between different drift gases. Amino acid mobilities in N2 are 50-75% larger than those in CO2. Equation 11 shows that for a given temperature, the mobility is a function of µ, rm, and Ω(1,1)*. Since the reduced mass is a weak function of the ion mass for large polyatomic molecules (i.e. high mass) such as amino acids (constant if m . M), the behavior of the mobitility is dominated by the interaction potential through rm and Ω(1,1)*. Therefore, trends in mobility are best discerned by examining the parameters returned by the model that relate directly to the interaction potential. The potential depth of the CO2-amino acid model is, on average, ∼2.6× larger than the depth in N2 (Figure 7). Equation 7 shows that the potential depth is directly proportional to the neutral polarizability. Therefore, the model results for coincide well with what one might expect based on the relative magnitudes of the neutral polarizabilities (R ) 1.740 and 2.911 for N2 and CO2, respectively). Figure 8 shows that the modeled rm versus mass curves are roughly parallel. In the context of a hard sphere representation of the ion and neutral, rm is given by the sum of the effective ion and neutral radii. Therefore, within this framework, the
J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004 5791
Figure 8. Model results for ion-neutral separation at the potential minimum, rm, as a function of ion mass in N2 (solid curve) and CO2 (dash curve).
Figure 9. Model results for the collision cross section, Ω, as a function of ion mass in N2 (solid curve) and CO2 (dash curve).
model results imply that the effective ion radii are essentially independent of the drift gas, as one might expect, even though no such constraint was enforced during the fitting procedure. Cross sections given by the model, seen in Figure 9, are larger in CO2 than in N2 by a factor of ∼1.4. The cross section, Ω, is given by πrm2Ω(1,1)* (eq 3), and so the results for the cross section will be interpreted in terms of the composite quantities. The values of rm returned by the model are larger in CO2 than in N2. This is mirrored in the cross section through its quadratic dependence on rm. Meanwhile, the influence of Ω(1,1)* on Ω can be discerned in the magnitude of the CO2 cross sections relative to those in N2. Ω(1,1)* is the direct result of a series of integrations over the interaction potential and increases with decreasing T* (Mason et al.;15 Figure 2), which is inversely proportional to . Therefore, the discrepancies in the potential well depths for protonated amino acids in each drift gas result in a significantly larger value of Ω(1,1)* for amino acids in CO2 than in N2. This manifests itself in a similar result for the cross section. Application of the (12,4) hard core potential has not been restricted to the analysis of traditional IMS measurements. Recently, Guevremont et al.24 have applied the (12,4) hard core potential to the analysis of electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform spectroscopy (FAIMS) of amino acids
5792 J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 108, No. 27, 2004 in air. This work is of particular interest as the analysis was used to extract reduced ion mobilities as well as details of the ion-neutral (air) interaction through the defining parameters of the (12,4) hard core potential. The analysis was performed by minimizing the root-mean-square deviation between calculated mobility ratios and those measured with FAIMS. In this minimization procedure, the parameters a* and rm were taken as independent fitting parameters. The authors present results for these parameters along with (determined from the obtained values of a* and rm; see eq 7), as well as the reduced mobilities for the amino acids measured. Since these data pertain to amino acid ions in air, and not the specific drift gases considered here, discussion will be restricted to the general trends in these data. The mobilities presented by Guevremont et al.24 for protonated amino acids in air generally decrease with increasing mass as expected and range between approximately 25% and 60% larger than those presented by Beegle et al.1 for the same protonated amino acids in N2. Although discrepancies between ion mobilities in different drift gases are not surprising, it is interesting to note that the observed discrepancy demonstrates a roughly linear increase with increasing mass. The general trend in the rm values given by Guevremont et al.24 is of decreasing rm with increasing ion mass. This is in stark contrast to what is seen in this and other studies8,9,17 and appears to be inconsistent with what physical intuition would suggest. Over the range of ion masses represented in the Guevremont et al.24 investigation (∼130 amu), one would generally expect ion size to increase with increasing ion mass. Therefore, the location of the interaction potential minimum, rm, if loosely interpreted as the center of mass separation between the ion and neutral at the position of closest approach, should also increase with increasing mass. This argument has been presented in more concrete terms earlier in section 3.1 where an expression for rm was derived within the confines of a hard sphere model (see Figure 1). This expression, given in eq 9 (eq 10, if an empirical correction is included), shows that rm is a monotonically increasing function of ion mass. Although the hard sphere model represents a highly simplified view, it is difficult to imagine a situation that could produce an overall decreasing trend in rm spanning an ion mass range of 130 amu. Since is related to rm in the manner prescribed in eq 7, the general trend in the Guevremont et al.24 results for this parameter is to increase with increasing ion mass and is also contrary to what is seen in the present work and that of others.8,9,17 It is interesting to note that K0-1 is proportional to rm2Ω(1,1)* (eq 11), and that Ω(1,1)* increases15 as a function of increasing . Therefore, the behavior of rm seen in the Guevremont et al.24 data is presumably counteracted by the resulting reversal in the behavior of , and subsequently Ω(1,1)*, in such a way as to result in a reasonable behavior for K0. 5. Summary and Conclusions Reduced ion mobilities of 14 aboitic amino acids were determined via electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry in both N2 and CO2 drift gases. Distinct differences in ion mobilities are demonstrated as a function of drift gases species. In terms of absolute magnitude, mobilities in N2 were considerably larger than their CO2 counterparts. Furthermore, a significant variation in the ion-to-ion mobility differences was observed in the two gases. In other words, noticeable differences in IMS separability were observed. A (12,4) hard core potential model for the ion-neutral interaction was applied to a combined data set of protonated amino acid mobilities (present work; Beegle et al.1). The model
Johnson et al. was fit to amino acid mobilites in N2 and CO2 as a function of ion mass. The quality of the fits indicated a strong correlation between the ion masses and their mobilities, indicating that the amine and/or carboxylic acid groups dominate the mobility of these ions. Comparison of the model results for amino acids in the two drift gases indicated that the polarizability of the neutral had a dominant effect on the ion-neutral interaction. Furthermore, the model indicated that the effective radius of the ion was essentially independent of the drift gas species. Work toward extending this model’s application to different classes of organic molecules is underway. If mass-mobility correlations prove to be reasonably unique for different classes of organic compounds, one could use mass-mobility data to identify the family of compounds to which an unknown belongs in a manner similar to retention times in two-dimensional gas chromatography. Acknowledgment. This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and was supported through NASA’s Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development, Planetary Instrument Definition, and Development and Mars Instrument Development programs. The assistance of Professor H. H. Hill (Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington) in developing our IMS instrument is gratefully acknowledged. References and Notes (1) Beegle, L. W.; Kanik, I.; Matz, L.; Hill, H. H. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 3028-3034. (2) Beegle, L. W.; Kanik, I.; Matz, L.; Hill, H. H. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 216, 257-268. (3) Kvenvold, K.; Lawless, J.; Pering, K.; Peterson, E.; Flores, J.; Ponnampe, C.; Kaplan, I. R.; Moore, C. Nature 1970, 228, 923-926. (4) Oro, J.; Gibert, J.; Lichtens, H.; Wikstrom, S.; Flory, D. A. Nature 1971, 230, 105. (5) Cronin, J. R.; Moore, C. B. Science 1971, 172, 1327-1329. (6) Cronin, J. R.; Pizzarello, S. AdV. Space Res. 1983, 3, 5-18. (7) Griffin, G. W.; Dzidic, I.; Carroll, D. I.; Stillwell, R. N.; Horning, E. C. Anal. Chem. 1973, 45, 1204-1209. (8) Berant, Z.; Karpas, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 3819-3824. (9) Karpas, Z.; Berant, Z. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 3021-3025. (10) Illenseer, C.; Lo¨hmannsro¨ben, H. G. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 2388-2393. (11) Asbury, G. R.; Hill, H. H. J. Micromol. Sep. 2000, 12, 172-178. (12) Wu, C.; Siems, W. F.; Asbury, G. R.; Hill, H. H. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4929-4938. (13) Revercomb, H. E.; Mason, E. A. Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 970-983. (14) Hirschfelder, J. O.; Curtiss, C. F.; Bird, R. B. Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids; John Wiley: New York, 1964; Chapter 8. (15) Mason, E. A.; O’Hara, H.; Smith, F. J. J. Phys. B 1972, 5, 169176. (16) Mason, E. A. In Plasma Chromatography; Carr, T. W., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1984; Chapter 2. (17) Berant, Z.; Karpas, Z.; Shahal, O. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 75297532. (18) Berant, Z.; Shahal, O.; Karpas, Z. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 75347538. (19) Eiceman, G. A.; Karpas, Z. Ion Mobility Spectrometry; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (20) Lindinger, W. In Gaseous Ion Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry; Futrell, J. H., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1986; Chapter 11. (21) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; Lide, D. H., Editor-in-Chief; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2002. (22) Asbury, G. R.; Hill, H. H. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 580-584. (23) Matz, L. M.; Hill, H. H.; Beegle, L. W.; Kanik, I. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 13, 300-307. (24) Guevremont, R.; Barnett, D. A.; Purves, R. W.; Viehland, L. A. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 114, 10270-10277.
