Science Concentrates POLLUTION
REACTION MECHANISMS
Diverse sources release drugs to water
End of the innocence for cyclopentadienyl Researchers catch supposedly unreactive ligand in the act of protonation Sometimes chemists set themselves up for a surprise. Following sets of experiments in which something doesn’t happen and doesn’t seem likely to happen, they soon believe it never will. Until it does. Two research groups have independently uncovered one of these surprises involving the popular transition-metal ligand pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, or Cp*. Chemists have traditionally thought of cyclopentadienyl ligands as being “innocent,” which means they offer electronic support to a metal catalyst but generally
worked out mechanisms involving hydride intermediates that made sense and thought the story ended there. But they did not exercise due diligence and poke around enough to see that a protonated Cp* intermediate, denoted Cp*H, could be involved as well. “What’s more surprising,” Miller points out, “the Cp*H complex is not a dead end. This diene complex is still an active catalyst.” Miller’s group came across the Cp*H intermediate while investigating hydride transfer reactions with the cellular enzyme
Discovery of the rhodium Cp*H intermediate has revealed a new type of metal-ligand cooperation that could benefit catalyst design. +
H+
Rh N
Rh
N
N
H
H X-
N
Rh
X
N
N
[Cp*Rh(bipyridine)H]+
[(Cp*H)Rh(bipyridine)]X
X = Cl or Br
Cp*Rh(bipyridine)
don’t do anything chemically. The two groups were studying reactions involving Cp*Rh(bipyridine), often used in hydrogenation reactions and in hydrogen-forming reactions, when they found that the expected metal hydride intermediate was followed by formation of an unexpected intermediate in which the hydrogen had migrated to one of the carbon atoms in the Cp* ring. “These two reports showing that the seemingly innocent Cp* ligand can reversibly form a C–H bond by proton transfer from rhodium hydride are remarkable,” comments chemistry professor David Milstein of the Weizmann Institute of Science, who was not involved in the research. “Considering the ubiquity of cyclopentadienyl metal complexes in homogeneous catalysis, this pathway should be seriously considered in the design and understanding of reactions in which proton/hydride transfer may be involved.” Alexander J. M. Miller of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who led one of the teams, says chemists had previously
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C&EN | CEN.ACS.ORG | JUNE 13, 2016
cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form the reduced product NADH (Chem. Commun. 2016, DOI: 10.1039/ c6cc00575f ). Meanwhile, a team led by Harry B. Gray and Jay R. Winkler at Caltech and James D. Blakemore at the University of Kansas discovered the Cp*H intermediate while investigating the coupling of protons to form H2 when treating Cp*Rh(bipyridine) with acid (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606018113). “These discoveries illustrate the versatility of mechanisms by which protons and hydrides can be delivered to and from metals,” comments Morris Bullock, director of the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. “While these examples are for rhodium, the prevalence of cyclopentadienyl ligands in organometallic catalysts raises the possibility that similar reactivity could be widespread and involve other metals, and may be intentionally exploited in the design of new catalysts.”—STEVE RITTER
Pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites or degradation products commonly reach waterways when they are flushed as human waste and survive wastewater treatment. A new study demonstrates that these contaminants released from sources such as sewer overflows, septic fields, and storm water runoff also contribute to the widespread distribution of pharmaceuticals in the environment (Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acs. estlett.6b00170). A U.S. Geological Survey team led by hydrologist Paul M. Bradley sampled 59 headwater streams, most without wastewater treatment plants, in an area of the southeastern U.S. stretching from Alabama to Virginia. The team used liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to look for a set of 108 pharmaceuticals in the water samples. The team detected up to 45 compounds at each test site, with a median of six detected. Cumulative concentrations at each site ranged from 17 to 16,000 ng/L. Several individual compounds were detected at concentrations that would affect multiple aquatic species. “Pharmaceuticals are designed to be bioactive,” Bradley notes. One compound that was particularly prevalent was metformin, which is used to treat type 2 diabetes. Bradley and colleagues found metformin in water taken from 97% of the test sites. “It illustrates the connection between human health and environmental health,” Bradley says. “Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by adjusting one’s behavior or treated with drugs. But if you’re using metformin to treat it, you’re also treating the environment.”—JYLLIAN
KEMSLEY
