Science Concentrates SYNTHESIS
Radical new way to control chirality Two-catalyst radical reaction adds a variety of groups to nitrogen rings enantioselectively Nitrogen rings with attached chiral organic groups are common motifs in pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and bioactive small molecules. Medicinal chemists frequently seek to add chemical groups with specific chirality to nitrogen heterocycles, but their toolbox is limited. Reactions like catalytic asymmetric reduction can control enantioselectivity in nitrogen heterocycle additions, but typically require preinstalling reactive groups on the rings and multiple steps. An alternative is a free-radical addition called a Minisci-type reaction, but it is not enantioselective and often adds groups to several ring positions on the heterocycle. Robert J. Phipps and grad students Rupert S. J. Proctor and Holly J. Davis at the University of Cambridge now propose a fix for those drawbacks. They developed a Minisci-type reaction that uses two catalysts to add N-acyl -amino alkyl radicals to nitrogen heteroarenes (Science 2018, DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6376). The approach creates a chiral center enantioselectively on a carbon attached to the ring, with tight control over the ring position of the addition and in fewer steps than catalytic asymmetric reduction. The -amino radicals the reaction adds to nitrogen rings can contain a broad range of other organic groups, including
amines, thioethers, and aryl iodides. The products “possess structural features highly desirable in pharmaceutical compounds: a basic heteroarene, protected primary amine, and a defined stereocenter,” all in proximity, Phipps and coworkers note. The team shines blue light-emitting diodes at the reaction mixture to trigger the reaction. A chiral acid catalyst activates
O R1
+ N
R1, R2 = various
N O
O
Chiral acid catalyst Photoredox catalyst Blue LEDs
R2
O HN
control. The simplicity of the procedure, the ready availability of the reaction partners, and the high value of the products makes this chemistry highly attractive.” “This is a really creative contribution from a young scientist who is new to the synthetic organic academic world,” adds David MacMillan of Princeton University, speaking of Phipps. “The quality and insight speak volumes for his potential, and I cannot wait to see what comes next from his lab. This is a significant advance that allows transformations generally viewed as being racemic by their inherent nature
R1
R2
N HN
O
O
The new radical reaction adds chiral organic moieties to nitrogen heterocycles without the need to preinstall reactive groups on the rings. the heterocycle, and an iridium photocatalyst mediates electron transfers required to generate the initial radical and to form the final product. “This is an amazing paper,” says Varinder K. Aggarwal of the University of Bristol. The group “has uncovered a very simple, although mechanistically complex, method to combine readily available amino acids and heterocycles in a Minisci-type reaction with very high levels of enantio-
to be readily translated into enantioselective processes. This will definitely be used by medicinal chemists when they need to make reasonable amounts of enantioenriched intermediates, and it should be amenable to scale-up and manufacturing.” At present, the group is not taking steps to commercialize the chemistry. “We are keen just to get the results out there for people to use,” Phipps says.—
STU BORMAN
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Engineered yeast make potential cancer drug Researchers have engineered into yeast an unusually complex biosynthetic pathway leading to the potential cancer drug noscapine and a noscapine precursor that can be used to make drug analogs. Noscapine has been used as a cough medicine since the 1960s. Preclinical trials suggest it also kills cancer with relatively mild side effects. But it is obtained from poppy plants, which have to be protected because they also produce controlled substances like morphine. Chemical syntheses of noscapine require too many steps to be practical commercially.
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C&EN | CEN.ACS.ORG | APRIL 9, 2018
To provide a better source, Christina D. Smolke of Stanford University and coworkers engineered yeast with a noscapine pathway that includes 25 plant, bacteria, and mammalian genes and six modified yeast genes (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721469115). Seven of the genes are for enzymes that must enter yeast endoplasmic reticulum membranes to fold and work properly, making them particularly challenging to engineer. Commercializing the yeast process would require a two to three order-of-magnitude boost in noscapine output, but
the researchers believe they can improve output 100-fold just by moving the system from lab flasks to large-scale bioreactors. The yeast normally feed on glucose, but feeding them tyrosine derivatives instead yielded derivatives of reticuline, a noscapine precursor. Jens Nielsen of Chalmers University of Technology says that the reticuline capability opens opportunities for “many new compounds that may have interesting pharma applications.” Stanford has patented the yeast, and Antheia, a company Smolke cofounded, has licensed the technology.—STU BORMAN
