Enhancing Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic ... - ACS Publications

Subscriber access provided by University of Florida | Smathers Libraries

Article

Enhancing Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Mesoporous Carbon-TiO Hybrid Films via Upconversion Coupling 2

Hannah Kwon, Filipe Marques Mota, Kyungwha Chung, Yu Jin Jang, Jerome Kartham Hyun, Jiseok Lee, and Dong Ha Kim ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.7b03658 • Publication Date (Web): 23 Nov 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 24, 2017

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Enhancing Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Mesoporous Carbon-TiO2 Hybrid Films via Upconversion Coupling Hannah Kwon,† Filipe Marques Mota,† Kyungwha Chung,† Yu Jin Jang,† Jerome K. Hyun,† Jiseok Lee,‡ and Dong Ha Kim*,† †

Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil,

Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea ‡

School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and

Technology, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Korea

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

1

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 31

ABSTRACT Solar-energy conversion has emerged as an attractive pathway in the decomposition of hazardous organic pollutants. Herein tri-doped β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,Gd3+ upconversion nanorods (UCN) were embedded in a carbon-doped mesostructured TiO2 hybrid film using triblock copolymer P123 acting as a mesoporous template and carbon source. The photoactivity of our novel material was reflected in the degradation of nitrobenzene, as a representative organic waste. The broadband absorption of our rationally designed UCN-embedded C-doped TiO2 in the UV to NIR range unveiled a remarkable increase in nitrobenzene degradation (83%) within 3h compared with pristine-TiO2 (50%) upon light irradiation. These results establish for the first time a synergetic bridge between the effects of a creative photon trapping TiO2 architecture, improved NIR-light harvesting efficiency upon UCN incorporation, and a simultaneous decrease in the band gap energy and increased visible light absorption by C-doping of the oxide lattice. The resulting nanostructure was believed to favor an efficient charge and energy transfer between the photocatalyst components, and to reduce charge recombination. Our novel hybrid nanostructure and its underlined synthesis strategy reflect a promising route to improve solar energy utilization in environmental remediation and in a wide range of photocatalytic applications e.g. water splitting, CO2 reutilization, and production of fuels.

KEYWORDS: UV-vis-NIR Photocatalysis, Solar energy, Upconversion nanoparticles, TiO2 mesostructure, Carbon-TiO2 hybrid, Nitrobenzene degradation


2

Page 3 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


INTRODUCTION In the context of environmental remediation as a critical issue in global society, the development of highly efficient photocatalysts has been actively pursued for the degradation of environmental organic pollutants.1-7 In this context TiO2 has emerged as a representative material owing to its nontoxicity, thermal and photostability and cost effectiveness.8-11 A relatively large band gap (3.2 eV) with absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) region, which corresponds to ca. 5 % of the total solar light spectrum, represents however a critical bottleneck in the enhancement of the photoactivity of TiO2. Strategies to utilize TiO2 under visible and near-infrared (NIR) illumination are in this sense of crucial interest.12 To induce TiO2 excitation by low energy irradiation the incorporation of dyes or quantum dots with low Eg, doping with metal and nonmetal elements e.g. nitrogen, sulfur and carbon, hybridization, and coupling with other semiconductors have been reported.13-19 Carbon-doping reflects a facile strategy to reduce the band gap of TiO2 to coincide with the visible spectrum, and therefore to extend the photoactivity of the resulting material. With carbon-doped TiO2 the conduction band remains above the redox potential, as carbon moieties behave as sensitizers enhancing a wide range of light absorption.20 Throughout the years a wide number of approaches have showcased the incorporation of carbon moieties in metal oxides. Block copolymers (BCPs) have been shown to be simultaneously suitable as carbon precursors and as soft templates in the design of creative mesoporous architectures.21-25 Commercially available structure-directing agents e.g. amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 have been widely used in the synthesis of mesostructured TiO2 (mTiO2).26 Alternatively following a simple one-step carbonization procedure Pluronic P123 has been simultaneously reported by some of us in the synthesis of carbon-doped mTiO2.27-32


3


Page 4 of 31

In recent years the doping of upconversion nanocrystals (UCN) has emerged as a highly active research area toward a feasible utilization of infrared (IR) and NIR light.33-42 In particular Lanthanides-doped UCN have been shown to convert low energy photons to higher energy radiation in the Visible and UV range, via an anti-Stokes emission process. β-NaYF4 has been underlined as the most efficient host material for luminescence,43-44 with selected lanthanide-ion dopants acting as a sensitizer (Yb3+) or activator (Tm3+, Er3+ and Ho3+).45-47 Whereas the effect of carbon-doping and the incorporation of UCN materials have separately opened new possibilities in TiO2-based photocatalytic applications, to date no attempts to simultaneously consider both promising strategies have been unexplored. Herein previous literature reports inspired the synthesis of novel β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,Gd3+ UCNs embedded in a carbon-doped mesostructured TiO2 film, in an attempt to harvest high energy photons and maximize the photocatalytic performance of the resulting hybrid nanostructures under UV-visNIR light illumination. We chose the tri-doped NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,Gd3+ because of its efficient upconversion luminescence in the UV-Vis range and well-established synthesis methods. Pluronic P123 was used as a structure directing template and carbon source by direct carbonization of BCP. The strategic integration of a well-defined and interconnected mesoporous system was expected to lead to an improved charge carrier transfer efficiency and enhanced mass flow in chemical reaction.48 The monodispersed UC nanorods were embedded in the mesoporous carbon-TiO2 hybrid thin film (mC-TiO2/UCN) by spin-coating and heat-treatment at 450°C under argon flow. The photocatalytic performance of our novel hybrid nanomaterials was investigated in the degradation of nitrobenzene, as a representative hazardous organic waste, and used to shed additional light on the proposed reaction mechanism.


4

Page 5 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Chemicals. Titanium isopropoxide, Pluronic P123, nitrobenzene (NB), yttrium(III) chloride hexahydrate,

thulium(III)

chloride

hexahydrate,

gadolinium(III)

chloride

hexahydrate,

ammonium fluoride, oleic acid and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Synthesis of β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,Gd3+ Nanorods. β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,Gd3+ nanorods were prepared by a hydrothermal process. NaOH solution (3 ml), ethanol (10 ml) and oleic acid (10 ml) were added to the Teflon reactor. Rare-earth chlorides, Gd3+, Y3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ (0.2 M, 30:51.8:18:0.2) were dissolved in NH4F (2 M, 2 ml) and mixed with the above solutions under vigorous stirring for 30 min. The chamber was sealed and transferred to a stainless steel autoclave, following heat-treatment at 200°C for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, UCN was collected by centrifugation and sequentially washed with ethanol and water. Fabrication of hybrid TiO2 thin films. The details of the preparation of TiO2 precursor solution herein outlined have been reported elsewhere.26 The TiO2 sol-gel precursor was prepared by mixing titanium isopropoxide (1.05 g) and hydrochloric acid (0.74 g) under vigorous stirring for 20 min. The sol-gel solution was dissolved into Pluronic P123 (0.2 g) in ethanol (3.0 g) and stirred for an additional 30 min period. In the fabrication of a mesoporous TiO2 thin film (mTiO2) the mixture solution of P123 and TiO2 precursor was spin coated at 2000 rpm for 2 min on the FTO substrate. The resulting material was treated at 450°C for 4 h under air flow. Alternatively a carbon-doped mesoporous TiO2 counterpart (mC-TiO2) was obtained at the same temperature for 4 h under Ar atmosphere. Under these conditions P123 was confirmed to be carbonized, leading to the presence of carbon-moieties in the resulting architecture. In the synthesis

of tri-doped

NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+,Gd3+

UCNs

embedded

in

a carbon-doped

mesostructured TiO2 hybrid film (mC-TiO2/UCN), the UCN powder was firstly dispersed in the


5


Page 6 of 31

mixture solution of P123 and TiO2 precursor. The resulting solution was spin coated at 800 rpm for 1 min on the FTO substrate, followed by the heat-treatment under Ar, as above described for the synthesis of mC-TiO2. Powder-based samples were additionally prepared for supplementary characterization (e.g., TEM). Photocatalytic measurements. The photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene (NB) over mTiO2, mC-TiO2, and mC-TiO2/UCN hybrid films was tested under UV-vis-NIR light irradiation (one-sun). The hybrid films were immersed in 30 ml of a 10 ppm NB solution and magnetically stirred under dark conditions for 30 min prior to the reaction. Samples were illuminated using a Xe lamp (200-2500 nm-range, Newport Co. Ltd., Model 66984) equipped with a 420 nm cut-off filter at 300 W as a visible light source. Alternatively a 980 nm laser excitation beam was used as a NIR light source. The absorbance of the characteristic peak of NB at 270 nm of periodically collected samples was monitored in each case using UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of each sample was determined according to the gradual decrease of the peak of NB. Instruments and measurements. The surface morphologies of hybrid films were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM; JEOL JSM6700-F) and atomic force microscope (AFM) in tapping mode (Digital Instruments Dimension 3100 scanning force microscope). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried out on a JEOL JSM2100-F microscope at 100K and elemental analysis was performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV (JEOL JEM-3011). The crystalline structure of the mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Cu-Kα radiation (D/max RA, Rigaku Co). Raman scattering spectra were recorded on a LabRam HREvo 800 (HORIABA Jobin Yvon, France). UV-vis absorbance was measured using a Varian Cary5000 UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer.


6

Page 7 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characterization of the hybrid nanostructures. The synthesis procedure for the fabrication of mesoporous TiO2 (mTiO2), mesoporous carbon-TiO2 (mC-TiO2) and mC-TiO2/UCN has been conveniently summarized in Scheme 1. mTiO2 was prepared by spin coating, using a solution of both P123 and TiO2 precursors, followed by calcination at 450°C under air atmosphere. mC-TiO2 was alternatively synthesized by carbonization at the same temperature under Ar flow. For the synthesis of mC-TiO2/UCN, UCN was mixed in advanced with the solution containing P123 and the TiO2 precursor, spin-coated and carbonized as abovementioned. In Figure 1a X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the UC nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal process were confirmed to agree with those referenced for the pure hexagonal β-NaYF4 phase (JCPDS 16-0334).49-50 The incorporation of Gd ion-dopants with increasing concentration has been shown to facilitate the transition from cubic to hexagonal phases.51 According to representative SEM images, well-dispersed UCN displayed uniform rod crystal morphology with an average size of 340 ± 33 nm in length and 43 nm in diameter (Figure 1b). Particle size distribution has been provided in Figure S1. Synthesized UC nanorods were shown to effectively generate upconversion luminescence via a multiphoton process. Under 980 nm-laser excitation the bright blue light of the tri-doped UCN system was noticeable by the naked eye (Figure 1d). The photoluminescence spectrum of UCN revealed two strong blue emission peaks centered at 450 nm and 474 nm, ascribed to 1D2→3F4 and 1G4→3H6, respectively (Figure 1c). Observed peaks centered at 450, 474, 645, 695, and 802 nm of UCN are attributed to Tm3+ transitions of 1D2→3F4, 1G4→3H6, 1G4→3F4, 3F3→3H6 and 3

H4→3H6 (Figure 1c and Scheme 2a). Upon 980 nm-light irradiation, population of the 2F5/2 level

of Yb3+ has been proposed to lead to a subsequent excitation of Tm3+ ions to populate the 3H5,


7


3

Page 8 of 31

F2 and 1G4 levels. The photoluminescence spectrum herein obtained is in accordance with

previous reports for the UCN material applied in this work. Reported peaks yielded in the UV region at 290 nm, 345 nm and 361 nm ascribed to Tm3+ transitions upon NIR light illumination could however not be observed as a result of our equipment limitation.52 These peaks have been ascribed to high-energy 1I6→3H6, 1I6→3F4, and 1D2→3H6 transitions, respectively. Similarly reported minor peaks in the UV region (270-281 nm, 305 nm, and 311 nm) accounting for Gd3+ transitions could not be detected. Gd3+ has been shown to be unable to directly absorb the incident 980 nm-irradiation due to the large energy gap between 8S7/2 and 6PJ.52 Instead Tm3+ acts as a sensitizer for Gd3+, with energy transfer from Tm3+ in the 3P2 level to Gd3+ to stimulate its excitation through energy transfer of 3P2→3H6. Overall comparison of the morphology of the synthesized hybrid nanostructures was assessed by representative SEM and TEM photographs and discussed below. SEM images of P123/TiO2 precursor with UCN film spin-coated on the FTO revealed the presence of a relatively smooth surface film with fully dispersed UC nanorods (Figure S2). Figures 2a, b and c depict the morphology of mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and UCN-embedded mC-TiO2 after corresponding calcination and carbonization treatments at 450°C on FTO. A relatively rough and uneven surface is noticeable with the mC-TiO2/UCN hybrid film following the high-temperature heat-treatment (Figure 2e). The result was corroborated in a series of height-constant AFM images of as-cast P123/TiO2 precursor films with or without embedded UC nanorods, and corresponding counterparts following carbonization at 450°C under Ar (Figure S3). The heat treatment under Ar flow was suggested to yield the formation of carbon-moieties by the variation of color of the resulting nanostructures (insets in Figure 2), and following a slight decrease of the high surface area attained with these mTiO2 porous systems (from 114 to 75 m2 g-1). In our previous studies


8

Page 9 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


XPS spectra comparison from the C 1s core level has additionally underlined the extent of C-OC species located at 286.2 eV in comparison to mTiO2 as supporting proof for the incorporation of carbon species in the oxide lattice (Figure S4).32 Based on the SEM photographs no morphological changes could be evidenced in the embedded UC nanorods following the carbonization of mC-TiO2. Cross-sectional SEM images further confirmed a relatively similar layer thickness for all samples on the substrate (Figure S5). Abovementioned conclusions were corroborated by corresponding TEM (Figure 2d, e and f) and HR-TEM photographs (Figure S6). In good agreement with XRD results, collected HR-TEM images confirmed the presence of TiO2 anatase-crystalline phase. Additional energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra of mC-TiO2/UCN were collected to assess the chemical composition of hybrid nanostructures (Figure S7). Distinctive peaks ascribed to C, O and Ti confirmed the presence of TiO2 doped with carbon moieties. The presence of Y, Yb, Tm, Gd, Na, and F in mC-TiO2/UCN was clear upon the incorporation of UCN. Corresponding weight percentages were determined for all present elements (Figure S7). In particular the amount of carbon in the carbonized TiO2 architecture was ca. 3 wt.%, in agreement with previous reports evidencing a corresponding maximum of 5 wt.% following the carbonization of P123 under argon atmosphere for the selected synthesis conditions. X-ray elemental mapping analysis of mC-TiO2/UCN evidenced the presence and fine dispersion of C, Ti, O in mC-TiO2 and F, Na, Y, Gd, Tm, Yb from the UC nanorods (Figure S8). The XRD patterns of all samples agreed with the presence of TiO2 anatase-crystalline phase (JCPDS 21-1272) (Figure 3a). The presence of XRD peaks for UCN confirms the successful incorporation of these nanorods in the hybrid nanostructure following heat-treatment at 450°C. Raman spectroscopy was performed to assess the physicochemical nature of carbon moieties


9


Page 10 of 31

derived from calcination of P123 in the synthesized TiO2 mesostructure (Figure 3b). Obtained spectra of mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN yielded two bands at around 1600 cm-1 and 1350 cm-1. The two characteristic peaks were respectively assigned to the G band, corresponding to nanocrystalline carbon characteristic with a high content of sp2-hybridized carbon, and the D band, corresponding to the defects of disordered carbon. mC-TiO2 showed a higher absorption across the visible region, with the incorporation of carbon moieties extending the absorption properties of the metal oxide (Figure 3c). Collected UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra revealed strong reflectance in the visible range for all samples, with mC-TiO2/UCN exhibiting the highest reflectivity following the incorporation of UCN into the mC-TiO2 (Figure S9a). Estimated from the intercept of tangents with the x-axis of the Tauc plot (Figure S9b), relatively low band gap energy values were obtained for both mC-TiO2 (~2.8 eV) and mC-TiO2/UCN (~2.9 eV) compared with ~3.2 eV, commonly reported for anatase-TiO2. The result served as further evidence for the incorporation of carbon moieties, which contributes to the visible light absorption of pristine TiO2. Through corresponding Mott-Schottky plots the flat band potential of our mC-TiO2 has been previously reported to be shifted to a more negative value by 0.4 V, indicating that the Fermi level of the these hybrid materials could be displaced closer to the conduction band of TiO2.32 The creation of an additional electronic state above the valence band of TiO2 as represented in Scheme 2b is hence herein proposed. Photocatalytic Evaluation. To assess the potential interest of these hybrid materials the photoactivity of mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN under visible, NIR and UV-vis-NIR illumination was herein evaluated. The decomposition of nitrobenzene (NB) at room temperature was selected as a model reaction in the context of the degradation of organic pollutants.53-55 All samples were stabilized under dark conditions for 30 min prior to light irradiation. In each case


10

Page 11 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


the absorption intensity of the characteristic peak of NB at 270 nm was observed to gradually decrease with increasing irradiation time (cf. Supporting Information). For a quantitative comparison the photoconversion of each sample as a function of time under different light sources was calculated according to corresponding normalized absorbance values (Figure 4). The degradation of NB over the prepared hybrid nanostructures in the dark was observed to attain maximal conversion levels of 18% after 3 h. Results were tentatively ascribed to an adsorption of the molecule on the surface of the catalyst, as highlighted in analogous reports.56-57 Under UVvis-NIR light irradiation in the absence of any photocatalyst the decomposition of NB reached 28% after the same time period (Figure S10). The photoactivity of the prepared nanostructures was firstly assessed under visible light irradiation at >420 nm (Figure 4b). For the degradation of NB after 3 hours conversion values of 46%, 60% and 57% were obtained with mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN, respectively. When compared with results under dark and under irradiation in the absence of any catalyst, mTiO2 revealed a negligible photocatalytic contribution due to the inherently wide band gap of the metal oxide. The incorporation of carbon moieties notably increased the catalytic activity of mC-TiO2. Excitation by low energy photons in the presence of carbon species acting as a photosensitizer under visible irradiation was ascribed to the reduced band gap of the resulting hybrid materials. In good agreement the incorporation of NIR-responsive UC nanorods remained ineffective under visible light irradiation, with mC-TiO2/UCN attaining similar conversion levels (57%). Similarly to provide a clear insight of the photoactivity enhancement upon the incorporation of UCN, additional experimental data was collected using a 980 nm NIR laser (Figure 4c). Under NIR illumination both mTiO2 and mC-TiO2 yielded similar photocatalytic activity after 3 h


11


Page 12 of 31

(32%). After the same time period mC-TiO2/UCN evidenced a notable increase in the photodegradation of NB up to 55% was obtained in the presence of mC-TiO2/UCN. The observed increase in activity is proposed to be the result of the absorption of NIR irradiation by the UC nanorods embedded in the hybrid nanostructure. Effective NIR absorption is believed to result in a subsequent transfer of high-energy UV irradiation to TiO2 and in an enhancement of the corresponding photocatalytic properties.34 Our novel nanohybrid structure was lastly evaluated under UV-vis-NIR irradiation to unveil the possibility of a cooperative effect for the incorporation of both UCN and C-moieties in the high-surface TiO2 architecture (Figure 4d). In agreement with Figure 4b, which suggested that the incorporation of carbon moieties could be responsible for a visible light driven photocatalytic performance, under UV-vis-NIR irradiation mC-TiO2 similarly unveiled a NB degradation up to 63% within 3h compared with mTiO2 (50%). Most notably the subsequent incorporation of UC nanorods in mC-TiO2/UCN resulted in a remarkable boost up to 83% in the degradation of NB within the same time period. In the presence of embedded NIR-responsive UC nanorods, strong upconversion luminescence emitted in the UV-Vis range upon excitation could be transferred to C-doped mTiO2, as suggested in Figure 4c. The incorporation of UCN and carbon-moieties in mC-TiO2/UCN is confirmed to utilize a greater range of the solar spectrum in the degradation of NB. The dramatic photoactivity enhancement of TiO2 from 50% to 83% may however further suggest a synergism established between the nanocomponents of our novel material herein reported. In an analogous optic, when the irradiated light was switched from solely Vis (Figure 4b) to UV-Vis-NIR (Figure 4d) over mC-TiO2/UCN an enhancement of the NB degradation from 57 to 83% was witnessed, in accordance with: (1) a superior catalytic contribution ascribed to TiO2 under UV-light, and (2) a superior catalytic performance ascribed to NIR-responsive


12

Page 13 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


UCN incorporation. While in photocatalytic applications, to establish a direct and unambiguous comparison of the reported system efficiencies remains of particular difficulty, we believe our rationally designed architecture remains competitive in current representative reports.55-56, 58-59 Conversely superior activity was found following simple carbon-incorporation during P123 carbonization, whereas NIR-responsive catalysts remain relatively unexplored in this application. The proposed mechanism of energy transfer between UCN and mC-TiO2 has been conveniently summarized in Scheme 2b. In the degradation of NB upon light irradiation a number of reductive electrons and oxidative holes are generated in the conduction band (CB) and the valence band (VB) of TiO2. The excited electrons react with the oxygen adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 to form superoxide radical anions (·O2-), whereas the photogenerated holes can react with H2O to form hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which can oxidize the organic NB molecules through a photocatalytic-driven mechanism. Herein the rational design of our TiO2 architecture reflects the interest of photon trapping toward an effective optical path length, triggered by scattering effects. In the presence of embedded NIR-responsive UC nanorods, strong upconversion luminescence in the UV-Vis range upon excitation is emitted. According to a suitable band alignment the emitted UV radiation can be directly transferred from 1D2 and 1I6 levels of Tm3+ into anatase TiO2, as depicted in Scheme 2b. The energy transfer additionally accelerates the relaxation of the excited states of Tm3+, increasing the overall transition rates. In this optic UCN-embedded TiO2 could be activated to produce reductive electrons and oxidative holes in the conduction band and valence band not only from directly irradiated UV light, but also from additional upconversion luminescence triggered by the presence of UC nanorods. Strong upconversion emissions in the visible range are to be further taken into account upon incorporation of carbon moieties in the oxide lattice following P123 carbonization. Nonetheless aside from decreasing the band gap of


13


Page 14 of 31

TiO2 and extending the absorption range into the visible region, the incorporated carbon-moieties may also facilitate an effective charge separation. By accepting the electrons generated from the conduction band of TiO2, this process minimizes electron-hole recombination therefore increasing the photoactivity of the resulting hybrid nanostructure.

CONCLUSION Herein we demonstrated an effective strategy to enhance the photoactivity of TiO2 under UVvis-NIR irradiation through simultaneous incorporation of UC nanorods and C-moieties doped by facile carbonization of P123. UCN absorbing long wavelength radiation in the NIR region produced emission peaks in the UV-vis range. The resulting broadband absorption showed a remarkable increase in the photoactivity of TiO2 under UV-vis-NIR in the degradation of nitrobenzene (83%) compared to a pristine reference (50%). Results were attributed to a cooperative effect of the photon trapping TiO2 architecture, improved light harvesting efficiency upon UCN incorporation, and a simultaneous decrease in the band gap energy and increased visible light absorption over the fabricated C-integrated TiO2 structure. The possibility of harvesting lost photons in TiO2 through simultaneous carbon-doping and upconversion strategies is reported herein for the first time, and expected to underline the interest of enhancing the broadband activity of photocatalysts for environmental remediation and in a number of chemical processes of current importance.


14

Page 15 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: Figures S1-S14 address additional characterization of interest and details regarding the photocatalytic tests, including size distribution of the synthesized UC nanorods; SEM images of as cast P123/TiO2 precursor; High constant AFM images; XPS for mC-TiO2; Cross-sectional SEM images; HR-TEM photographs of mC-TiO2/UCN; Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra and corresponding elemental mapping analysis; UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra and derived Tauc plots; Details regarding the photocatalytic degradation of NB under dark conditions, in the absence of a photocatalyst, and under visible, NIR (λ = 980 nm), and UVvis-NIR light irradiation.


15


Page 16 of 31

AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: [email protected] ORCID Hannah Kwon: 0000-0003-2107-575X Filipe Marques Mota: 0000-0002-0928-3583 Kyungwha Chung: 0000-0002-6774-4720 Yu Jin Jang: 0000-0001-8116-3618 Jerome K. Hyun : 0000-0002-2630-5051 Jiseok Lee: 0000-0002-5762-6085 Dong Ha Kim: 0000-0003-0444-0479 Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (2017R1A2A1A05022387; 2011-0030255), National Research Council of Science and Technology through the Degree & Research Center program (DRC-2014-1-KBSI), and “The Project of Conversion by the Past R&D Results” through the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) (N0002202, 2016).


16

Page 17 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


REFERENCES (1)

Yoon, M.; Oh, Y.; Hong, S.; Lee, J. S.; Boppella, R.; Kim, S. H.; Marques Mota, F.; Kim,

S. O.; Kim, D. H. Synergistically enhanced photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride and WO3 nanohybrids mediated by photo-Fenton reaction and H2O2. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2017, 206, 263-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.038 (2)

Yoon, M.; Lee, J.-E.; Jang, Y. J.; Lim, J. W.; Rani, A.; Kim, D. H. Comprehensive study

on the controlled plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic activity of hybrid Au/ZnO systems mediated by thermoresponsive polymer linkers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 21073-21081. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03872 (3)

Bizani, E.; Fytianos, K.; Poulios, I.; Tsiridis, V. Photocatalytic decolorization and

degradation of dye solutions and wastewaters in the presence of titanium dioxide. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 136, 85-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.017 (4)

Reijnders, L. Hazard reduction for the application of titania nanoparticles in

environmental

technology.

J.

Hazard.

Mater.

2008,

152,

440-445.

DOI:

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.047 (5)

Athanasekou, C.; Romanos, G. E.; Papageorgiou, S.; Manolis, G.; Katsaros, F.; Falaras,

P. Photocatalytic degradation of hexavalent chromium emerging contaminant via advanced titanium

dioxide

nanostructures.

Chem.

Eng.

J.

2017,

318,

171-180.

DOI:

10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.033 (6)

Wang, C.-C.; Du, X.-D.; Li, J.; Guo, X.-X.; Wang, P.; Zhang, J. Photocatalytic Cr (VI)

reduction in metal-organic frameworks: A mini-review. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2016, 193, 198216. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.030


17


(7)

Page 18 of 31

Chen, C.; Ma, W.; Zhao, J. Semiconductor-mediated photodegradation of pollutants

under visible-light irradiation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4206-4219. DOI: 10.1039/B921692H (8)

Gratzel, M. Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001, 414, 338. DOI: 10.1038/35104607

(9)

O'regan, B.; Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized

colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 1991, 353, 737-740. DOI: 10.1038/353737a0 (10)

Chen, X.; Mao, S. S. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties,

Modifications, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2891-2959. DOI: 10.1021/cr0500535 (11)

Wang, M.; Ioccozia, J.; Sun, L.; Lin, C.; Lin, Z. Inorganic-modified semiconductor TiO2

nanotube arrays for photocatalysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2182-2202. DOI: 10.1039/C4EE00147H (12)

Qin, W.; Zhang, D.; Zhao, D.; Wang, L.; Zheng, K. Near-infrared photocatalysis based

on YF3: Yb3+, Tm3+/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 2304-2306. DOI: 10.1039/B924052G (13)

Boppella, R.; Kochuveedu, S. T.; Kim, H.; Jeong, M. J.; Marques Mota, F.; Park, J. H.;

Kim, D. H. Plasmon-sensitized graphene/TiO2 inverse opal nanostructures with enhanced charge collection efficiency for water splitting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 7075-7083. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14618 (14)

Ha, S. J; Kim, D. H.; Moon, J. H. N-doped mesoporous inverse opal structures for

visible-light photocatalysts. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 77716-77722. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA13198G (15)

Kannaiyan, D.; Kim, E.; Won, N.; Kim, K. W.; Jang, Y. H.; Cha, M.-A.; Ryu, D. Y.;

Kim, S.; Kim, D. H. On the synergistic coupling properties of composite CdS/TiO2 nanoparticle arrays confined in nanopatterned hybrid thin films. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 677-682. DOI: 10.1039/B917858A


18

Page 19 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(16)

Lee, W. J.; Lee, J. M.; Kochuveedu, S. T.; Han, T. H.; Jeong, H. Y.; Park, M.; Yun, J.

M.; Kwon, J.; No, K.; Kim, D. H. Biomineralized N-doped CNT/TiO2 core/shell nanowires for visible light photocatalysis. ACS Nano 2011, 6, 935-943. DOI: 10.1021/nn204504h (17)

Lee, S.; Lee, Y.; Kim, D. H.; Moon, J. H. Carbon-deposited TiO2 3D inverse opal

photocatalysts: visible-light photocatalytic activity and enhanced activity in a viscous solution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 12526-12532. DOI: 10.1021/am403820e (18)

Yan, H.; Kochuveedu, S. T.; Quan, L. N.; Lee, S. S.; Kim, D. H. Enhanced photocatalytic

activity of C, F-codoped TiO2 loaded with AgCl. J. Alloys Compd. 2013, 560, 20-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.01.155 (19)

Kochuveedu, S. T.; Kim, D.-P.; Kim, D. H. Surface-plasmon-induced visible light

photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanospheres decorated by Au nanoparticles with controlled configuration. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 2500-2506. DOI: 10.1021/jp209520m (20)

Wang, H.; Lewis, J. P. Effects of dopant states on photoactivity in carbon-doped TiO2. J.

Phys.: Condens. Matter 2005, 17, L209-L213. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/17/21/L01 (21)

Smarsly, B.; Grosso, D.; Brezesinski, T.; Pinna, N.; Boissière, C.; Antonietti, M.;

Sanchez, C. Highly crystalline cubic mesoporous TiO2 with 10-nm pore diameter made with a new block copolymer template. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 2948-2952. DOI: 10.1021/cm0495966 (22)

Yang, P.; Zhao, D.; Margolese, D. I.; Chmelka, B. F.; Stucky, G. D. Block copolymer

templating syntheses of mesoporous metal oxides with large ordering lengths and semicrystalline framework. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 2813-2826. DOI: 10.1021/cm990185c (23)

Kochuveedu, S. T.; Jang, Y. H.; Jang, Y. J.; Kim, D. H. Visible light active

photocatalysis on block copolymer induced strings of ZnO nanoparticles doped with carbon. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 898-905. DOI: 10.1039/C2TA00263A


19


(24)

Page 20 of 31

Zhou, W.; Sun, F.; Pan, K.; Tian, G.; Jiang, B.; Ren, Z.; Tian, C.; Fu, H. Well‐Ordered

Large‐Pore Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 with Remarkably High Thermal Stability and Improved Crystallinity: Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 1922-1930. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201002535 (25)

Zhou, W.; Li, W.; Wang, J.-Q.; Qu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Xie, Y.; Zhang, K.; Wang, L.; Fu, H.;

Zhao, D. Ordered mesoporous black TiO2 as highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 9280-9283. DOI: 10.1021/ja504802q (26)

Jang, Y. J.; Jang, Y. H.; Kim, D. H. Nanostructured Carbon-TiO2 Shells Onto Silica

Beads as a Promising Candidate for the Alternative Photoanode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Sci. Adv. Mater. 2015, 7, 956-963. DOI: 10.1166/sam.2015.2122 (27)

Kochuveedu, S. T.; Jang, Y. J.; Jang, Y. H.; Lee, W. J.; Cha, M.-A.; Shin, H.; Yoon, S.;

Lee, S.-S.; Kim, S. O.; Shin, K. Visible-light active nanohybrid TiO2/carbon photocatalysts with programmed morphology by direct carbonization of block copolymer templates. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 3397-3405. DOI: 10.1039/C1GC15724H (28)

Jang, Y. J.; Jang, Y. H.; Steinhart, M.; Kim, D. H. Carbon/metal nanotubes with tailored

order and configuration by direct carbonization of inverse block copolymer micelles inside nanoporous alumina. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 507-509. DOI: 10.1039/C1CC15597K (29)

Jang, Y. H.; Kochuveedu, S. T.; Jang, Y. J.; Shin, H.-Y.; Yoon, S.; Steinhart, M.; Kim, D.

H. The fabrication of graphitic thin films with highly dispersed noble metal nanoparticles by direct carbonization of block copolymer inverse micelle templates. Carbon 2011, 49, 2120-2126. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.01.049 (30)

Jang, Y. J.; Jang, Y. H.; Quan, L. N.; Kim, H. C.; Pyo, S.; Kim, D. H. A Soft‐Template‐

Conversion Route to Fabricate Nanopatterned Hybrid Pt/Carbon for Potential Use in Counter


20

Page 21 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Electrodes of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2013, 34, 1487-1492. DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300333 (31)

Quan, L. N.; Jang, Y. H.; Jang, Y. J.; Kim, J.; Lee, W.; Moon, J. H.; Kim, D. H.

Mesoporous Carbon‐TiO2 Beads with Nanotextured Surfaces as Photoanodes in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. ChemSusChem 2014, 7, 2590-2596. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402277 (32)

Quan, L.; Jang, Y.; Stoerzinger, K.; May, K.; Jang, Y.; Kochuveedu, S.; Shao-Horn, Y.;

Kim, D. H. Soft-template-carbonization route to highly textured mesoporous carbon-TiO₂ inverse opals for efficient photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 9023-9030. DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00803k (33)

Wang, W.; Huang, W.; Ni, Y.; Lu, C.; Xu, Z. Different upconversion properties of β-

NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+/Er3+ in affecting the near-infrared-driven photocatalytic activity of highreactive TiO2. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 340-348. DOI: 10.1021/am404389g (34)

Tang, Y. N.; Di, W. H.; Zhai, X. S.; Yang, R. Y.; Qin, W. P. NIR-Responsive

Photocatalytic Activity and Mechanism of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 Core-Shell Nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 405-412. DOI: 10.1021/cs300808r (35)

Li, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhao, D. Lab on upconversion nanoparticles: optical properties and

applications engineering via designed nanostructure. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 44, 1346-1378. DOI: 10.1039/C4CS00163J (36)

Jang, Y. J.; Kim, E.; Ahn, S.; Chung, K.; Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Wang, H.; Lee, J.; Kim, D.-

W.; Kim, D. H. Upconversion-Triggered Charge Separation in Polymer Semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 364-369. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02511 (37)

Xu, Z.; Quintanilla, M.; Vetrone, F.; Govorov, A. O.; Chaker, M.; Ma, D. Harvesting

Lost Photons: Plasmon and Upconversion Enhanced Broadband Photocatalytic Activity in


21


Page 22 of 31

Core@ Shell Microspheres Based on Lanthanide‐Doped NaYF4, TiO2, and Au. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 2950-2960. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201500810 (38)

Yan, C.; Zhao, H.; Perepichka, D. F.; Rosei, F. Lanthanide ion doped upconverting

nanoparticles: synthesis, structure and properties. Small 2016, 12, 3888-3907. DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601565 (39)

Feng, W.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Fang, Z.; Wang, B.; Zhang, S.; Liu, P. Near-

infrared-activated NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+/Au/CdS for H2 production via photoreforming of bioethanol: plasmonic Au as light nanoantenna, energy relay, electron sink and co-catalyst. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 10311-10320. DOI: 10.1039/C7TA02402A (40)

Chen, G.; Qiu, H.; Prasad, P. N.; Chen, X. Upconversion nanoparticles: design,

nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 5161-5214. DOI: 10.1021/cr400425h (41)

Naccache, R.; Vetrone, F.; Capobianco, J. A. Lanthanide‐doped upconverting

nanoparticles: harvesting light for solar cells. ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 1308-1311. DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300362 (42)

He, M.; Pang, X.; Liu, X.; Jiang, B.; He, Y.; Snaith, H.; Lin, Z. Monodisperse Dual‐

Functional Upconversion Nanoparticles Enabled Near‐Infrared Organolead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 4280-4284. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600702 (43)

Ye, X.; Collins, J. E.; Kang, Y.; Chen, J.; Chen, D. T. N.; Yodh, A. G.; Murray, C. B.

Morphologically controlled synthesis of colloidal upconversion nanophosphors and their shapedirected self-assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107, 22430-22435. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008958107


22

Page 23 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(44)

Suyver, J. F.; Grimm, J.; Van Veen, M. K.; Biner, D.; Krämer, K. W.; Güdel, H. U.

Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF4 doped with Er3+, Tm3+ and/or Yb3+. J. Lumin. 2006, 117, 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2005.03.011 (45)

Liang, L.; Liu, Y.; Bu, C.; Guo, K.; Sun, W.; Huang, N.; Peng, T.; Sebo, B.; Pan, M.;

Liu, W.; Guo, S.; Zhao, X.-Z. Highly uniform, bifunctional core/double-shell-structured βNaYF4:Er3+, Yb3+@SiO2@TiO2 hexagonal sub-microprisms for high-performance dye sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 2174-2180. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204847 (46)

Wang, F.; Liu, X. Upconversion multicolor fine-tuning: Visible to near-infrared emission

from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 5642-5643. DOI: 10.1021/ja800868a (47)

Wang, F.; Liu, X. Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion

nanocrystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 976-989. DOI: 10.1039/B809132N (48)

Ye, Y.; Jo, C.; Jeong, I.; Lee, J. Functional mesoporous materials for energy applications:

solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 4584-4605. DOI: 10.1039/C3NR00176H (49)

Liang, X.; Wang, X.; Zhuang, J.; Peng, Q.; Li, Y. Synthesis of NaYF4 nanocrystals with

predictable

phase

and

shape.

Adv.

Funct.

Mater.

2007,

17,

2757-2765.

DOI:

10.1002/adfm.200600807 (50)

Li, C.; Quan, Z.; Yang, J.; Yang, P.; Lin, J. Highly uniform and monodisperse β-NaYF4:

Ln3+ (Ln= Eu, Tb, Yb/Er, and Yb/Tm) hexagonal microprism crystals: hydrothermal synthesis and luminescent properties. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 6329-6337. DOI: 10.1021/ic070335i (51)

Wang, F.; Han, Y.; Lim, C. S.; Lu, Y.; Wang, J.; Xu, J.; Chen, H.; Zhang, C.; Hong, M.;

Liu, X. Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping. Nature 2010, 463, 1061. DOI: 10.1038/nature08777


23


(52)

Page 24 of 31

Shi, F.; Zhao, Y. Sub-10 nm and monodisperse β-NaYF4: Yb, Tm, Gd nanocrystals with

intense ultraviolet upconversion luminescence. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 2198-2203. DOI: 10.1039/C3TC32303J (53)

Shen, X.-Z.; Liu, Z.-C.; Xie, S.-M.; Guo, J. Degradation of nitrobenzene using titania

photocatalyst co-doped with nitrogen and cerium under visible light illumination. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 162, 1193-1198. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.004 (54)

Tayade, R. J.; Kulkarni, R. G.; Jasra, R. V. Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous

nitrobenzene by nanocrystalline TiO2. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 922-927. DOI: 10.1021/ie051060m (55)

Nitoi, I.; Oancea, P.; Raileanu, M.; Crisan, M.; Constantin, L.; Cristea, I. UV–VIS

photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene from water using heavy metal doped titania. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2015, 21, 677-682. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.03.036 (56)

Jo, W.-K.; Won, Y.; Hwang, I.; Tayade, R. J. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of

aqueous nitrobenzene using graphitic carbon–TiO2 composites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 3455-3461. DOI: 10.1021/ie500245d (57)

Chen, X.; Kuo, D.-H.; Lu, D. N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by

using biological renewable nanocrystalline cellulose as template for the degradation of pollutants under visible and sun light. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 295, 192-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.047 (58)

Zhang, L.; He, X.; Xu, X.; Liu, C.; Duan, Y.; Hou, L.; Zhou, Q.; Ma, C.; Yang, X.; Liu,

R. Highly active TiO2/g-C3N4/G photocatalyst with extended spectral response towards selective reduction

of

nitrobenzene.

Appl.

Catal.

B:

Environ.

2017,

203,

1-8.

DOI:

10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.003


24

Page 25 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(59)

Boxi, S. S.; Paria, S. Visible light induced enhanced photocatalytic degradation of

organic pollutants in aqueous media using Ag doped hollow TiO2 nanospheres. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 37657-37668. DOI: 10.1039/C5RA03421C


25


Page 26 of 31

Scheme 1. Schematic diagram for the fabrication of mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and UCN-embedded mCTiO2 hybrid films.


26

Page 27 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Scheme 2. (a) Energy level diagram of Yb3+, Tm3+, Gd3+, and TiO2 and corresponding observed upconversion emission process under 980 nm laser irradiation. (b) Illustrative diagram of energy transfer between Yb3+, Tm3+, Gd3+, and mC-TiO2.


27


Page 28 of 31

Figure 1. Characterization of the prepared upconversion nanorods. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns, (b) SEM image, (c) photoluminescence spectrum and (d) optical photograph under 980 nm-laser excitation.


28

Page 29 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 2. SEM images of (a) mTiO2, (b) mC-TiO2, and (c) mC-TiO2/UCN, corresponding optical photographs of the resulting samples (insets), and representative TEM photographs (d, e and f, respectively).


29


Page 30 of 31

Figure 3. (a) XRD patterns of UCN, mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN. (b) Collected Raman spectra of mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN. (c) UV-vis absorbance spectra of the prepared materials.

Figure 4. Photocatalytic conversion (%) as a function of the irradiation time (min) for the degradation of nitrobenzene at room temperature under (a) dark conditions, (b) visible light, (c) 980-nm laser, and (d) UV-vis-NIR light irradiation over mTiO2, mC-TiO2 and mC-TiO2/UCN.


30

Page 31 of 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


TOC Synopsis: The synthesis of UV-vis-NIR-responsive UCN-embedded carbon-doped TiO2 mesostructures uncovers promising properties to enhance solar energy utilization for sustainable environmental remediation.


31

Enhancing Solar Light-Driven Photocatalytic ... - ACS Publications

Recommend Documents