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EQUILIBRIA I N S A T U R A T E D S A L T SOLUTIONS Λ Summai'y
of the Results of the Study of the Heterogeneous Which Exist in Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes By W A L T E R C H A R L E S B L A S D A L E
Equilibria
PROFESSOR OF C H E M I S T R Y IN T H E UNIVERSITY O F CALIFORNIA
A. C. S. M O N O G R A P H N O . 31 T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S
C H A P T E R I.
W A T E R A T Y P I C A L O N E - C O M P O N E N T SYSTEM.
Peculiarities of Water, Water a s a Pure Substance. Changes in the Properties of Water and its States. Proper ties as Variables. Simultaneous Occurrence of Two or More States. Experimental D a t a Relating to Water. Metastable Equilibria. Factors Which Determine the Vapor Pressure Curves. The Clausius Clapeyron Equa tion. T h e Water Diagram for Ideal Conditions. The Freezing Point Curve. CHAPTER II. SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF W A T E R AND A S I N G L E SALT W H I C H D O E S NOT FORM H Y D R A T E S .
Peculiarities of Salts. Peculiarities of Salt Solutions. Con centration as a Variable. Vapor Pressure Curves of Salt Solutions. T h e Freezing Point Curve. T h e Solu bility Curve. T h e Eutectic Point. The System Ice-SaltSolution. T h e System Ice-Salt-Water Vapor. T h e Com plete Diagram for the System. Derivation and Use of the Phase Rule. Water a n d Salts Whose Solubility is Infinite. Critical Phenomena of Salt Solutions. Systems with Di ane! Tri-morphic Salts. CHAPTER III. SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF W A T E R AND A S I N G L E SALT W H I C H FORMS O N E OR MORI·; H Y D R A T E S .
Solid Hydrates. Hydration of Salts in Solution. T h e Sys tem Solid Hydrate-Vapor. T h e System Solid H y d r a t e Solution-Vapor. Transition Points. Congruent Points. Solubility Curves and Heats of Solution. Effects Result ing from Hydrolysis. T h e System Zinc chloride-Water. r T h e use of Concentration-temperature Diagrams. S\ stems With Salts Whose Solubility is Limited. Supersolubility Curves. C H A P T E R IV. SYSTEMS COMPOSED O F W A T E R AND T W O E L E C T R O L Y T E S W H I C H Y I E L D A COMMON I O N HUT DO NOT FORM SOLID SOLUTIONS
The Variables Cuneerued. Graphical Representation by Reference to Two .Axes. T h e Use of Diagrams in Quantita tive Calculations. T h e Temperature-concentration Dia gram Referred to Three Axes. Graphical Representation by Use of a Right-angled Isocèles Triangle. Graphical Representation by Use of an Jiquiiatcral Triangle. The Concentration-temperature Diagram Referred to a Prism. Graphical Representation by the Jiinecke System. The Formation of Double Salts. Systems with Racemic Compounds. Further Examples of Double Salt Diagrams. C H A P T E R V. T H R E E C O M P O N E N T SYSTEMS D E R I V E D FROM W A T E R AND T w o ELECTROLYTES W H I C H Y I E L D A COMMON h;.\ AND W H I C H FORM M I X E D CRYSTALS.
General Features of Mixed Crystals. Mixed Crystals of Type 1. Mixed Crystals of Type I I . Mixed Crystals of T y p e H i . Mixed Crystals of'Type IV. .Mixed Crystals oi Type V. Relations between the Five Types. Ilydrated Mixed Crystals. Transformation Temperatures of Uydrated Mixed Crystals. Vapor Pressure of Ilydrated Mixed Crystals. Partition Constant for Solid a n d Liquid Phases. Mixed Crystals and X-ray Analysis. C H A P T E R VI. SYSTEMS D E R I V E D FROM W A T E R AND T w o ELECTROLYTES W H I C H Y I E L D O N E HYDROGEN I O N AND O N E IIYDROXYL I O N OR P O T I I .
Systems Derived from a Salt and an Acid with a Common
Anion and Water. Systems Derived from a Salt, a Base with a Common Cation and Water. Systems Derived from an Acid, a Base and Water. T h e System Strontium oxide-Hydrogen chloride-Water. T h e System Potassium oxide-Phosphorus peritoxide-Water. The System Chromium trioxide-Sodium oxide-Water. CHAPTER VII. F O U R C O M P O N E N T SYSTEMS D E R I V E D FROM W A T E R AND T H R E E E L E C T R O L Y T E S W H I C H Y I E L D A COMMON ION.
T h e Variables Concerned. The Use of a Regular Tetrahedron in Graphical Representation. The System Ammonium chloride-Barium chloride-Cupric chloride-Water. Projection of the Tetrahedral Diagram. Use of the Pyramid in Graphical Representation. Quantitative Calculations in Four-component Systems. T h e Jiinecke Method of Representing Four-component Systems. Three-component Solid Solutions. Effect of Temperature upon Fourcomponent Systems. Four solid Invariant Points. Graphic Representation of Temperature Changes in Four-component Systems. CHAPTER V l l l . S Y S T E M S D E R I V E D FROM W A T E R AND T W O I-VLECTROLYTES WlUCH DO NOT YlELD A COMMON ION.
Reciprocal Salt Pairs. Choice of Components. Stable and Unstable Salt Pairs. Invariant Point in Reciprocal Salt 1'air Systems. T h e Graphical .Method of Lowenherz. T h e System Potassium chloride-Sodium carbonate-Water. The Graphical Method of Jiinecke. Use of the Jiinecke Diagram. The System Magnesium chloride-Potassium sulfateWater. Tetrageiie Double Salts. Determination of Transition Points by M e t h o d of D'Ans. Reciprocal Salt Pairs at Varying Temperatures. ^Metastable Kquilibria in Complex Systems. CHAPTER IX. Q U I N A R Y O R F I V E - C O M P O N E N T SYSTEMS. SYSTEMS DERIVED FROM W A T E R AND FOUR E L E C T R O LYTES A L L OF W H I C H Y I E L D A COMMON ION.
The System Calcium chloride-Magnesium chloride-Potassium chloride-Sodium chloride-Water. Systems Derived from Water and Those lilectrolytes Which Yield PAive Different Ions. The Stassfurt Salt Minerals. The System Magnesium chloride-Potassium sulfate-Sodium chlorideWater. Graphical Representation by the v a n ' t H off Method. Graphical Representation by the Method of J;iueckc. Graphical Representation by the Method of D'Ans. Representation of the Complete System Magnesium chloride-Potassium sulfate-Sodium chloride-Water. Pangenesis of the Stassfurt Salt Minerals. Invariant l'oints in Quinary Systems. O r \PTER X
Six C O M P O N E N T SYSTEMS.
General Features. 'The Calcium-containiug Minerals of t h e Stassfurt Salt Deposits. Diagram for Calcium-containing Minerals of the Stassfurt Deposits. Calculation of Changes During Rvaporation of Sea Water. Results of ICvaporatiou of Sea Water a t Various Temperatures. Geological Significance of t h e Stassfurt Sait Investigations. Strata of the Stassfurt Salt Deposits. Average Chemical Composition of the S t r a t a . Temperature a t Which the Stassfurt Beds Were l r ormed.
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