PETROCHEMICALS
Ethane supplier to the world Chemical makers on three continents are set to tap into cheap feedstock from the U.S. ALEXANDER H. TULLO, C&EN NEW YORK CITY
PIPELINE EXPORTS TO CANADA 1 Joffre, Alberta; and Sarnia, Ontario
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n 2016, chemical companies built navies. European chemical makers Ineos and Borealis have already christened ships that will carry ethane from the U.S. to their ethylene crackers in Europe. India’s Reliance Industries is taking delivery on a fleet of six so-called very large ethane carriers, which will be the biggest ships of their kind in the world, each with nearly 90,000 m3 of storage capacity. The shale revolution has driven down U.S. natural gas prices. Today, on an energy content basis, natural gas is only one-third the price of oil. And a lot more ethane is being produced than the current stable of U.S. ethylene crackers can consume. Most of the excess is being left in natural gas and burned as fuel. The U.S. chemical industry has about a dozen ethylene projects in the works to gobble up a good chunk of the excess ethane. Foreign chemical makers want the rest. Keefer Douglas, director of natural gas liquids research at IHS Markit, says U.S. crackers currently consume 21 million metric tons of ethane per year. By 2022, that number is projected to be 37 million metric tons. Another 8 million metric tons will be exported, much of it along the shipping routes and pipelines shown here. By then, the market will be balanced. “Given our outlook for U.S. oil and gas production, there’s enough ethane to meet the current slate of planned crackers plus the current slate of export contracts, but not much beyond that,” Douglas says. ◾
Nova Chemicals has been importing ethane from the U.S. for three years. The Vantage pipeline has the capacity to bring up more than 900,000 metric tons per year from North Dakota to a Nova facility in Alberta. Sunoco Logistics’ Mariner West pipeline will eventually deliver about 300,000 metric tons of Marcellus Shale ethane from Pennsylvania to Ontario.
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Philadelphia to Europe Houston to Europe Atlantic Ocean Philadelphia to India
Pacific Ocean Houston to India
Houston to Brazil
EXPORT TERMINALS 2 Morgan’s Point, Texas, near Houston Enterprise Products Partners said bon voyage in September to the first ship leaving its new export terminal for customer Ineos. The Houston Ship Channel facility has the capacity to load 11,000 metric tons of ethane per day.
3 Marcus Hook, Pa., near Philadelphia Sunoco Logistics’ terminal near Philadelphia made its first delivery in March. It has the capacity to load about 2,000 metric tons per day of ethane originating from shale gas in western Pennsylvania.
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C&EN | CEN.ACS.ORG | NOVEMBER 7, 2016
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ETHANE IMPORTERS 4 Grangemouth, Scotland; and Rafnes, 8 Stenungsund, Sweden Norway Ineos’s ambitious plan is to import about 800,000 metric tons per year of ethane from Houston and Philadelphia for two of its European crackers. The company has already taken delivery on four of eight 180-meter-long Dragon-class carriers. Together, they will form what the firm calls a virtual pipeline across the Atlantic, making eight deliveries per month by 2020.
5 Mossmorran, Scotland ExxonMobil has agreed to purchase imported ethane from Ineos for use at the Fife Ethylene Plant it shares with Shell. Deliveries are set to commence next year.
Arctic Ocean
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6 Teesside, England Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC) will soon begin receiving deliveries of U.S. ethane at its English cracker, which has been upgraded to accept the new feedstock. The shipments will reportedly originate from Enterprise in Texas. 7 Dunkirk, France Versalis began work to allow its French ethylene cracker to consume U.S. ethane. However, citing low oil prices, the company has put the program on hold.
Borealis has chartered the Navigator Aurora, a 180-meter ethane carrier built at the Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai. The European chemical maker plans on receiving 240,000 metric tons of ethane annually from the Philadelphia terminal.
9 Camaçari, Brazil Braskem is spending $120 million to convert some of the feedstock of its largest Brazilian cracker from naphtha to ethane. Enterprise, in Houston, will supply roughly 200,000 metric tons of ethane annually starting next year.
10 Dahej, India Reliance Industries may have the most ambitious ethane plan. It intends to import, beginning later this year, 1.5 million metric tons annually from the U.S. for consumption at three ethylene crackers near its Dahej terminal.
11 India Gail and Hindustan Petroleum plan to build an ethylene cracker in India that will consume 1.3 million metric tons per year of U.S. ethane. Gail solicited ethane contracts earlier this year.
Pacific Ocean
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CREDIT: INEOS (PHOTO); C&EN/SHUTTERSTOCK (MAP)
Indian Ocean
Th Ineos Intrepid The ha has been shipping et ethane from Texas and Pennsylvania an to Europe. NOVEMBER 7, 2016 | CEN.ACS.ORG | C&EN
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