Chapter 8
Fate of Neonicotinoid Pesticides During Wastewater and Wetland Treatment Downloaded by COLUMBIA UNIV on December 12, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date (Web): December 9, 2016 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2016-1241.ch008
Akash M. Sadaria, Samuel D. Supowit, and Rolf U. Halden* Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute and Global Security Initiative, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe Arizona 85287-5904, United States *E-mail:
[email protected]. Phone: 480-727-0893.
Occurrence and fate of six neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, and dinotefuran) and one degradate (acetamiprid-N-desmethyl) were studied in a United States municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and an engineered wetland downstream. Flow-weighted samples collected in a five-day monitoring campaign were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using methods of isotope dilution and standard addition. Three of the six neonicotinoids were detected. Daily loads of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were stable, whereas those of clothianidin varied. Detected 5-day average concentrations in WWTP influent and effluent were 54.7 ± 9.3 and 48.6 ± 8.4 ng/L for imidacloprid, 3.7 ± 0.8 and 1.7 ± 0.5 ng/L for acetamiprid, and 149.7 ± 273.1 and 116.7 ± 144.9 ng/L for clothianidin, respectively. Concentrations of neonicotinoids in digested sludge were below the limit of detection (
