Appendlx E. Selected References on the Analysis of Geologlcal Materlals
(E-1) Abbey, S.."Analysis of Rocks and Minerals by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy. IV. Composite Scheme for Less-Common Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Eiements", Geol. Survey Canada, Paper No. 71-50, 1972, 18 DD. (E-2) Abbey, S., Lee, N. J., Bouvier, J. L.. "Analysis of Rocks and Minerals Using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Part 5. An improved lithium-fluoborate scheme for 14 elements", Canada. Geol. Survey Paper 7419, 1972,26 pp. 6 3 ) Ashley, D. G., Andrews. K. W., Analyst, 97, 841-7 (1972). (E-4) Avni, R., Harel, A,, Brenner, I. B., Appl. Spectrosc., 28, 641-5 (1972). 6 5 ) ASTM Special Technical Publication 539, Analytical Methods Developed for Application to Lunar samples Analyses, American Society for Testing Materials, 1973, 156 pp. (E-6) Atherton, M. P., Brotherton. M. S., Raiswell, R., Chem. Geol., 7, 285-93 (1971). (E-7) Bennett, H., Reed, R. A,, Anahst (London), 96, 640-55 (1971). 6 8 ) Corbett, J. A., Godbeer, W. C., Watson, N. C., Proc. Australas. lnst. Min. Metall., No. 250, 1974, pp 51-4. 6 9 ) Davey, J., Nicholson, N. M., "Determination of Trace Elements in Fluorspar Mining Survey Samples", British Steel Corp. Report, GS/EX/14/72/C, 1972, 8 pp. (E- 10) Dorrzapf, A. F., Jr., J. Res. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1, 559-62 (1973). (E-11) Fabbi, B. P., Espos, L. F.. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 800-6, 8147-50 (1972). (E-12) Gallus-Olender, J., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 17, 139-45 (1972). (E-13) Glasby, G. P., Mar. Chem., 1, 105-25 (1972). (E-14) Gormasheva, G. S., Bakaieinikova, T. K., Novikov, V. M., Ezheg.. lnst. Geokhlm., Sib., Otd., Akad. Nauk SSSR 1972, 466-70, 1973; Chem. Abstr., 81, 1 3 0 4 7 7 ~(1974). (E-15) Gose, W., Ed., Proceedings of the Fourth Lunar Science Conference, Vol. II, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 4, 1973. (E-16) Gose, W., Ed., Proceedings of the Fifth Lunar Science Conference, Vol. 11, Geochlm. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl. 5 , 1974.
(E-17) Govindaraju, K., Analusis, 2, 367-76 (1973). (E-18) Gribble, G. W.. Total Chemical Analysis of Rocks, Soils, and Clay Minerals by X-ray Fluorescence Quantometer, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, No. H1G-74-2, 1974, 81 pp. (E-19) Guest, R. J., Macpherson, D. R.. Anal. Chim. Acta, 71; 233-53 (1974). (E-20) Harvey, P. K., Taylor, D. M., Hendry, R. D., Bancroft, F., X-Ray Spectrom., 2, 33-44 119731. (E-21) Hebeit, A. J., Street, K., Jr., Anal. Chem., 46, 203-7 (1974). (E-22) Heinrichs, H., Lange, J., Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem., 285, 256-60 (1973). (E-23) Helz, A , J. Res., U.S. Geol. Survey, 1, 475-82 (1973). (E-24) Heymann, D., Ed., Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference, Vol. 11, Chemical and Isotope Analysis/Organic Chemistry, Geochim. Cosmochlm. Acta, Suppl. 3, 1972. [E-25) Hitchen. A,. "Determination of Titanium in Lead Zirconate-Load Titanate Electronic Ceramics, Comparison of Titrimetric Methods with Polarographic and Differential Spectrophotometric Methods", Can. Mines, Br., Tech. Bull. TB 153, 1972, 35 pp. (E-26) Langmyhr, F. J., Stubergh, J. R., Thomassen, Y . , Hanssen, J. E., Dolezal, J., Anal. Chim. Acta, 71, 35-42 (1974). (E-27) Langmyhr, F. J., Thomassen, Y.. Fresenius' 2.Anal. Chem., 264, 122-7 (1973). (E-28) Langmyhr, F. J., Rasmussen, S.,Anal. Chim. Acta, 72, 79-84 (1974). (E-29) Lavrent'ev, Yu. G., Pospelova, L. N., Soboiev, N. V., Malikov, Y . I., Zavod. Lab., 40, 657-61 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 81, 130536n (1974). (E-30) Lischenko. Ya. P., L'vov, B. V., Oriova, N. A,, Probl. Izuch. Osvoeniyz Prir. Resur. Sev., 184-8, T. N. Ivanova, Ed., Akad. Nauk SSR, Kol'sk. Filial: Apatity, USSR, 1973; Chem. Abstr., 81, 9379k. (E-31) Lyubomiiova, G. V., issled. Ob/. Rud. Mineral, 203-8, M. S. Bezsmertnaya, Ed., "Nauka": Moscow, USSR, 1973; Chem. Abstr., 81, 1 0 0 2 0 (1974). ~ (E-32) Mastins, H., Jones, J. B., Nesbitt, R. W., J. Geol. SOC.Australia, 19, 217-24 (1972). (E-33) Medlin, J. H., Suhr, N. H., Bodkin, J. B., Kim. Sanayi, 21, 21-34 (1973). (E-34) Medved, J., Plsko, E., Cubinek, J., Acta Geol. Georg. Univ. Comenianae, Geol., 27, 18394 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 81, 1304242 ,
I
(1974). (E-35) Novikov, V. M., Shiryaeva, V. A,, Khaltueva, V. K., Ezheg., lnst. Geokhim., Sib. Old., Akad. Nauk SSSR 1972, 476-80 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 81, 13048% (1974). (E-36) Ooghe, W., Verbeek, Anal. Chim. Acta, 73, 87-95 (1974). (E-37) Peck, L. C., "Systematic Analysis of Silicates", U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1170, 1964, 89 PP. (E-38) Riandey, C., Pinta, M., Analusis, 2, 179-85 (1973). (E-39) Rubeska. I., Kem. Kozlem, 41, 195-203 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 81, 85450s (1974). (E-40) Saavedra, J., Garcia Sanchez, A,, Rodriguez Perez, S..Chem. Geol., 13, 135-39 (1974). (E-41) Sass, A,, lnfs. Chim., 227-35 (1972). (E-42) Schultz, J. I., Bell, R . K., Rains, T. C.. Menis, O., Methods of Analysis of NBS Clay Standards, Nat. Bur. Stand. Spec. Publ., 260-37, 1972, 86 pp. (E-43) Shock, H. H., Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem., 263, 100-7 (1973). (E-44) Shapiro. L., "Rapid Analysis of Silicate, Phosphate, and Carbonate Rocks", rev. ed., U.S. Geol. Survey Bull., 1401, 1975. (E-45) Shiryaeva, V. A,, Novikov, V. M., Grigor'eva, V. A., Ezheg., lnst. Geokhim., Sib. Otd., Akad. Nauk SSSR 1972, 471-5, 1973; Chem. Abstr., 81, 1 3 0 4 7 8 ~(1974). (E-46) Shuvalova, N. I., Stoiyarova, I. A,, Shcherbovich, G. V., Anal. Metody Geokhlm. Issled., Mater. Geokhim. Conf., 4th 1970, 45-9, E. M. Kvyatkovakii, Ed., Leningrad. Gorn. Inst., Leningrad, USSR, 1972: Chem. Abstr., 81, 32811d (1974). (E-47) Terashima, S., Bull. Geol. Survey, Japan, 23, 287-304 (1972). (E-48) Terashima. S., Chishitsu Chosajo Geppo, 24, 469-85 (1973): Chem. Abstr.;81, 32921q (1974). (E-49) Tertian, R., Geninasca. R.. X-Ray Spectrom., 1, 83-92 (1972). (E-50) Vas'kova, A. G., Avilov, V. B., Vop. Litol. Geokhim. Vulkanogenno-Osad. Obrazov. Yuga Dal'nego Vostoka 1971,248-51, E. A. Kireeva, Ed., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Dal'nevost. Geol. Inst.; Chem. Abstr., 81, 1304361 (1974). (E-51) Walthall. F. G., J. Res. U.S. Geol. Survey, 2, 61-71 (1974). (E-52) Wittkopp, R., O'Day, M.. Anal. Lett., 6, 1021-28 (1973).
Ferrous Metallurgy W. A. Straub and J. K. Hurwitz U . S . Steel Corporation, Research Laboratory, 125 Jamison Lane, Monroeville, PA 75 146
This review covers the period from November 1972 through October 1974, and is a continuation of previous reviews:The search of Chemical Abstracts was aided by the Knowledge Availability Service Center a t the University of Pittsburgh. The other source used was Analytical Abstracts. Following each citation in the Literature Cited, either the Chemical Abstract ( C A ) volume and abstract numbers or the corresponding Analytical Abstract ( A A )numbers are given. Because of the increased emphasis on the analysis and use of prereduced ores, iron has been added to the elements surveyed for this review. Authors have not been supplied wlth free reprlnts for distribution. Extra coples of the revlew Issue may be obtalned from Special Issues Sales, ACS, 1155 18th St., N.W., Washlngton, DC 20036. Remlt $4 for domestic U.S. orders; add $0.50 for addltbnal postage for foreign destlnatlons.
112R
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, BOOKS, AND REVIEWS In the past few years, several symposia, colloquia, and conferences have been held with part or all of the proceedings being devoted to analytical problems in ferrous metallurgy (2, 18, 81, 244). Several general books and reviews on the analysis of ferrous alloys and ores have also been published (19, 242, 261, 492, 493), with particular emphasis on the analysis of raw materials, ores, slags, and metal powders by X-ray, emission, and nuclear methods (72, 151, 162, 163, 190, 489, 543). The analysis of steels and ferroalloys for trace elements has been reviewed (282,291,562).A new book on the determination of gases in metals (352) and an extensive review on the determination of nonmetallic incluin have appeared ( I 5 ) . Atomic absorption spectrometry has continued attract-
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, A P R I L 1975
Wllllam A. Slraub, Associate Research Consultant, U.S. Steel Corporation, Research Laboratory, Monroeville, PA, has been with U.S. Steel since obtaining his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1958. As a Research Chemist, he has been active mainly in the areas of inclusion analyses by thermal methods and in the application of Ion-selective electrodes and other electrochemical devices for both laboratory and piant use, particularly in continuous process monitors. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, has served as the chairman of the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh, and has worked on the Pittsburgh Conference committee in various capacities.
J. K. Hurwitz is an Associate Research Consultant at the Research Laboratory, United States Steel Corporation In Monroeville, PA. Previously, he was Senior Scientific Officer at the Mines Branch, Government of Canada in Ottawa, Canada. He received his B.A.Sc. in Engineering Physics and M.A. and Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Toronto. His research interests include method development in emission spectroscopy, spectrochemical applications of computers, development of standard materials for optical and X-ray emission spectrometric analysis, and ion-sputtering sources. He is the author or coauthor of 24 papers in scientific journals and a book, and has contributed papers to two symposia published by the American Society for Testing and Materials. He is an honorary member and a past president of the Spectroscopy Society of Canada and a member and a past secretary of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy.
ing attention as evidenced by the number of reviews covering the application of this method to steels and related materials (34, 207, 209, 216, 260, 287, 305, 458, 459, 541). Bibliographies of computer usage in the physical and chemical testing of steels (128) and the automation of chemical analysis of steels (344) have been published. Applications of ion-selective electrodes in ferrous analysis have been summarized (222).
ALUMINUM As in past years, significant work is still being done on the determination of aluminum in steels and related materials. Atomic Absorption. Several studies of the comparison of various methods of spectral and chemical analysis of steels ( 8 4 ) ,ferroalloys (354,495),and ores (290)with atomic absorption have been presented. A number of reports on the determination of aluminum in steels by nitrous oxideacetylene flames (208, 219, 269, 459) and graphite furnace (217 , 3 7 5 )have appeared. Gravimetric and Volumetric. A gravimetric method has been described for aluminum in ferrotitanium ( 3 9 ) , steels ( 8 6 ) ,and ferrotungsten (516) by compleximetric titration. Spectrophotometry. Methods were evaluated using Eriochrome Cyanine R (179, 204, 393), oxine (384), sulfachrome (332),chromazurol S with s-zephiramine (379),ferron (1961, alizarine fluorine blue (243), aluminon (223), methylthymol blue (514),and xylenol orange (515). Emission Spectrometry. A number of generalized methods were described for slags and ores ( 5 7 ) ,limestones (343),cast iron (246, 396), and steels (328, 358). A plasmajet (247) and glow-discharge or ion-sputtering sources (492)were evaluated for potential use in steel analysis. X-Ray Fluorescence. Ores and blast furnace fines (124, 191, 425) were analyzed by X-ray techniques. Minor and
trace impurities were also determined in steels (104, 483). Nuclear Methods. Ores and ore concentrates (70, 134, 146, 231), irradiated by either fast or thermal neutrons, have been analyzed. Neutron activation analysis of highpurity iron, steels, and ferroalloys (7, 125, 337) has been reported. Other Methods. Polarography (335),thin layer chromatography ( 9 6 ) ,and Auger spectroscopy (87) have been applied to the determination of aluminum.
ANTIMONY The determination of this element in ferrous materials has been accomplished by a number of techniques. Spectrophotometric. Antimony has been determined in steels by safranine-0 ( g o ) , methylfluorone (298), and 4( N -methyl-2-anabasineazo)resorcinol(507). Atomic Absorption. Alloys have been analyzed both with a flame source (44, 173, 216) and a graphite-well furnace (217 ) . X-Ray and Emission Spectrometry. Cast irons have been analyzed both by dc and ac arc excitation (246, 304). Several general X-ray procedures have been presented for steel analysis (201,234). Nuclear Methods. Papers pertaining to the analysis of high-purity iron (117,135,136,326)have appeared. Polarography. Two methods of interest have been published (335, 508) covering the polarographic analysis of steel for antimony. ARSENIC This element has been determined by a number of methods. Titration. Arsenic in ores has been measured by an extraction-redox titration (279). Spectrophotometric. Methods have appeared covering the determination in high-purity iron (133) and steels by molybdenum-blue ( 171, 192, 445), and diethyldithiocarbamate (65). Atomic Absorption. Two papers have shown the utility of atomic absorption for arsenic determinations (44, 365). X-Ray and Emission Spectrometry. Two papers described the specific determination of arsenic in ferromolybdenum (132)and steel (278),while the general applicability of these methods to arsenic determinations was covered in a number of publications (201,234, 328, 358). Nuclear Methods. Again, a number of studies have shown the usefulness of neutron activation analysis in ore, high-purity iron, and steel (117, 135, 136, 146,262, 326). BERYLLIUM The determination of beryllium in ores and slags by emission spectrography was reported (57). BISMUTH Volumetric. A compleximetric titration procedure for bismuth in ferrous materials has been reviewed (252). Electrochemical. Stripping voltammetry (253) and differential cathode-ray polarography (335) have been applied to iron and steel analyses for bismuth. Spectrophotometric. Bismuth has been determined in steel with methylthymol blue (98)and in steel and cast iron with quinoxaline-2,3-dithiol ( 113). Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence. Atomic absorption analysis of cast iron with graphite-well furnace excitation (2171, and of steels, including high-alloy steels, by either conventional absorption (216, 488) or fluorescence (228) has been reported. Emission Spectrometry. Cast iron (107, 246) and iron-
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, A P R I L 1975 s 1 1 3 R
base alloy chips or drillings (36) have been analyzed spectrographically.
BORON Atomic Absorption. Boron was determined indirectly in steel by solvent extraction with tris( 1,lO-phenanthrolinelcadmium I1 and measurement of the cadmium absorbance (215).The sensitivity is 0.005 ppm boron. Neutron Activation. Methods for determining boron in steel by alpha-particle spectrometry (322, 392) and gamma-ray spectrometry (221) have been described. In the first reference, samples were exposed to a beam of thermal neutrons to determine boron on surfaces. CADMIUM Stripping voltammetry (252) from solution, and atomic absorption both from solution (354) and from the solid state in a graphite furnace (324) have been used for the analysis of iron and some ferroalloys for cadmium.
CALCIUM A microcompleximetric titration of calcium with EDTA following removal of interfering elements in steel has appeared (288), while conventional wet chemical methods have been adapted for rapid analysis of slags (266). Spectrophotometry. Calcium in pig iron was determined with methylthymol blue (99), in ores, agglomerates in steel by arsenazo I11 (254),and in steels with chlorphosphonazo I11 (556). Atomic Absorption. Calcium traces in stainless steels have been determined by an extraction-atomic absorption method (216). Emission and X-Ray Spectral Methods. A comparison of various methods of ore analysis that includes the determination of calcium appeared (290). Optimum conditions for an X-ray microanalytical determination in steels have been published (483).A number of papers on the X-ray fluorescence analysis of ores (302, 425), ores and fines (124), and automatic X-ray analysis of ores (301)and lime sinters (394),are presented. Two studies of sample preparation of ores and agglomerates prior to emission spectrographic (57)or a combination of emission and X-ray methods (265) have appeared. Neutron Activation. This technique has been applied to the analysis of ores (273)for calcium.
CARBON Electrochemical. Three coulometric analyzers were discussed for analyzing steel for carbon in the range from 0.001 to 2% (53, 226). Another coulometric analyzer has been described in which the solution containing the resulting carbon dioxide is titrated a t constant current and the end point is detected spectrophotometrically (353). Ferroalloys (3, 548) and high-alloy steels (194) have been analyzed using coulometric and potentiometric titration. Volumetric. One method for determining carbon in steel and cast iron involves the absorption of carbon dioxide in dimethylformamide and the titration of the resulting solution with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide with thymolphthalein as the indicator (546). Probe Analysis. Three papers describing electron-microprobe analysis of steel for carbon content have been published (145, 453, 502). These results have been applied to case-depth determinations and analysis of amorphous substances adhering to or formed on steel surfaces. A comment on the first paper was also published (166). A fieldion atom probe was applied to the determination of carbon segregation to grain boundaries in iron (530).The distribu114R
tion of carbon in thin stainless-steel specimens was determined with a nuclear microprobe (412). Emission Spectrometry. Two papers have been published that describe the determination of carbon with vacuum spectrometers (89, 321). In the first paper, the effect of the structure of cast iron on results is correlated with source capacitance and arcing time. In the second paper, the effect of aluminum content on carbon determinations is expressed quantitatively. An air-path emission spectrometer was used to perform a layer-by-layer analysis t o determine the distribution of carbon in diffusion coatings on steel, e.g., case hardening (272).In a similar application, a glow-discharge (ion-sputtering) source was used for the analysis of stainless steel (54).A method and apparatus for microanalysis of high-alloy steels for carbon content have also been described (536). Infrared Spectrometry. Three methods (156, 300, 420) have been described for the infrared absorption measurement of carbon content (as carbon dioxide) in steel and pig iron. Data reduction with a computer is also discussed (300). Sulfur content can also be determined a t the same time. Thermal Analysis. A German patent (456)describes an apparatus for the determination of carbon in molten iron. Another apparatus (109) is used for the simultaneous determination of carbon and sulfur extracted from a steel or ore sample placed in a high-temperature furnace. Fusion Methods. Two furnaces (372, 537) are described for the extraction of carbon from steel and ferrovanadium samples or cast iron samples. In the first reference, the sample is dropped into an oxygen-saturated bath composed of 85% nickel and 15% iron. In the second reference, lumpsized cast iron samples are melted in an oxygen atmosphere by a spark-ignited arc, which is directed to the sample by a magnetic field. The use of this apparatus eliminates the need for matching or drilling cast iron samples and the consequent loss of carbon occurring as free graphite in the samples. Gamma-Activation Analysis. Carbon in steel and ferromanganese is extracted from a gamma-ray irradiated sample in an oxygen atmosphere a t 1150 OC (193).The radioactive carbon dioxide is absorbed in sodium hydroxide, and its activity is measured with a limit of detection of approximately 0.2 part per million.
CHROMIUM Spectrophotometric. Chromium was determined in steel with diphenylcarbazide (1.6, 51 7, 5 4 0 ) , triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid ( 6 0 ) ,and EDTA (264).Three rapid spectrophotometric methods were also described for this determination in low-alloy and stainless steels (64, 175, 422). In the last method, the sample surface is contacted with 0.2 ml of aqua regia, this solution is oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate, and the color is developed with dip henylcarbazide. Volumetric and Electrochemical. A method for the volumetric determination of chromium in steel and stainless steels using p-arsono-N-phenylanthranilic [2-(4-arsono-anilino)benzoic] acid as an indicator (376),two coulometric titration methods (48, 323), and one potentiometric method (25)have been described. X-Ray Fluorescence. Computer methods are described for interference corrections in the determination of chromium in iron, low-alloy steels, and stainless steels (1, 77). A portable energy-dispersive spectrometer is also described for this determination in steel (184).X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study passivated surfaces of stainless steels (389,498) and tin-free steel (454).
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 4 7 , NO. 5, APRIL 1975
Atomic Absorption. A combined volumetric atomicabsorption method was described for determining divalent chromium and iron in slags (444). A review (341) and a committee report (459) have been published describing interference effects on the determination of chromium in steel. Four other methods have been published describing this determination in stainless steel (410),in low- and highalloy steels using an air-acetylene flame (199, 402), and in low-alloy steel using a tantalum-filament atomizer (340). Emission Spectrometry. Chromium was determined directly in molten slag with ac arc excitation (139). Self-absorption was reduced in laser-microprobe analysis of steel by decreasing the energy output of the laser and the sparkcircuit resistance, increasing the spark voltage and sparkcircuit capacitance. and blowing argon through the analytical gap (315). Polarography. One method was published for this determination in low-alloy and stainless steels (14). Atomic Fluroescence. Chromium was determined in steel by this technique (381),but iron must be removed because it interferes with this determination. Neutron Activation. Steel samples may be analyzed by this method by absorbing the dissolved sample on cellulose before irradiation (466). Electron Microprobe. Two papers describe the determination of chromium segregation in high-alloy steel (534) and stainless steel (549).
COBALT Spectrophotometric. Essentially micro methods for the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt in steels have been developed and/or evaluated using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (5, 390), 1-(2-pyridylazo)2-naphthol( 5 ) , picraminazo-rn-phenylenediamine (370), 2-[(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-5- (diethy1amino)phenol (205), Na( EDTA) ( I 651, and 2-thiovioluric acid (158). Nitroso-R salt has been applied to ore analyses ( I 40, 150). Atomic Absorption. Pure iron, carbon, and stainless steels have been analyzed for cobalt by atomic absorption techniques (119, 355). X-Ray and Emission Spectrometry. Carbon steel has been analyzed for cobalt by emission methods (550), while ferronickel has'been examined by X-ray fluorescence methods (506). Nuclear Methods. Special steels (5631, stainless-steel surfaces (442), and high-purity iron have been analyzed for cobalt by neutron activation methods (337). Electrochemical. Reports have been issued on the determination of cobalt by controlled potential coulometry (103), amperometry (320), and anodic stripping analysis
in high-purity iron and low-alloy steels by X-ray fluorescence has been reported (104,201). Nuclear Methods. Fourteen MeV neutrons have been used for copper in steels (200, 532). Thermal neutron activation analysis of high-purity iron (117, 135, 337) and ores (134) has been described. Electrochemical. Stripping voltammetry (253), polarography (12), and amperometry (62) have been applied to copper determinations in steels.
GALLIUM Aside from the use of neutron activation methods for the determination of gallium (117, 135, 136, 262, 326) in highpurity iron, it has also been separated by either solvent extraction (123) or column chromatography (474) and determined by flame emission spectrometry.
GERMANIUM This element has been measured in ores spectrographically (131), and in steels by spark source mass spectrography (250), neutron activation (560), and an extractionphotometric method with o-phenylfluorone (445). GOLD Ores have been analyzed by a catalytic method (154) and by a neutron capture method (146), while steels have been analyzed exclusively by neutron activation ( I 17, 172, 262, 326), all a t the parts-per-billion (ppb) level.
HAFNIUM Neutron activation with subsequent extraction and counting (191) and vacuum emission spectrometry (336) have been reported for steel analyses.
HALOGENS Neutron or charged-particle activation of chloride in ores (146) and in passivated layers on stainless steels (442) has been attempted. Radioisotope sources have been evaluated for process control, such as in X-ray fluorescence analyzers for fluoride in slags and fluxes (334). More conventional fluoride analyses in slags and fluxes have been performed with ion selective electrodes (249) and spectrophotometrically with cerium-alizarin complexan (426).
HELIUM Fuel-element cladding steels were analyzed by a helium isotope-ratio/mass spectrometric method ( I 18), requiring the incorporation of 3He atoms into vaporized samples of steel before irradiation. GASES
(29).
COPPER Copper has been determined in steels titrimetrically (447) and the results were compared with those obtained with gravimetric and spectrophotmetric methods (152). 2,P'-Biquinolyl, azo derivatives of salicylaldoxime and rubeanic acid, have been used for the spectrophotometric analysis of steels (8,276, 511). Atomic Absorption. This method has been used for cast irons and steels (84, 198, 208, 236, 328) and for the ferroalloys, ferromanganese ( I 73, 174), ferrosilicon (354), and ferrovanadium (206). X-Ray and Emission Methods. Copper in cast iron (246, 482), ferrous materials (358), and limestones (343) has been determined spectrographically. Sample preparation of diverse ferrous material for X-ray and emission analysis was discussed (265). The determination of copper
Gases in weld pores were sampled under vacuum (153) and in a gas buret (418) and the released gases analyzed chromatographically. A vacuum extraction-gas chromatographic method has also been applied to gases trapped in slags (448).
HYDROGEN Hydrogen in steel has been determined by measuring the rate of vacuum degassing (176); with hot extraction (512), inert gas fusion (42, 299, 303, 464), degassing with carrier gas (71), and by thermal decomposition a t 2500 "C (512). Hydrogen evolved from worked surfaces has been measured chromatographically (251), while the hydrogen content of basic slag has been vacuum-degassed and measured manometrically (329). Miscellaneous. A lithium nuclear microprobe has been applied to depth profile studies of hydrogen a t surfaces
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 4 7 , NO. 5, APRIL 1975
115R
(404).In another unique approach, hydrogen occlusions on surfaces were revealed by a reaction between vacuum-deposited neodymium and the surface hydrogen to produce hydride sites detectable by electron microscopy (518). Emission spectrometry was used to determine hydrogen and oxygen in a steel cathode. An inert gas sheath protected the discharge from air (27). Sampling. Four different sampling methods were evaluated as to their effect on the measurement of hydrogen (164),while the influence of the condition of the steel surface was assessed for its effect on hydrogen recovery during analysis (143).
INCLUSIONS One general review with 95 references has appeared concerned with the determination of nonmetallic inclusions (15), while several papers covering the uses of the Quantimet image analyzing computer (270) and the electron microprobe (45, 451) for inclusion work have also been published. A flow sheet is given for the extraction of oxides, carbides, and nitrides in steels (472). Oxides. Bromine-methyl acetate extraction has been used to isolate ferrous oxide and manganese oxide from rimmed, killed, low-carbon steels, and cast irons (159, 327, 398). The use of bromine-methyl alcohol has been reported for the isolation of more stable oxides such as calcium aluminates and silicates (85, 121). Chlorination a t low pressure was recommended for the separation of oxides in isolated inclusion residues from chromium steels (56) and from ferrochromium (399). The composition of oxides in high-chromium steels was discussed although no mention was given of the mode of isolation (523). Laser microanalyzer excitation was used for the in-situ spectral analysis of oxides in steels, and for the quantitative analysis of small amounts of isolated oxide/inclusion residues (294, 388). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was also reported for the quantitative finish to an oxideinclusion method (383). Nonradioactive tracer-labeled slags and refractories have been used to trace the source and distribution of inclusions, originating from the tracers. The inoculated steels were activated by thermal neutrons (306)prior to measurement. Sulfides. Electrochemical isolation has been reported for the isolation of sulfides of iron and manganese in boiler and free-cutting steels (314, 524). Sulfides of tin and iron on the surface of tinplate have been determined based on the difference in solubility of the sulfides and the base metal in dilute hydrochloric acid (213). In-situ measurements of sulfides by microprobe techniques (450) and of sulfides and oxy-sulfides in alloy steels by an X-ray spectral microanalysis method (554)have been described. Carbides. A systematic electrochemical method has been proposed for isolation and determination of manganese compounds (including carbides, oxides, and sulfides) in carbon- and low-alloy steels (539).Carbide inclusions in alloy steels have been isolated by electrolysis in alcoholic hydrochloric acid solution (325) prior to phase analysis. Molybdenum and chromium carbides, in maraging steels (310), and carbonitrides, nitrides, and sulfides in alloy steels (525) have been separated electrolytically and analyzed by thermal decomposition in oxygen with measurement of the evolved gases. Vanadium carbides occurring in steel subjected to various heat treatments with working and aging have been isolated by an electrolytic method and results compared with a physical method of investigation (508). Field-ion atom probe analysis experiments on steel surfaces, including studies of small precipitates and the segregation of carbon 116R
to grain boundaries have been described (529, 530). Carbides in copper steels can be isolated with an acidic electrolyte and anodic dissolution (477). Nitrides and Borides. Cold nitric acid has been successfully employed for the isolation of nitrides in low-carbon and higher carbon steels (280). Several different methods have been studied for the isolation and analysis of boron carbonitrides, boron oxides, and boronitrides in steels (240, 387). The latter paper describes the use of attenuated total reflectance infrared spectrometry for trace amounts of boronitrides in steels. Miscellaneous. Cold nitric acid a t various low temperatures has been evaluated for the isolation of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and molybdenum carbides, nitrides, sulfides, and oxides. Some vanadium and molybdenum compounds are unstable in cold nitric acid (282). X-Ray diffraction was used for the determination of titanium-nickel carbides in chromium-nickel stainless steels (88).The use of contact microradiography in inclusion distribution analyses was covered (129),while the advantages of various combinations of light microscopy, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy were extolled for inclusion studies (78). INDIUM Armco iron has been assayed a t the ppb level for indium by activation methods (262). IRON Volumetric. Two methods are described for determining metallic and divalent iron in ores (182) and metallic iron in ores and slags (286). X-Ray Fluorescence and Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Papers were published describing X-ray fluorescence analysis of iron ore for iron using a radioactive source (350) and photoelectron spectroscopy of passive films on stainless steels (498). Mossbauer Spectrometry. This technique has been used to determine the ferrite content in stainless-steel welds and castings (463),the ratio of divalent iron to trivalent iron in ores (431),and magnetite, hematite, ferric hydroxide, ferrous chloride, and ferric phosphate in corrosion products (316,348,349). N e u t r o n Activation. Three methods for analysis of iron ore for iron have been published (76, 137, 273). The moisture content may also be determined a t the same time. X-Ray Fluoroescence. Hematite ore slurries are analyzed by this technique to determine their iron contents (441). Silicon is also determined if 10% or more is present. Radioactive sources of cadmium and iron are used to excite the characteristic radiations. Photometric Analysis. This method was used to determine iron, tungsten, and nickel in the presence of large concentrations of each other in hard-facing alloys (395). LEAD Titration. The determination of lead in ferrous materials by compleximetric titration (252)and in alloys and concentrates by titration with photometric or amperometric end-point indication has been reported (319). Spectrophotometric. Lead has been determined with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol(189) and by an indirect iodine method (296)for alloys and free-cutting steels. Electrochemical. Pure iron has been analyzed by an anodic stripping method (253) and cast irons and steels have been subjected to cathode-ray polarographic lead analyses (335). Atomic Absorption. A graphite furnace (324, 468) and
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, APRIL 1975
more typically, air-acetylene flames (44, 173, 174, 191, 269) were applied to the analysis of steel and ferroalloys for lead. Emission a n d X-Ray Spectrometry. Spectrographic methods were applied to alloy chips and drillings (36) and to cast iron (246). Impurity lead in steels has been determined by an X-ray spectral microanalytical method (483) and by X-ray fluorescence excitation (201, 342). LITHIUM Either an extraction-photometric method with nitroanthranilazo or flame photometry is useful for the determination of lithium in oxides or steels (533). MAGNESIUM Rapid wet chemical methods have been adapted for the analysis of slags for magnesium and other elements (266). Spectrophotometry. Steels, ferrous alloys, and cast irons, particularly, were analyzed either by a polarographic method using 8-hydroxyquinoline or photometrically with titan yellow ( 1 3 ) , 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3- (2-hydroxy-lnaphthy1azo)benzenesulfonic acid (317 ) , or sodium 5-(3nitropheny1azo)salicylate (20). Atomic Absorption. This technique has been applied to the determination of magnesium in cast iron (271) after electrolytic dissolution of a portion of the sample, and in a more generalized procedure for the analysis of ferrosilicon (354). Emission a n d X-Ray Methods. Ferrous materials and other nonmetallic samples have been analyzed both by spectrographic (292) and by X-ray fluorescence methods (265);ores and fines have also been examined by X-ray fluorescence (28).Ore concentrates on a moving belt have also been subjected to continuous X-ray analysis for magnesium and other elements (237).Several comparative studies of instrumental analyses of ores and slags by emission, X-ray, atomic absorption, and automatic colorimetry have appeared (57, 290). MANGANESE Gravimetric a n d Titrimetric Methods. Brilliant yellow has been used as a precipitant for manganese in cast iron and ferromanganese (433).Multicomponent mixtures containing manganese have been titrated potentiometrically (25, 147) and coulometrically (309, 376). Compleximetric titration methods applied to ferromanganese have appeared (49,359). Spectrophotometric. Formaldoxime (28) and 4-(2-pyridy1azo)resorcinol (380),as color-forming reagents, and permanganate (64, 238, 245) have been reported for the analysis of steels, ores, slags, and ferroalloys. Electrochemical. A polarographic method for manganese in manganese-molybdenum steels has been developed (12). Atomic Absorption a n d Atomic Fluorescence. Manganese in low- and high-alloy steels, ferrovanadium, and ferrosilicon has been measured by atomic absorption, and in alloyed steels up to 25% chromium by atomic fluorescence (199,206,208,354,381). Emission a n d X-Ray Spectrometry. The following are typical of the work being reported on the determination of manganese in ferrous materials by emission spectrographic methods; in ores ( 5 7 ) ,cast iron (482),steels (26, 138),highalloy steels ( 5 5 ) ,and by plasma jet excitation (248).Similarly, with X-ray fluorescence methods; ores (425), highpurity irons and low-alloy steels (104, 173, 174, 201, 233), and stainless steel (347)have been analyzed. Neutron Activation. Several publications have ap-
peared specifically devoted to the determination of manganese in high-purity iron (491),ores and ferroalloys ( 6 ) , and in steels 362, 408). MERCURY Neutron activation has been reportedly used for this determination in iron ores (146). MOLYBDENUM There appears to be no dearth of methods being developed or evaluated for the determination of molybdenum in steels and cast irons as attested by the number of references found. Titrimetric a n d Electrochemical Methods. Molybdenum has been determined in ferromolybdenum by an indirect EDTA back-titration method, both with (429) and without (421) extraction prior to titration, and in steels by direct titration (86). Amperometric titrations with diantipyrinylmethane (331) and ferrocene (485)have been reported, while oscillopolarographic determinations of molybdenum in steel in glyceric acid (256) and lactic acid (112)supporting electrolytes have been performed. Spectrophotometric. The extraction-photometric determination of molybdenum as the thiocyanate complex in steels and cast irons has been examined (30, 59, 406, 462), as has the use of mixed thiocyanate complexes such as SCN--diphenylguanidine (141), SCN--2-benzyl-aminopyridine (415), and SCN--mercaptobenzo-y-thiopyrone (455). Other reagents that have been applied to the extractionspectrophotometric determination of molybdenum are: butanol-benzene in the presence of thiosulfate (437),zephiramine-stilbazo (402), zephiramine-tiron (370), antipyrinep-nitrophenylfluorone (357), isonicotinic acid 2-hydroxy1-naphthal-hydrazide (417), 2,6,7-trihydroxy-9-(4-nitrophenyl)xanthen-3-one ( 3 7 ) , phenylfluorone ( 6 1 ) , acid chrome blue black ( l o o ) ,oxine (211),and pyrocatechol violet (423). Direct photometric methods have been described that utilize chrome blue black RF extra (264), sulfonitrazo (130),and cis- 1,2-dimercapto-succinonitrile (108). Atomic Absorption. Two general papers that covered the determination of molybdenum in ferromolybdenum and in steels have appeared (173, 208). Several other papers dealing with the problems of interferences in the atomic absorption determination of molybdenum and their solution have been published (339,341,432,538). Emission a n d X-Ray Fluorescence. Aside from two papers concerning the use of X-ray methods for the determination of molybdenum in welding materials, steels, and cast irons (77, 559), a number of papers describing the more general applicability of these methods in steel analysis have appeared (94,174,234,265,328,482). Miscellaneous. Neutron activation (363) of steel turnings for the determination of molybdenum, and Auger electron spectroscopy of stainless-steel surfaces to detect surface molybdenum after rolling have been described (43). Field-ion atom probe analysis of precipitates in 4 to 5% molybdenum-bearing ferrous alloys was reported (529). NICKEL This element has been determined by a variety of methods, although spectral methods have predominated in the last two years. Spectrophotometric. Low levels of nickel in steel have been determined by rubeanic acid ( 8 ) , thiooxine (543),and n-methylanabasine-0’-azo-p-cresol (313), while dimethyl-
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47,
NO. 5, APRIL 1975 * 1 1 7 R
glyoxime has been used for large amounts in hard-facing alloys (395). Nickel in plated coatings has been determined with a highly sensitive nickel-test paper (212). Electrochemical. Anodic stripping analysis of high-purity iron has been reported (29). Atomic Absorption. Low-alloy (84, 355) and high-alloy steels (199), and ferrosilicon, ferrovanadium, and ferromanganese (173, 174, 206, 354) have been analyzed by atomic absorption. Emission and X-Ray Spectrometry. A number of general methods for nickel by emission spectrometry (26, 55, 94, 328, 449, 482, 535), and X-ray fluorescence (77, 104, 201,347,473,506) have appeared. Chromium-nickel steels have been characterized for homogeneity (549) and for the composition of the a-phase (224) by electron microscopy. Mass Spectrometry. Various parameters affecting the accuracy of spark-source mass spectrometry have been studied (250), while ion-sputtering mass spectrometry was used for depth profile studies of stainless-steel surfaces (442, 496).
Neutron Activation. Aside from several general activation methods for the determination of traces of nickel in iron (136,326) and ores (134),chromium-nickel alloys have been analyzed both for the bulk composition (563) and for the composition of the passivated layers (442) by activation methods. Miscellaneous. X-Ray photoelectron spectrometry has also been applied to the study of passive films on stainless steel (498). NIOBIUM Gravimetric. Ferroniobium has been analyzed gravimetrically by 8-hydroxyquinoline (283). Spectrophotometric. Ferroalloys and steels, including stainless steel, have been analyzed by a number of colorforming reagents including thiocyanate (545), 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol(TAM) (522), pyrogallol (513), 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol(PAR) (481), gallic acidaniline (11), benzene sulfohydroxamic acid (188), mixed complexes of n-phenylacetohydroxamic acid and thiocyanate or catechol (197), and finally in a comparative study of thiocyanate, chlorosulphophenol-S, catechol violet, and PAR (405). Atomic Absorption. Only one paper appeared describing the analysis of steels for niobium by atomic absorption (338).
Emission and X-Ray Spectrometry. AC spark excitation both in the near (187, 277) and vacuum ultraviolet (336) has been reported for niobium analysis. The high-frequency plasma torch has also been applied to the spectrochemical analysis of steels (369). A chemical concentration method has been reported as a prior step to an X-ray fluorescence measurement of niobium (293) in steel. Electrochemical. AC polarography (31) and an amperometric titration (181) have been used for niobium determinations.
Reductive extraction with hydrogen has been used to determine liberated nitrogen coulometrically (281 ) and volumetrically (168). High-temperature inert gas fusion has also been evaluated in an commercial apparatus (23). Miscellaneous. Traces of nitrogen in pure iron were determined by an isotopic dilution method (289), and discharge conditions were investigated in the spectrographic analysis for nitrogen in steel (479).
OXYGEN The development of various new methods and modified old methods for rapid oxygen analysis in steels continues unabated. As before, significant emphasis has been placed on determinations in the molten metal. A new book was released (352) that covers all aspects of the determination of gases in metals. Several reviews of available instrumentation and methods for the successive determination of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in steels have also been published (21,50,318,439,475). Two studies that compared various methods for oxygen determinations have been reported by the British Steel Corp. (80, 460). Sampling of molten steel for oxygen analysis has been reviewed (79),and two specific sampling methods are evaluated (275,356). Fusion Methods. Vacuum fusion equipment (561) and oxygen in steel standards (74, 75) were evaluated by several laboratories. The vacuum-hot extraction process was applied to gray cast iron (397) and to a chromium-nickel steel (58), the latter in a ten-laboratory round-robin analysis. Inert gas fusion with argon carrier gas was compared with vacuum fusion analysis for some special steels (520). Emission Spectrometry. The effects of counter-electrode material (478) and of annealing (22) on the spectrographic determination of oxygen were reported. Oxygen in nitrided layers of steels was also determined spectrographically (480) and in steel (21). Neutron Activation. Fourteen-MeV neutron activation methods of oxygen analysis have been applied to ores (76), and to steels (200, 364, 532). A y-ray activation method as carbon dioxide has with subsequent separation of been proposed for oxygen analysis (110). Electrochemical Probes. Two reviews of the theory and operation of oxygen probes in process control (467, 490) have been published; similarly, the proceedings of a BISRA conference on process control contains a section on electrochemical methods of analysis on molten metals (811. The determination of oxygen activity and its practical use in controlling deoxidation have. been discussed (40, 391, 409).
NITROGEN
A number of electrochemical oxygen probes have been developed, and their use described (24, 106, 416, 427). Specific solid electrolytes mentioned were alumina-zirconia ( 5 5 1 ) , zirconia, hafnia, mullite, and magnesia (510), and zirconia (111, 160, 168-170, 177, 235, 239, 259, 443). Chromium-chromium oxide was the oxygen reference material in most cases, although carbon-carbon dioxide, molybdenum-molybdenum oxide, and air were also used. Mass Spectrometry. Oxygen and nitrogen are both determinable in iron and steel by spark source methods (385).
Two similar distillation-spectrophotometric methods for soluble nitrogen utilizing the indophenol blue method have been recommended (268,558). Optimum conditions for the fusion of insoluble nitride residues from stainless steels have been established (504). Fusion Methods. Vacuum fusion has been used with an external chromatographic analyzer (497) for nitrogen determinations. Several chemical and vacuum extraction methods for nitrogen are compared (241 ).
Because of the importance of the surface of stainless steels, a number of methods have been used to characterize their passive films. X-Ray fluorescence methods (with either proton or electron excitation) have been applied (230, 361), as have neutron activation (442) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, ESCA (389).
118R
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, APRIL 1975
OXIDE FILMS
Glow discharge excitation of the surfaces of stainless steel and Inconel with subsequent spectrographic analysis of the excited radiation has been reported ( 5 4 ) . Tin-free steel and iron surfaces have also been studied by ESCA (454)and Auger electron (373)techniques. PHOSPHORUS Methods for determining total phosphorus in a variety of samples have been summarized in a recently published book ( 7 3 ) . T i t r i m e t r y a n d Spectrophotometry. The heteropoly complex molybdophosphate has been used in an extraction-amperometric titration determination of phosphorus (484) and in a number of direct spectrophotometric determinations on steels, slags, cast irons, ores, and concentrates (133, 264, 494, 503) and following extraction of traces from high-purity iron, steels, and ferroalloys (114, 133, 452). The molybdophosphate ion-association complex with crystal violet has also been employed (413). A molybdovanadate method is proposed that does not require the taking of a weighed sample (374).An indirect atomic absorption method, also based on the measurement of molybdenum in the extracted molybdophosphate, (38) has appeared. Emission a n d X-Ray Spectrometry. Slags (419), cast irons (482),and steels (26, 311) have been analyzed both by a vacuum emission spectrometer and a visual spectral analyzer. Several English reports have detailed the use of Xray fluorescence for phosphorus in high-purity irons and mild steels (202, 233). Low-alloy steels (104)and ferromanganese (424) have been analyzed as well for trace phosphorus. N e u t r o n Activation. While only high levels of phosphorus can be analyzed nondestructively (200, 532), low levels can be measured if the phosphorus is separated as the molybdophosphate complex (285) with the precipitate containing 99Mo-labeled M 0 0 4 ~ -and the molybdenum activity determined, either directly or after solvent extraction (125). Auger Electron Spectroscopy. This technique has been used to study the segregation of phosphorus in iron (469). POTASSIUM Both neutron activation (146) and flame photometry (353) have been used for the analysis of ores and ferrosilicon, respectively. RARE EARTHS Spectrophotometry. Three spectrophotometric methods have been described for determining rare earths (greater than 0.1%) in cast iron ( 4 ) ,cerium in steels (157),and cerium in stainless steel (505).In the last method, the presence of niobium interferes with this determination. Electrochemical. Cerium has been determined by amperometric and potentiometric titration with cupferron solution (346) in iron and steel as well as by coulometric titration (376).In the latter method, manganese and vanadium may be determined in the same solution. A separate end point is obtained for each component. Mass Spectrometry. Cerium in steel was determined by isotopic dilution and mass spectrometry (544). Samples were dissolved in hydrochloric acid and cerium was separated by ion exchange before completing the determinations. Results were confirmed by neutron activation analysis. A spark-source mass spectrometer was used to determine rare earths in pipeline steels (144). X-Ray Spectrometry. Two methods requiring the prep-
aration of fused and cast disks have been described for the determination of cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praeseodymium in steel (17,345).In the first method, sample millings are dissolved in nitric acid and dried. The residue is fused with borax and cast into a disk before analysis. T h e same authors report that the sample millings may also be compacted directly into a disk and analyzed. In the second method, the sample millings are dissolved in sulfuric acid and the rare earths precipitated as fluorides. These fluorides are then filtered, dried, and fused with sodium tetraborate. The cast disk is then analyzed. A similar method for determining cerium and lanthanum (440) and a direct method for determining cerium only (527) were also reported. N e u t r o n Activation. Two methods have been described for the direct determination of samarium and neodymium (322) and cerium and lanthanum (91) in steel. T o determine lanthanum (172, 263) and scandium and lanthanum (262) in steel a t concentrations in the parts-per-billion range, chemical separations were also used. Rare earths were also determined in ores by neutron activation methods (146,221). SAMPLING Further experiences with argon-atmosphere remelting furnaces to prepare samples of millings, drillings, or wire for emission spectrometric or X-ray fluorescence analysis have been published. In one paper (4871, the sample is mixed with aluminum as a deoxidant, and the mixture is melted in a low-pressure argon atmosphere. The resulting solid “button” is pore-free and suitable for analysis with a vacuum emission spectrometer. In a second paper (526), the samples are melted in argon and cast into small molds. Losses of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon are observed. These losses are predictable, and may be corrected. However, the authors report that zirconium cannot be determined with these remelted samples. Three other papers (347, 457, 461) report on recasting samples of stainless steel and ferroalloys. Sampling molds for steel-plant or foundry use are described in two papers (267, 411) and a patent (557).In the last instance, magnesium is used for deoxidation in place of the more-commonly used aluminum or zirconium. Therefore, the determination of aluminum and zirconium in a steel sample cast in this mold is now possible. Slags and ores may be fused into a bead or button with a common matrix suitable for analysis by X-ray fluorescence or emission spectrometry (105, 265, 528). In the second paper, the sample and flux are fused in a small graphite crucible surrounded by an argon atmosphere. The crucible and its contents are crushed, mixed with boric acid, and pressed into a pellet. This method has also been applied to steel analysis. T o extend the life of platinum crucibles used for fusing ferrous alloys, magnesium oxide may be added to the sodium carbonate-potassium carbonate fusion mixture, Preparation of sintered powders for standards and samples used in emission spectrographic analysis has been described in two papers (161, 307). Several investigations (79, 164, 225, 275, 304) have been reported on the development and investigation of sampling procedures for gases in steel and iron. A standard sample of carbon steel has been prepared and certified for oxygen and nitrogen content (476). Two methods of dissolution of a sample without weighing the sample have been published (271, 374). In the first method, a rod drawn from molten cast iron is cleaned and used as the anode during electrolysis for fixed time, current, and voltage in hydrochloric acid. The resulting solu-
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5 , APRIL 1975
119R
tion is analyzed by atomic absorption. In the second method, a bottomless paraffin wax cup is placed on the cleaned surface of a cast iron sample, and a fixed volume of nitric acid is poured into the cup. When the reaction ceases, the solution is analyzed for phosphorous. Two papers describe the pressure digestion of steel samples using a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined vessel (33, 219 ) . This technique was used for the determination of zirconium and aluminum in steel. The design and operation of an automatic sampler with computerized X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for the control of basicity of lime sinter has also been described (394).
SCANDIUM Neutron activation has been applied for the determination of scandium in high-purity iron requiring ion-exchange separations (117, 136) or radiochemical separations involving extraction or precipitation procedures (262). SELENIUM This element has been measured spectrophotometrically in steels and cast irons with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (189),by an indirect iodometric-amperometric titration (255), and by neutron activation in high-purity iron (326).
SILVER Trace levels of silver in ore have been determined by an extraction-photometric dithizone method (519) and in steel by an extraction-atomic absorption method (229), both a t the to lo-*% level. Neutron activation has also been used (136, 326) for high-purity iron analyses. SODIUM The analysis of ferrosilicon by atomic absorption has been reported (354), while the electron microprobe has been used to characterize the distribution and profile of sodium on a corroded surface (180). SILICON Neutron Activation. Several methods have been published describing the determination of silicon in ores (70, 76, 273, 441 ); ferrosilicon ( 7 ) ;blast-furnace slags, steelmaking slags, and fluorspars (115); steel (125); and cast iron (116).
X-Ray Fluorescence and Diffraction. Two methods for determining silicon in ores (195, 394) by X-ray fluorescence and one method by X-ray diffraction (69) have been described. The last method determines silica with a portable X-ray diffractometer containing an iron-55 radiation source. Emission Spectrometry. Chromite ores and concentrates are analyzed with a high-voltage spark discharge after mixing the sample with graphite, boron, and copper powder and pressing this mixture into a disk. Boron is used as the internal standard and copper comprises 85% of the mixture (430). One point-to-plane method for this determination in aluminum-alloyed cast iron has been published (396).
Spectrophotometry. Three methods involving the molybdenum blue complex have been published for silicon determinations in high-purity iron (133) and cast iron (312, 503).
Volumetric, Two methods have been published for this determination in cast iron and carbon steels (531) and in chromium- and tungsten- bearing steels (555). Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Two atomic absorption methods requiring the fusion of the insoluble silicon-bearing residue have been described 120R
0
(203, 360). The fused button is dissolved in acid and atomized in an acetylene-nitrous oxide flame to complete the determination in slags, ores, and ferrovanadium. An indirect flame emission method has been published ( I 78), in which the sample is dissolved in a mixture of nitric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids and treated with potassium nitrate to form a precipitate. After removing the excess potassium and dissolving the precipitate in dilute hydrochloric acid, the potassium, and thus indirectly the silicon, are determined in a propane or butane flame. Gravimetric. A standard gravimetric method for silicon in iron ores has been published by the British Standards Institution (82).
SPECTROMETRY The use of spectrometric methods for the analysis of raw materials, ferrous alloys, slags, and corrosion products continues to be widespread. The greatest effort in research and development work is still devoted to spectrophotometric methods. New complexing agents are continually being evaluated to improve sensitivity and reduce interferences. Although these methods are generally applicable to the determination of only one specific element, recently rapid analyzers have been developed (156, 300, 420) for the simultaneous determination of carbon and sulfur. Atomic absorption spectrometry is still a fruitful area, but the methods developed as with spectrophotometry are limited to the determination of one element a t a time, because multielement light sources are not generally available. However, hollow cathode lamps containing hydrogen and emitting continuous spectra have been used (155,173), but iron interferences were Gported (155). Other papers have reported interferences in atomic absorption determinations (52, 340) and the requirement to match the compositions of standards and samples. In addition, background corrections have been performed (44, 155). Although furnaces using gas mixtures such as acetylene-air and acetylene-nitrous oxide are commonly used to vaporize the sample, flameless sources such as the graphite furnace are also used (217,324,468).In one instance, the sample was vaporized from a hot filament in an argon atmosphere (340). The advantage of this technique was that interferences could be minimized. One unique procedure for sampling small areas on a solid sample was to vaporize the selected area with a rubidium laser, depositing the vapor on a graphite cylinder (375). This cylinder was then placed in a furnace to complete the analysis. Ion-sputtering sources have also been used to vaporize solid samples. Emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry are still the techniques used to perform the vast bulk of routine analyses in the steel industry, because sample preparation is generally easy for ferrous alloys, requiring only a flat ground surface, and most elements needed for control analysis can be determined by either technique (26, 57, 68, 94, 104, 124, 151, 201, 227, 234, 246, 265, 267, 275, 290, 312, 328, 334, 358, 386, 482, 483, 495, 535). Although carbon and sul-
fur determinations are generally performed by combustion methods, these determinations are still required by emission spectrometry because they confirm the combustion results, and manganese determinations are affected by the sulfur contents which are in turn affected by the carbon contents. With the increased use of high-repetition-rate source units and computers for data acquisition and reduction, analytical times have decreased to about ten seconds. This time is much shorter than that required to cast and transport the sample to the analytical laboratory. Although serious but sporadic attempts have been made to analyze molten steel in the furnace, no published material has been noted during the past two years.
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, APRIL 1975
The inductively coupled plasma source (295) has been developed to the point where it is commercially available with a computer-controlled emission spectrometer. The source has excellent repeatability, its sensitivity rivals that of atomic absorption, and several elements can be determined simultaneously. It is expected that many applications of this source will be described in the literature in the near future. The cathodic or ion-sputtering source has been applied in atomic absorption (541) and emission spectrometry (54), as well as Auger electron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, atomic fluorescence, and photoelectron spectrometry. Typical analytical problems have been the analysis of coatings, surface contaminants, and diffusion phenomena. The advantage of such ion-sputtering sources is that thin layers, a few nanometers thick, can be analyzed. However, different materials have different sputtering rates, which makes the interpretation of data difficult. Also, the presence of hydrocarbons on the surface inhibits sputtering. Computers and programmable electronic calculators are now standard accessories in an analytical laboratory and are commonly supplied by the instrument manufacturer who interfaces the computer and instrument. He also supplies and maintains the computer programs or software. The most common applications are with X-ray fluorescence and emission spectrometers and gas chromatographs. Other applications include electron probe microanalysis (368, 547) where the software was prepared by the user, which is not uncommon in emission and X-ray spectrometry. In addition to the conversion of instrumental response to concentrations, the computer is used for the original calibration and periodic standardization of the instrument as well as performing corrections for spectral background and interelement effects. Software is constantly being upgraded and this will continue to be done as the analytical requirements are defined by the user. In addition to the usual disciplines of chemistry, physics, and electronics, mathematics and computer science should be added to the skills required in the laboratory. Auger electron spectroscopy continues to find application to surface analysis in the areas of diffusion phenomena (43, 4691, friction and wear surfaces (87), passive films on stainless steel (375), and intergranular fracture (428). Other applications reported in the literature include the determination of oxygen (373) and adsorbed tin on iron (465 1.
SULFUR The literature on instrumentation for sulfur determinations in various materials including steels has been reviewed (318). Combustion Methods. A variety of analytical methods have been applied to the determination of sulfur in ferrous materials following decomposition of the sample. They include infrared absorption analysis of evolved sulfur dioxide (156, 420), titration with potassium iodate (931, absorption as sulfur trioxide and titration with tetraborate with a methyl red-methylene blue indicator (210),and absorption of sulfur dioxide in a standard iodine solution, with an extraction-photometric determination of the excess iodine (434). When various sulfur oxidation states are present in the sample, oxidative, neutral, or reductive decomposition are employed (435) to liberate the sulfur. A thermal analyzer is described in which evolved sulfur dioxide from a combusted steel is reacted with manganese dioxide and the heat evolved used as a measure of sulfur (109). A procedure is given for the absolute calibration of a number of instruments (photometer, infrared analyzers,
coulometers, and titrimeters) used following combustion decomposition for sulfur (501). Emission and X-Ray Spectrometry. The vacuum ultraviolet range has been utilized for sulfur analysis both with unipolar spark (26) and glow-discharge excitation (500). Another study has appeared of the effect of sample orientation on sulfur emission (83). The spectroscope has been used for the emission determination of sulfur in steel and cast irons (311), while more conventional spectrometric methods have also been reported (482). A number of X-ray fluorescence methods have appeared for the determination of sulfur on surfaces (102), in ferronickel (506), ferromanganese (424), in small quantities in steels (483),and in highly alloyed steels (330). Electron microprobe analyses for sulfur in corrosion layers on steel (180) and on isolated phases in stainless steels (224) have been reported.
TANTALUM Spectrophotometric. Following paper chromatographic separation, tantalum in steel has been determined spectrophotometrically with pyrogallol (513). In ferroniobium, an extraction-photometric method with brilliant green was used (552). Emission and X-Ray Methods. Tantalum can be determined in steels in the far ultraviolet range by emission spectrographic methods (336), and also by X-ray fluorescence techniques (35, 293). Neutron activation followed by ion-exchange separation of groups has been used for tantalum (136). TELLURIUM Spectrophotometric. Plain carbon and free-cutting steels can be analyzed spectrophotometrically at moderate tellurium levels (297) and at trace levels with diphenylthiourea (351). Electrochemical. Cast iron has been analyzed by cathode-ray polarography (335) and steel by amperometry with 2,4-dithiobiuret (499), or by an indirect iodometric method (255).
Neutron Activation. Tellurium is one of a number of elements determined in high-purity iron by neutron activation techniques (326). THALLIUM Microgram amounts of thallium in iron-base alloys can be determined by a tri-n-octylphosphine oxide extraction followed by direct nebulization for atomic absorption analysis (92).
TIN Spectrophotometric. Trace amounts of tin in steels have been determined with hematin complex (63), and phenylfluorone (148, 445, 446). A review on the determination of tin by various photometric methods has also appeared (32). Atomic Absorption. Tin has been determined directly in a solution of steel sample (44, 208, 366) and in a ferromanganese sample (173), after extraction to isolate the tin (218), and following vaporization from a graphite-well furnace (217 ) . Emission and X-Ray Spectrometry. A number of methods using emission spectrometry (246, 328, 358) or Xray fluorescence (104, 201, 234) have been applied to the determination of several elements including tin in highpurity iron, cast iron, and steels. Electrochemical. Cathode-ray polarography (335) has ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5 , APRIL 1975
121
R
been used for the determination of tin in stainless steel and up to 5% tin in cast iron (126). Nuclear Methods. A neutron activation method requiring ion exchange separations has been developed that will measure tin in pure iron (136).
TITANIUM Spectrophotometric. Several methods for determining titanium in steel have been described. Dibromotichromium was used as a complexing agent (47),which was more stable than tichromium used previously (46). Antipyrine and its derivatives have been used by several authors (28, 67, 97). Titanium was also determined as a complex with benzoylphenylhydroxylamine and phenylfluorone (414). In ferroniobium, titanium was complexed with either 4-(2-pyridy1azo)resorcinol or pyrocatechol (232). Titanium can be determined in steel and slags as a chelate of salicylic acid (436).
Atomic Absorption. Titanium was determined in titaniferous magnetite ores (438), ferric oxides, and steels (367). Aluminum was added in both methods to suppress interferences by calcium and magnesium, and silicon was added in the former method to standard samples to compensate for the observed signal enhancement arising from the presence of silica in the samples. Miscellaneous Methods. Two volumetric methods for determining titanium in steel (471) and ferrotitanium (257) and one gravimetric method for the analysis of titanomagnetite and ferrotitanium (39) were described. TUNGSTEN Spectrophotometric. For the determination of trace quantities of tungsten in steels, the thiocyanate complex (28), the ion-association complex with pyrocatechol-dimedrol (470), and 4-methylpentan-2-01 (407) have been used. For tool steels, hydroquinone (382) and thiocyanate complexes (395) have been measured spectrophotometrically. X-Ray Methods. A wide variety of tungsten-containing ferrous materials including welding materials has been analyzed by X-ray fluorescence with a lo9Cd radionuclide source (214,559). A generalized procedure for X-ray analysis of high-purity iron and steels has been reported (201). Emission Spectrometry. Low levels of tungsten in steels have been determined by a solution spectrochemical method (343), in the vacuum ultraviolet range (336), by pulsed arc excitation (449), and with a spectroscope for visual spectral analysis (311). Tungsten steels have been analyzed as solid samples with the aid of plasma jet excitation
poly acid complex has been used ( 9 ) . In steels, peroxide (16), gallic acid-aniline ( I O ) , sulfonitrazo (41), sulfonazo (101), acetoacetanilide (127), anthranilic acid isopropylidene hydrazide (142), and tungstovanadophosphate complex (186), vanadox (378), 2-hydroxy-3-naphthohydroxamic acid (400), 2-(2-thiazolylazo)5-dimethylaminophenol (521), and a kinetic method based on a reaction between potassium bromate and Bordeaux red (122) have been used for the determination of vanadium. Atomic Absorption. Vanadium has been measured directly following the solution of the steel in acid (120, 208), and after separation on cation-exchange resin (220). Electrochemical. Vanadium in steels has been measured coulometrically with electrogenerated Crz072- (309), Fe2+ (376), Sn2+ (48), and by controlled-potential reduction (323). Emission and X-Ray Spectrometry. Steels, ferrous materials, and limestones were analyzed by a variety of arc or spark excitation methods (16, 94, 343, 358, 449). X-Ray fluorescence with a 59Ni source was described for vanadium analysis (184). Corrosion layers in low-alloy steels (180) and microsegregation in alloy steels have been examined by electron microscopy (534). Neutron Activation. Thermal neutrons were used to activate ferrous ores (134) and high-purity irons (134, 337) for a vanadium assay. Miscellaneous. A three-step potentiometric titration was described for the analysis of alloy steels for vanadium (25). Finally, a thermometric method utilizing the heat liberated during the reaction of V02+ and hydrogen peroxide as a measure of vanadium concentration has been reported (51).
ZINC Traces of zinc in steel and pure iron have been determined by spectrophotometry with methylthymol blue (99) and by a stripping voltammetric method (253). Atomic Absorption. Ferrosilicon (324, 355) and ferromanganese (173, 324) have been analyzed by air-acetylene flame. Some need for prior removal of iron before final analysis is noted (284). Emission Spectrographic. A general dc arc method for the analysis of ferrous materials is described (358). Neutron Activation. Two studies cited frequently include zinc as one of the elements determinable in high-purity iron by activation analysis (136, 326). Ion exchange was used for preliminary separations in both methods.
(248).
Nuclear Methods. Three nondestructive methods for the determination of tungsten a t low levels in steels (135, 258, 563) and several methods that involve either extraction, carrier precipitation, or ion exchange of radionuclides (117,136,262,326) have appeared. URANIUM Uranium was extracted as the oxinate and determined spectrophotometrically in iron-uranium alloys (185). VANADIUM Spectrophotometric. A large number of methods for the photometric determination of vanadium in steels and ferroalloys appeared in the past few years. In ferrovanadbis(P-hydroxypropy1)o-phenylenediamine(401) ium, N,N’and EGTA (553) have been used as color-forming reagents; in ferrophosphorus, tungstovanadophosphate acid-hetero122R
ZIRCONIUM Spectrophotometric. Arsenazo I11 has been applied to the determination of zirconium in steels (both low and high alloy) without separation (33, 66, 189) and with a preliminary extraction before analysis (95). Picramine-epsilon has been used for zirconium analysis in ferrotitanium, steels, and slags (149). Emission and X-Ray Methods. Trace zirconium in ferrous materials was determined by a dc arc method in a Teflon-graphite matrix (3581, while steels were analyzed by a plasma torch method following removal of iron by extraction (369). Steels were analyzed directly (234) and after chemical isolation of zirconium on a filter paper (293) by X-ray fluorescence methods. Neutron Activation. In a partially automated ion exchange method, trace zirconium in high-purity iron was determined (11 7 ) .
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, APRIL 1975
LITERATURE CITED
(1) Adachi, T., Ito, M., Narita, M., Denki Seiko, 43, 175 (1972); CA. 78, 3 7 3 9 5 ~ . (2) Adam Hiiger Ltd, London, 1971-"Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale XVI," Vol. I and iI; AA, 24, 634. (3) Agafonov, P. F., Bezobrazov, S. V., Charushnikova. G. V., Proizovd Ferrospavov, 1, 111 (1972); CA, 78, 1 3 1 7 2 9 ~ . (4) Akmaeva, N. L., Tr. Molodykh Uch, Saratov. Unn., Vyp. Khim, 2, 142 (1971); CA, 79, 13 137f. (5) Akhmedov, S. A,, Tataev, 0. A,, Tr. Novocherkassk. Politekh. Inst., No. 266, 13 (1972); CA, 78, 79324a. (6) Alaerts, L., Op de Beeck, J. P., Hoste, J.. J. Radioanal. Chem., 15, 601 (1973); CA, 80, 90748d. (7) Aiaerts, L., Op de Beeck, J. P., Hoste, J., Anal. Chim. Acta, 70, 253 (1974): CA, 81, 85549f. (8) Albota, L. Serdyuk, L. S., Zaverach, M. M., Zh. Anal. Khim., P A,, 29, 590 (1974); CA, 8 1 32908r. (9) Alikeeva, E. A., Kozlovskaya. I. M., Tr. Leningrad Navch,-lssied. Proekt. Inst. Osn., Khim. Prom, 4, 264 (1971); CA, 78, 1 4 3 4 5 5 ~ . (10) Ali-Zade, T. D., Gamid-Zade, G. A,, Agamirova, 0.M., Azerb. Khim, 1, 97(1973): CA, 80, 77987m. (11) Ali-Zade, I. D., Gamid, Zade, G. A,, Akhmedova, G. A,, Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 735 (1974); CA, 81, 57926h. (12) Alian, A. L., Agullo, E., De La Fuente, E., An. Quim. 69, 1109 (1973); CA, 80, 1 0 3 4 9 4 ~ . (13) All De Benigni, M. T., Duttweiler, R., Rev. Fac. lng. Quim., Univ. Nac. Litoral, 39, 234 (1970); CA, 77, 1347702. (14) All De Benigni, M. T., Gonzalez, A,, ibid., 40-41, 127 (1971-1972); CA, 80, 55530e. (15) Ailmand, T. R.. Coleman, D. S., Rev. Met. (Madrid), 8, 438 (1972): CA, 79, 106886q. (16) Alvarez Herrero, C., Burriel-Marti, F., Inform. Quim. Anal., 27, 235 (1973); CA, 80, 103469~. (17) Ambrose. A. D.. Swingler, D. W.. Clasper, G., Met. Metal Form., 39, 332 (1972); CA, 78, 37619~. (18) American Society for Testing Materials, Spec. Tech. Pubi., No. 542 (1973); AA. 26, 2508. (19) American Society for Testing Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Pt. 12, (1974): CA, 80, 152516n. (20) Amsheeva, A. A,, Visn. Kharkiv. Politekh. lnsf., Tekhnoi. Neorg. Rechovin, 70 (4). 56 (1972); CA, 78, 16821 I d . (21) Andreeva, K. P., Startsev. G. P.. Zavod. Lab., 38, 1470 (1972); AA, 25, 197. (22) Andreeva, K. P.. Startsev, G. P., Zh. Priki. Spektrosk., 17, 5 (1972), CA, 77, 172261s. (23) Angeli, G., Dye, A. T., McLauchlan, E. J., NPL Rep. Chem., No. 20, (1972); CA, 78, 118835. (24) Ansheles, I. I., Ezhov, A. A,, Fedoseev, V. V., Zverev, B. F., Teplov, 0. A., Baidaev, E. Y., Minchenko, V. A,, USSR, 352,209; CA, 78, 52300~. (25) Anufrieva, T. N., Mustaev. A. K., Bleshinskii, S. V., lzv. Akad. Nauk. Kirg. SSR, 2, 55 (1974); CA, 81, 44931f. (26) Arnautov, N. V., Kireev, A. D., 7th Ural. Konf. Spektrosk., (1971); CA, 79, 73224s. (27) Arshanskaya, V. M., Kaldymova, M. N., ibid., (1971); CA, 79, 87149h. (28) Artemova. L . M., Glukhovskaya, R. D., Detkova, G. A., Lelchuk, Y. C., Chervenchuk, G. A,, Prokopeva, K. A.. Skripova, L. L., Podgot. Vosstanov. Rud, 2, 201 (1971); CA, 78, 52233h. (29) Artemova. L. M., Ivanov, Y. I., Koloreva, E. M.. Kuceshov, V. I., Podkorytova, N. V., ibid., 2, 208 (1971); CA, 78, 52098t. (30) Arunachaiam. M. K., Kumaran, M. K., Talanfa, 21, 355 (1974); CA, 81, 449042. (31) Asaoka, H., Hitotsubashi, J.. Arts Sci., 13, 37(1972); CA, 78, 92171t. (32) Ashton, A., Fogg, A. G., Burns, D. T., Freseni u s ' l . Anal. Chem., 284, 133 (1973): CA, 79, 26832d. (33) Ashton, A,, Fogg, A. G., Burns, D. T., Analyst (London), 99, 108 (1974); CA, 81, 9350u. (34) Atsuya, I., Kagaku No Ryoiki, Zokan, 100, 89 (1973); CA, 81, 142476q. (35) Austen, C. E.. Nat. lnst. Met., Repub. S.Afr., Rep. 1592 (1972): CA, 81, 8 5 4 6 2 ~ .
(36) Atwell, N. G., Golden, G. S., Appl. Spectrosc., 27, 464 (1973): CA, 80,780249. (37) Bagdasarov, K. N., Shchemeleva, G. G., Mikalauskas, T., Zavod. Lab., 39, 1047 (1973); AA, 28, 2084. (38) Baialardo. A. M.. Gomez Coedo, A,, Revta. Metal.. 9, 35 (1973); AA, 25, 3094. (39) Banerjee, S., Dutta, R. K.. Indian J. Techno)., 11, 317 (1973); CA, 80, 9 0 8 0 9 ~ . (40) Bansal, H., Can. Met. Quart., 12, 323 (1973); CA, 80, 1235672. (41) Barenbaum. M. E., Deokov, Y. M., Orlova, E. S., Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 1967 (1972); CA, 78, 52156n. (42) Bargone, A., Fraccaro, C. L., Ramous, E., Atti lst. Veneto Sci., Left. Arti, Cl. Sci. Mat. Natur., 1971-1972, 130, 467 (1972), CA, 80, 90731t. (43) Barnes, G. J., Aidag. A. W.. Jerner, R . C., J. Nectrochem. SOC., 119, 684 (1972); AA, 24, 147. (44) Barnett, W. E., Kerber, J. D.. At. Absorption Newsl., 13, 56 (1974), CA, 81, 578399. (45) Barszcz, E., Bold, T., Krist. Tech. 8, 1153 (1973); CA, 80, 8 6 0 8 1 ~ . (46) Basargin. N. N.. Yarkoviev, P. Y., Deinekina, R. S., Zavod. Lab., 39, 19 (1973), AA, 25, 845. (47) lbid, 39, 1305 (1973); AA, 27, 112. (48) Basov, V. N.. Agasyan, P. K., Vikharev, B. G., Testoedova, T. N.. ibid., 38, 1060 (1972); CA, 78. 3 7~ - 7 6 2 .(49) Bec, H.,Kazior, E., Hutnik, Katowice, 39, 83 11972): AA. 24. 1582. (50) Eeccaia, A. M., Castello, G., Rass. Chem., 25, 112(1973); CA, 79, 111418t. (51) Begak, 0. Yu., Kukushkin, Yu. N., Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 47, 1391 (1974); CA, 81, 85592q. (52) Belcher, C. B., Anal. Chim. Acta., 62, 87 (1972): CA, 78, 1 1 1 7 6 ~ . (53) Belitskii, I. Z.,Benevolskii, A. S , Giuiberzon, M. E.. Parchevskii. S. P , Charikhov. L. A,. Yukhnowskii, V. P., Automat. Chern. Met.; 216-21 (1971); CA, 78, 1055919. (54) Belle. C. J.. Johnson, J. D.. Appl. Spectrosc., 27, 118(1973); AA, 25, 1571. (55) Beioshitshii. L. A., Shaevich. A. E., Ural. Konf. Spektrosk, No. 1, 88 (1971); CA, 79, 73288r. (56) Belyakova, K. V., Zemtsov, V. S., Zavod. Lab., 38, 650 (1972); CA, 77, 1346199. (57) Benta, M.. Rica, I . , Rev. Chim. (Bucharest), 24, 743 (1973), CA, 80, 103466q. (58) Berg, H. J.. Fischer, W., Tabacezk, J., Zimmermann, R., Neue Huette, 19, 310 (1974); CA. 81,32819n. (59) Bermejo-Martinez, F., Latas-Perez, P., Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem., 264, 139 (1973); CA. 79, 26833e. (60) Bermejo-Martinez, F., Longarela-Pena., A,, Acta Clent. Compostelana, 8, 85 (1971); CA, 78,23541b. (61) Bernal Nievas, J., Aznarez Alduan, J.. Hernandez Nuno, J. L., Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exactas, Fis.-Quim. Natur. Zaragoza, 28, 33 (1973); CA, 81, 3 2 8 5 5 ~ . (62) Bernal Nievas, J., Aranrez Alduan. J., Palomar Cacko, J. F., Castillo Suarez, J. R., Rev. Acad. Cienc. Exactas, Fis.-Quirn. Natur. Zaragoza, 28, 339 (1973); CA, 81, 85671q. (63) Bhuchar. V. M., Agrawai, A. K.. Indian Stand. lnsf. Bull., 28, 10 (1974); CA, 81, 722611. (64) Bhuchar. V. M., Kukreja. V. P., Metallurgia MefaiForm., 40, 91, (1973); AA, 25, 2273. (65) Bhargava, 0. P., Donovan, J. F., Hines, W. G., Anal. Chem., 44, 2402 (1972); AA, 25, 847. (66) Blazejak-Ditges, D., Arch. Eisenhuettenwesen, 43, 887 (1972); AA, 25, 846. (67) Biazejak-Ditges, D., Radex Rundsch., 5, 326 (1972); CA, 79, 44763m. (68) Bium, F., Brandt. M. P., X-Ray Spectrom., 2, 121 (1973), AA, 28, 703. (69) Bochenin, V. I., Prib. Tekh, Eksp., 5, 228 (1973); CA, 80, 66360a. (70) Bochenin, V. I., Shirokii, V. K., Gorn. Zh., 150, 71 (1974); CA, 80, 127826f. (71) Boillot. P., Ger. Offen. 2,237,487, (1973); CA. 78, 1 1 8 9 3 3 ~ . (72) Bojic, M.. Jecko. G., Wittmann, A,. Rev. Met. (Paris), 70, 415 (1973); CA, 79, 1 4 2 4 9 8 ~ . (73) Boltz, D. F., "Analytical Chemistry of Phosphorus Compounds," Interscience, New York, NY, 1972; CA, 77, 172139h. (74) Booth, D., Br. Steel Corp. Open Rep., MGI
.-.
CC1620172; AA, 25,850. (75) lbid., MGlCCl621172; AA. 25, 851. (76) Boreisha, E. G., Dmitrenko, R. V., Sinev, A. V., Metody Prib. Anal. Sostava Veshchestva, 84-7 (1972); CA, 78, 1188582. (77) Brauner, J., Stricker, F.. Friedhoff, P., Heinen. M., Arch. Eisenhuettenwesen, 43, 559 (1972); CA, 77, 1 3 4 5 6 7 ~ . (78) Brezina. P., Erdoes, E., Geiger, T., Habel, L.. Lorenz, M., Wintsch, W.. Prakt. Metallogr., 10,377 (1973); CA, 79, 1468469. (79) Brhacek, L., Hutn. Listy, 27, 616 (1972); CA, 78, 66460s. (80) Brinn, D. G., Br. Steel Corp. Open Rep., SMI 8181786; AA, 25, 849. (81) Brit. Iron and Steel Res. Assn., Intnl. Conf.. 1970, Iron and Steel Inst., London (1971); AA, 24, 1. (82) British Standards Institution BS. 4158, Part 3 (1962); AA, 24, 1572. (83) British Steel Corp., Br. Steel Corp. Open Rep., MGlCCl574171; AA, 24, 803. (64) Brivot, F., Cohort, I., Legrand, G., Louvrier, J., Voinovitch, H., Analusis, 2, 570 (1973); CA, 80,437099. (65)Bruch, J., Mikrochim. Acta, Suppl., 5, 137 (1973); CA, 81, 40190r. (86) Bruile, E. S., Sb. Nauch. Tr. Vses, Nauch.4ssled. Konstr. inst. Khim. Mashinostr. 58, 151 (1972): CA, 79, 1 5 2 5 1 8 ~ . (87) Buckley, D. H., Pepper, S. V., Am. SOC. Lubric. fng. Trans., 15, 252 (1972); CA, 78, -R l. Q l.A. .r. (88) Bulanov, Y. P., Rastorguev, L. N., Umanskii, Y . S.,Zavod. Lab., 38, 716 (1972); CA. 77, 13480311 (89) Buravlev, Y. M., Buyanov, N. V., Babanskaya, L. N., Titovets, A. V., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 17, 559 (1972); CA, 78, 6 6 4 8 0 ~ . (90) Burgess, C., Fogg, A. G., Burns, D. T., AnaVst, (London), 98, 605 (1973); AA, 26, 1534. (91) Burianova, M., Frana, J., Radiosotopy, 14, 635 (1973); CA, 81, 5786%. (92) Burke, K. E., Appl. Spectrosc., 28, 234 (1974), CA, 81, 578621. (93) Burke, K. E., Anal. Chem., 46, 882 (1974); CA. 81,20557n. (94) Buryak, 2 . I., Novak, V. P., Maltsev, V. F., Didenko, L. p., Zavod. Lab., 39, 435 (1973), CA, 79, 268511. (95) Busev, A. I , Kharlamov, I P I Byzova, E. P., ibid., 38, 1433 (1972); AA, 25, 194. (96) Busev, A. I., Khariarnov, I. P., Garibyan. G. K., ibid., 39, 155 (1973); CA. 79, 100095j. (971 Busev. A. I.. Soloveva. N. G.. Zh. Anal. Khim.. 27. 1529 119721 CA 77. 1723240 (98) Buienko, 'G. A,, Grrhegorzhevikii, A. S., Sturre, I. G.. Vop. Khim. Khim. Tekhnoi.. 27, 128 (1972); CA, 78, 1545272. (99) lbid., p 131; CA, 78, 154528a. (100) Butenko, G. A., Grzhegorzhevskii, A. S.. Korzh, V. D., ibid., 28, 60 (1973); CA, 80, 43712~. (101) Butenko, G. A., Grzhegorshevskii, A. S., Kalenchenko. T. y . , ibid., p 64; CA, 80, 4 3 6 8 3 ~ . (102) Cairns, J. A., Surface Sci., 34, 638 (1972); CA, 78,62596t. (103) Cakrt, M., Bercik, J., Hladky, 2.. Chem. Zvesti, 27, 446 (1973); CA, 80, 10044h. (104) Campbell, W. J., Neylan, D. L., Rep. invest. U . S . Bur. Mines., Ri 7773 (1973); AA, 26,
-
2080
(105) Carlsson, G., X-Ray Spectrom., 1, 155 (19721: CA. 78. 52025s. (106) Centre Nat. De Recherches Metallurgques, Belg. 797,971 (1973); CA, 81, 152549a. (107) Cerjan-Stefanovic, S.,Turina, S.,Andusis, 2, 204 (1973); AA, 25, 2271. (108) Chakrabarti, A. K., Bag., S. P., Talanta, 19, 1187 (1972): AA, 24, 2795. (109) Chantret. F., Therm. A n d , Proc. int. Conf., 3rd, 1, 313 (1971); CA, 78, 1 3 1 6 4 2 ~ . ( 110) Capyzhnikov, B. A,, Malikova, E. D.. Kunn, L. L., Samosyuk, V. N., Vasserman, A. M., Frolov, E. V., Evganov, Kh. N., J. Radional Chem., 17, 275 (1973); CA, 81, 3 2 8 7 0 ~ . (11 1) Chastant, M., Gateliier, C., Jon, M., Olette, M., Cent. Doc. Siderurg, Circ. Inform. Tech., 31,951 (1974); CA, 87, 7 2 1 3 9 ~ . (112) Chernikova, E. N., Ivanova, Z. I., Lektorskaya. 2. I., Fiz.-Khim. Metody Anal. Knotr. Proizvod., Mater. Konf. Rab. Vuzov (1971); CA, 80,90876~. (113) Chernomorchenko. L. I., Butenko, G. A,, Zavod. Lab., 39, 1448 (1973); AA, 27, 698. (114) Chernyakhovskaya. F. V., Fedorov, A. A.,
A N A L Y T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y , VOL. 47,
NO. 5,
A P R I L 1975
123R
ibid.. p 930; AA, 26, 1533. (152) Edrissi, M., Jadbabacc, M. J.. Dalziel, J. A. 115) Chiba, M., inoue, Y., Tajiri, Y., J. Radionanal. W., Mlcrochem. J., 18, 526 (1971); AA, 24, Chem., 12, 519 (1972); AA, 25, 1577. 27 10. 116) Chiba, M., Inoue, Y., ibid., 20, 83 (1974); CA, (153) Eichhorn, F., Boidt, R., Schwelssen SchneM81,32848~. en, 24, 130 (1972): CA, 79, 22834h. 117) Cleyrerque, C., Deschamps, N., J. Radlonal. (154) Ellarkova, B. G., Bonchev. P. R., Aleksiev, A. Chem., 17, 139 (1973);-CA, 81, 328140. A,, Mlkrochlm. Acta., (6), 896 (1972); CA, 118) Closs. K. D., Atomwirt., Atomtech, 19, 134 78,66620~. (1974); CA, 81, 32451m. (155) Endo, Y., Nakahara, Y., Tetsu To Hegane, 119) Cobb, W. D., Foster, W. W., Harrison, T. S., 59, 800 (1973); CA, 79, 13175s. Anal. Chim. Acta.. 60, 430 (1972): AA, 24, (156) Endo. Y., Ohata, H., Sakao, N., BunsekiKiki, 806. 11. 449 11973): CA. 80. 7 7 9 4 6 ~ . 120) Cobb, W. D.. Harrison, T. S.,Metallurgla 157) Eremin, Y . G.:'Maiyshova, T. I., Tr. Kalinln. Meta. Form., 39, 167 (1972); AA, 23, 4608. Polfiekh. lnst.. 13, 104 (1972): CA. 78, (121) Collin, J., Sire, J., Merklen, J., 3 r d h t . Congr. 118686s. At. Absorption At. Fiuorescence Spectrum., 158) Ershova. L. V.. Zavod. Lab.. 38, 905 (1972); 2, 713 (1973). CA, 79, 1 2 1 5 5 2 ~ . AA, 24, 1584. (122) Costache. D., Saw, S.,Studia Univ.. 18, 63 159) Fagarasan. M., Cercet. Met. lnst. Cercet. (1973); AA, 26, 3251. Met. Bucharest, 14, 143 (1973); CA, 80, (123) Crasser, M. S., Torrent Casteliet, J.; Talanta, 51043a. ._ 19, 1478 (1972); CA, 78, 6 6 5 6 3 ~ . 160) Faurschou, D. K., Pope, J. C.. Misener. D. C., (124) Creton, F., Montanaro, E., Scalise, M., Met. Hadden, R., Can., 917, 253 (1972); CA, 81, /tal., 64, 392 (1972); CA, 77, 1 7 2 3 3 7 ~ . 32955d. (125) D'Anglemont de Tassigny, C., Rept. fO9, 161) Fedorchenko, I. M., Fushchich, 0. E., IvanoNucl. Sci. Abstr. 28, 15 (1973); CA, 79, va, i. I., Porosh. Met., 13, 71 (1973); CA, 7g3 871342. 13177~. (126) Danilov, 0. A,, Kovaienko, P. N., Tsygankov, (162) Fedorov, A. A,, U.S. Nat. Tech. Inform. Serv. E. M.. Fiz.-Khim. Metody Anal. Kontr. ProizA. D. Rep., No. 756593 (1972); CA, 79, vod., Mater. Konf. Rab. Vuzov (Vyssh. Uch. 13 156m. Zaved) Zavod Lab. Yugo-Vostoko SSSR. 4th. (163) Fedorova. M. N.. Nedra (1972), CA, 79, 1, 40 (1971): CA, 81, 85545b. 612314. (127) Datta, Krishna, Das, Jyotirmoy. lndian J. (164) Feichtinger, H. K., Marincek, E., Habei, L., Techno/, I O , 76 (1972); AA, 23, 4607. Del Viiiar, A,, Arch. Eisenhuettenwesen, 44, (128) Davies, R. L.. Br. Steel Corp. Open Rep., 277 (1973); CA, 79, 38213r. SMlTNlil20; AA, 25, 187. (165) Fidei, E., Provenzano, M., Rass. Chim., 24, (129) Davies, I. G., Haslam, K., Randie, M., ibid., 316 (1972); CA, 78, 143465b. MG/41/72; AA. 25, 188. (166) Fisher, G. L., Farningham, G. D., Anal. (130) Dedkov, Yu. M., Rybina, T. F., Yakovlev, P. Chem., 45, 2294 (1973); AA, 26, 3248. Y., Zavod. Lab.. 38, 787 (1972); CA, 77, (167) Fisher, R., White, G.. Br. Steel Corp. Open. 1722331. Rep., CAPLlSMlGl51l73 (1973); AA, 26, (131) Deliiska, A., Tr. Nauchnoizsled., lnst. Cherna 3249. Met.. 4, 241 (1968-1969); CA, 79, 142583~. (168) Fitterer, G. R., U.S. 3,752,753, Aug. 1973; (132) Deliiski A., Pruocheva, Khr., Ninooa V., Tr. CA, 79, 111439a. NlPKll Cherna Met., 6, 541 (1972); CA, 81, (169) Fitterer, G. R., U.S. 3,773,641, Nov. 1973, 85684~. CA, 80, 781121. (133) Detkova, G. A,, Lei'chuk, Y. L.. Sb. Tr. Molo- (170) Foester, E., Richter, H., Ger. 1,848,923, Dec. dykh Uch.. Tomsk. Politekh. hst., 146-8 1973; CA, 80,90909g. (1973); CA, 81, 3 2 8 6 0 ~ . (171) Fogg, A. G., Marriott, D. R., Burns, D., Analyst (134) DeWispelaere. C., Op de Beeck, J. P.. Hoste, (London), 97, 657 (1972); AA, 24, 1575. J., Anal. Chem., 45, 547 (1973); AA, 25, (172) Foidzinska, A., Dybezynski, R., J. Radioanal 2274. Chem., 17, 229 (1973);CA. 61, 3 2 9 2 8 ~ . (135) DeWispeiaere, C., Op de Beeck, J. P., Hoste. (173) Foster, P., Bozon. H., Molins, R.. Analusis, 1, J., Anal. Chim. Acta, 64, 321 (1973); AA, 25, (1972); AA, 24, 798. 3797. (174) Foster, P., Moiins, R., Bozon, H., Analusis, 1, (136) DeWispeiaere, C., Op de Beeck, J. P., Hoste, 434 (1972); AA, 24, 347 1, J.. ibid., 70, l(1974); CA. 81, 578469. (175) Fritz, J. S., Sickafoose, J. P., Talanta, 19, (137) Dibbs, H. P., Dalton, J. L., (Can. lnst. Minlng 1573 (1972); AA, 25, 199. Met.) Bull., 61 (1973); CA, 80, 39493q. (176) Frohberg, M. G., Chandra, S., 2.Metaiik., 63, (138) Dimitrov. (van.. Metalurgiya, (10) 16 (1972); 419 (1972); CA, 77, 134773~. CA, 80,33545m. (177) Fruehan, R. J., Turkdogan, E.. Fr. Addn. (139) Dmitrenko, N. N., Maiboroda, I. K., Podgaet2,093,526, Mar. 1972; CA, 77, 109120e. skii, V. V.. Kolisnyk, V. N., Zavod. Lab., 39, (178) Gabrovski, I., Chekhiarova, I., Deliska, A,. Ta1339 (1973); CA, 80, 9 0 8 6 9 ~ . lanta, 20, 1040 (1973); CA, 80, 2 2 3 0 1 ~ . (140) Doiaberidze, L. D., Dzhaliashviii, A. G., Tr. (179) Gabrovksi, I., Ganev, P., Chekhlarova. I., Kavkaz., hst. Miner. Syr'ya. 389 (1971); CA, Nauchnoissied. lnst. Cherna Met., 4, 257 78,52265~. (1970); CA, 79, 142580~. (141) Doigorev, A. V., Gushchina, I. D.. Zavod, (180) Gadda, E., Livraghi, M., Regis, V., Werst. Korros., 23, 893 (1972); CA, 78, 32868r. Lab.. 40, 26 (1974); CA, 80, 127850). (142) Dolgorev, A. V., Lukachina, V. V., Karpova. (181) Gaiiai, 2. A,, Poiikarpova, N. V., Sheina, N. 0.L., Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 721 (1974); CA, M., Dittrikh, N. V.. Zavod. Lab., 38, 1063 81,57827b. (1972); AA, 24, 2184. (143) Dolinska. Z.,Doiinski, Z.,Pr. lnst. Odlew., 23, (182) Ganev. P., Popov, I., Tr. Nauchnoissled. lnst. 180 (1973); CA, 80, 66428d. Cherna Met. 1968-69, 3, 241 (1972); CA, (144) DuBois, E. A,. Wrigiey, K. B., 25th Proc. 79, 152562d. Chem. Conf., 97 (1972); CA, 81,72222~. (183) Gehrke, R. J., Cole, M. S . , Ryder, W. A,, Adv. (145) Duerr, J. S.,Ogiivie, R. E., Anal. Chem., 44, X-ray AZ[nal., 15, 276 (1972); CA, 78, 2361 (1972); AA, 25,843. 23607~. (146) Duffey, D., Wiggins, P. F., Senftie, F. E., (184) Gehrke. R. H., Heimer, R. G., AerOjet Nucl. Trans. Soc. Mining Eng., 254, 112 (1973); Go. Report 1974, Ancr- 1135; CA. 81, CA, 79,82031d. 44899b. (147) Dyatel. S. C., Arkhangei'skaya, A. S., lzv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., (185) Gelin, G., Helieday, E., NUC. Sci. Abstr., 28, 20690 (1973): CA, 80, 555341. 17, 466 (1974); CA, 81, 20503s. (148) Dymov, A. M., Ivanov, I. G.. Romantseva. T. (186) Ghose, A,, Bhattacharya, H. P., Trans. lndian inst. Metals, 25, 53 (1972); CA, 78, I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 2360 (1971); AA, 24, 143460~. 3470. (149) Dymova. M. S..Rybina, T. F., Yakovlev, P. Y., (187) Ghosh, M. K., Gopaikrishna, S. V., Chakrabarti, H. K., Tech, J., 13, 100 (1971): CA, 78, Fridlyanskaya, E. I., Nelina, E. A,, Zavod. 13 1688p. Lab., 39, 1307 (1973); AA, 27, 113. (150) Dzhaliashvili, A. G., Dolaberidze, L. D.. Tr. (188) Gibaio, I. M., Voskov, V. S., Kuiikova, L. N., Lobanov, F. I., J. Anal. Chem. USSR, 26, Kavkaz. lnst. Miner Syr'ya, I O , 105 (1972); 1915 (1971); AA, 24, 1578. CA. 80, 7 8 0 6 3 ~ . (151) Dziunikowski, B., Gorski, L., Holynska, B.. Ni- (189) Gielczewska, H., Metaiozn. Obrobka Cleplna, 1, 21 (1973): CA. 79,!42594b. eroodniczanski, J., Zesz. Nauk. Akad. GamHutn., Krakow, Zesz. Spec., 25, 217 (1972); (190) Gijbels, R., Miner. Sci. Eng., 5, 304 (1973); CA, 8 1 , 8 5 4 4 7 ~ . CA, 80, 77854r. ~
124R
~
A N A L Y T i C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, A P R i L 1975
191) Gills, T. E., Lafleur, P. D., J. Radioanal. Chem., 19,235 (1974): CA, 81, 32880a. 192) Gomez Coedo, A., Dorado Lopez, M. T., Rev. Met. (Madrid), 9, 382 (1973); CA, 81, 204809. 193) Gorenko, A. F., Skakun, N. A,, Zadvornyi, A. S.,Bugaeva, N. I,, Shevchenko, G. M., Klyucharev, A. P., Zh. Anal. Khim., 28, 1227 (1973); AA, 26, 2655. 194) Gorodentseva, T. B., Stepin, V. V., Zagorodnova, I. N., Brunovskaya, V. V., Tr. Vses. Nauch-lssled. lnst. Stand. Obraztsov. 7, 93 (1971); CA, 81, 20490k. 195) Gorokhov, K. i., Kaiosha, V. K.. Kochmoia, N. M.. Yuksa, L. K., Zavod. Lab., 38, 936 (1972); AA, 24, 1573. 196) Goto, K., Tamura, H., Onodera, M., Nagayma. M., Talanta, 21, 183 (1974); CA, 81, 32867b. 197) Gough, D. S., Hannaford, P., Waish, A,, Spectrochim, Acta, Part 8, 28, 197 (1973); CA, 79, 132632~. 198) Green, H.. Nixon. C., Chem. N. Z., 38, 50 (1974); CA, 81, 85562e. 199) Gregorczyk, S.,Graiewska, K., Scabon, J.. Chemia Anal., 18, 1065 (1973); AA, 26, 2658. (200) Grieken, R . Van, Gijbels, R.. Speecke, A., Hoste, J., Eurisofop inf. Book/., No. 57 (1971); AA, 24, 3468. (201) Griffiths, J. M., Whitehead, H. R., NPL Rep. Chem., No. 16 (1972); AA, 25, 3474. (202) /bid., No. 27 (1974); AA, 27, 697. (203) Guest, R. J., Macpherson, D. R., Can., Mines Br., Tech. Bull.. TB 151 (1972); CA, 78, 52207~. (204) Gupta, B. K., Res. ind., 17, 105 (1972). CA, 81, 449832. (205) Gusev, S. I., Dazhina, L. G., Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 810 (1974); CA, 81, 578322. (206) Halirova, D., Musil, J., Hutn. Listy, 27, 888 (1972); CA, 78, 79270e. (207) Hail, G. D., Scholes. P. H.. U.S. NTIS, P. E. Report, 21473015 (1972); CA, 78, 168050a. (208) Harrison, T. S., Foster, W. W., Cobb, W. D.. Met. Metal. Form.. 40, 361 (1973); CA, 80, 780981. (209) lbld., 40, 393 (1973); AA, 27, 693. (210) Harrison, T. S., Spikings, R. J.. Anal. Chim. Acta. 67. 145 (1973): AA. 26. 3253. Hashitan/, H., ' Adachi, l., Katsuyama. K., Bunseki Kagaku, 22, 1368 (1973); CA, 80, 90839). Hata. T.. Kono, T., Sumi, K., ibid., 21, 1098 (1972); CA, 78, 3 7 6 4 3 ~ . lbld., 59, 1425 (1973); CA, 79, 11 1430r. Havranek. E., Bumbalova. A,, Herchl, M., Chem. Listy, 67, 290 (1973); AA, 25, 2275. Havashi. , ~ Y.. . Matsushita. S.. Kamamaru. T.. Yamamoto,'Y., Talanta,'20,'414 (1973); CA, 78, 168217k. (216) Headridge, J. B., 24th Proc. Chem. Conf., (1971); CA. 81, 7 2 1 1 7 ~ . (217) Headridge, J. B., Lab. Pract., 23, 5 (1974); CA, 80, 78101e. (218) Headridge, J. B., Sowerbutts, A,, Analyst (London), 87, 442 (1972); AA, 24, 801. (219) /bid., 98, 57 (1973); AA, 25, 1573. (220) Headridge, J. B., Sowerbutts, A,, Lab. Pract., 23, 99 (1974); CA, 81, 2 0 5 1 6 ~ . (221) Henkeimann, R., Report 1972, BM BW-FBK72-13; CA, 80, 33521a. (222) Henriet, D., Cent. Doc. Slderurg., Circ. lnform. Tech., 29, 2275 (1972); CA, 78, 79150r. (223) Herrmann M.. Weber, H.. 2. Anal. Chem., 267, 13 (1973); AA, 26, 2653. (224) Hildebrand, M., Neue Huette. 17, 614 (1972); CA, 78, 87562s. (225) Hobson, J. D., Br. Steel Corp. Open Rep., MGlCCl577172; AA. 24, 1567. (226) Hobson, J. D.. Leigh, H., Analyst (London), 99, 93 (1974); CA, 81, 9344v. (227) Hobson. J. D., Lomas, T. W., Brlt. Patent 1,335,657; AA, 26, 3244. (228) Hofton. M. E., Hubbard, D. P.. Anal. Chim. Acta.. 67, 311 (1972); AA, 25, 196. (229) Hoften, M. E.. Hubbard, D. P., 3rd lnt. Congr. At. Absorption At. Fluorescence Spectrom., 2, 743 (1971); CA. 79, 121477a. (230) Holliday, J. E., Frankenthal. R. P., J. ElectroChem. SOC., 119, 1190 (1972); AA, 24, 2813. (231) Holmes, R. J., Wylie, A. W.. McCracken, K. G., Ger. Often. 2,329,105 (1973); CA, 80, 729410. (232) Ho, V. 0..Gibalo, I. M., Lobanov, F., i., Zh.
. ~ ,
(233) (234) (235) (236) (237) (238) (239) (240) (241) (242) (243) (244) (245) (246) (247) (248) (249) (250) (251) (252)
(253) (254) (255) (256) (257) (258) (259) (260) (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (268) (267) (268) (269) (270) (271) (272)
Anal. Khim., 29, 269 (1974); CA, 80, 152454r. Hughes, H., Br. Steel Corp. Open. Rep., CAC/ 17773; AA, 25,3096. Hughes, H., Tunney, A. A,, US NTlS, Pb. Rep.. No. 226975AGA (1973); CA, 80, 152394w. Hutchlnson, P.. Br. Patent 1,283,712 (1972); CA, 77, 104585a. Ichinose, N., Bunseki Kagaku, 23, 348 (1974); CA, 81, 4 4 9 0 2 ~ . Igurnnov, B. N., Leonov, R. E.. Startsev, N. V., lzv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Gorn. Zh., 18, 123 (1973); CA, 80, 90674b. Ihara, T., Bunseki Kagaku, 21, 1380 (1972); CA, 78, 118851s. Ihida, M., Kawai, Y., Tetsu To Hagane, 58, 1477 (1972); CA. 77, 1 3 4 8 3 2 ~ . Ihida, M., Ishli, T.. Nagai, M . , Tech. Rep. N l p pon Kokan Overseas, 13, 57 (1971); AA, 24, 799. inalot, J.. Chemia Anal., 17, 761 (1972); AA, 2& 2816. Ingiot. J., Pr. lnstr. Hutn., 25, 97 (1973); CA, 80, 103387n. ingman, F., Talanta, 20, 999 (1973); CA, 79, 1525799. Int. Colloq. Act. Anal. France, 1972, J. Radloanal. Chem.. 17 119731: AA. 27. 4. lodova, E. 'Moizhes, i: E.,' Tr.'Leningrad. Nauch-lssled. Proekt. hst. Osn. Khim. Prom., 4,252 (1971); CA, 78,23571rn. loffe, A. Y., Zornrner, L. R.. Milkhailova, M. E.. Pylina, V. P., Zavod. Lab., 39, 1087 (1973); CA, 80,66444f. Ishida, R., Kubota, M., Bunko Kenkyu. 21, 255 (1972); CA, 78, 79210k. lbid., p 267; CA, 78, 79215r. ishii, T., Ihida, M.. Bunseki Kagaku, 22, 665 (1973); CA, 80, 66473q. Ito, M., ibid., p 10; CA, 79, 2 6 8 4 8 ~ . Ivanchenko, A. V.. Zavod. Lab., 39, 372 (1973); CA, 79, 9 5 5 4 8 ~ . Ivanchenko, N. I., Savichev, E. I., Matrenkina, V. G., S6 Nauch. Tr., Sredneaziat. Nauch.lssled. Proekt. lnst. Tsvet. Met., 3, 127 (1971); CA, 78, 1 0 5 6 3 1 ~ . Ivanov, Yu. I., Zaichko, L. F., Kapiin, A. A,, Metody Anal. Khim. Reaktivov, Prep., 20, 73 (1971); CA, 81, 8 5 5 9 6 ~ . Ivanova. R. S..Karova, T. N.. Stoyanova, N. M., Khim. hd. (Sofia), 45, 181 (1973); CA, 80,22286b. Ivanova, 2 . i., ignatenko, E. G., Tarasova, V. A,, Zavod. Lab., 39, 1180 (1973); AA, 28, 2656. Ivanova, Z. I., Lektorskaya, N. A,, Chernikova, E. N.. Zavod. Lab. Yugo-Vostoka SSSR, 4th (1971); CA, 80, 9 0 8 7 7 ~ . Ivanova, Z. I., Rivina, V. Y., Kimstach, V. A,, Zavod. Lab. 39, 149 (1973); CA, 78, 1434791. lyer. C. S. P., Parthasarathy, R.. Radiochem. Radio-Anal. Lett., 12, 201 (1972); CA, 78, 66577k. Jackson, D. L., Brit. Patent 1,328,897 (1971); AA, 26, 139. Janousek, I., Chem. Listy, 67, 465 (1973); AA, 25, 3680. Japan Analyst, Annual Review (1972), AA, 24, 2662. Jaskoiska, H., Rowinska. L.. Waiis. L., Radwan, M., J. Radioanal. Chem., 13, 41 (1973); AA, 25, 3087. Jaskoiska, H., Rowinska, L.. Radwan, M . , ibid., 20, 419 (1974); CA, 81, 72187m. Jean, M . , Analusis, 1, 358 (1972); AA, 24, 2818. Jecko, G., Wittrnann, A,, Cent. Doc. Siderurg., Circ. lnform. Tech., 31, 165 (1974); CA. 80, 1524189. Jefferson, R. H.. Hattman, E. A,, Kusler, D. J., U.S., Bur. Mines Inform. Circ., 1974, 1C8625, CA. 8 1 , 4 4 8 8 0 ~ . Jenkins, C., B., Soth, G. C.. ASTM Spec. Tech. Pubi., 1973, NO. 540; CA, 80, 7 7 8 8 2 ~ . Jenkins, R. H.. 6 r . Steel Corp. Open Rep., MGlCCl520172; AA, 24, 802. Jenkins, R . H., Jones, C. P.. 3rd lnt. Congr. At. Absorption At. Fluorescence Spectrom., 2, 695 (1971); CA, 79, 121487d. Johansson, S., Scand. J. Metali., 2, 24 (1973); AA, 25, 840. Jones, A. H.,France, W. D., Anal. Chem., 44, 1884 (1972), AA, 24, 2182. Kaidash, N. G., Dernyanchuk., A. S..Korzho-
S..
va. V. Y., Chastokolenko, P. P., Zh. Prikl. (313) Krukovskaya, E. L., Taiipov, S. T., Volodina, Spektrosk., 19, 595 (1973); CA, 80, 6 6 4 1 2 ~ . A. D., b v . Akad. Nauk. SSR, Ser. Khim., 23, (273) Kalenichenko, A. V., Vnedrenie Napravlenlya 10 (1973); CA, 80, 3 3 5 0 2 ~ . R a m . Geofiz. Metody. Gorn. Predpr., 36-7 (314) Kubinova, A,, Hutn. Llsty, I,50 (1974); CA, (1972); CA, 79, 14254611. 80, 127769q. (274) Kane, P. F., Larrabee, 0. B., Ann. Rev., (315) Kubota, M., ishida, R., Bunko Kenkyu, 23, 74 Mater. Sci., 2, 33 (1972); AA, 26, 18. (1974); CA. 81, 8 5 4 5 5 ~ . (275) Karakolev, K., Savov. P.. Yanev, V., Malche- (316) Kubsch, H., Fritzsch, E., Schneider, H. A,, va, N., Metalurgiya (Sofia), 11-12, 3 (1972); Neue Huette, 19, 303 (1974); CA, 81, CA, 80, 10052j. 44891t. (276) Kashparova, 0. D., Shelepin, D. E., Bagdasa- (317) Kulikovskaya, Z. B., Grzhegorzhevskii, A. S., rov, K. N.. Zavod. Lab. Yugo-Vostoka SSSR, Zavod. Lab., 39,949 (1973); AA, 26, 1531. 4th, 3, 14 (1971); CA, 80, 103510~. (318) Kunin, L. L., Frolov. E. V., Vasserrnan. A. M., (277) Kasinathan. S.,Ramamoorthy, D.. Metallurgia Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 547 (1972); AA, 25, MetalForm., 40, 25 (1973); AA, 25, 648. 683. (278) Kato, K., Murand, M., Bunseki Kagaku, 22, (319) Kutsenko, L. M., Aiueva, T. M., Belenkaya, A. 1312 (1973); CA, 8 0 , 9 0 8 0 6 ~ . G., Arishkevich, A. M., Zavod. Lab. Yugo(279) Kaukhova, L. V., Zavod. Lab., 39, 411 Vostoka SSSR, 4th, 3, 40 (1971); CA, 80, (1973); AA, 25, 3044. 103515c. (280) Kawamura, K., Otsubo, T., Goto, S.,Tetsu To (320) Kuzhel, A. M., Filenko, A. I., Surrnii, A. M., Hagane, 80,695 (1974); CA, 8 1 , 4 4 9 6 8 ~ . lzo. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zavod., Khim. Khim. (281) Kawamura, K., Otsubo, T., Mori, T., ibid., p Tekhnol., 17, 760 (1974); CA, 81, 855502. 108; CA, 8 0 , 9 0 8 1 2 ~ . (321) Kuzkln, G. M.. Meinikov, Y. M., Zavcd. Lab., (282) Kawarnura, K., Watanobe, S.,Suzuki, T., 39, 168 (1973); CA, 78, 154530~. ibid., 58, 2067 (1972); CA, 78, 3 7 4 8 5 ~ . (322) Kvitek, J., Dlouhy, Z., Radioisotopy, 14, 481 (283) Kazior, E.. Brodzik, S., Hutnik, 40, 333 (1973); CA, 81, 57912a. (1973); CA, 80, 22336t. (323) Lakeeva, T. N., Nikolaeva, E. R. Agasyan. P. (284) Kelly, W. R., Moore, C. B., Anal. Chem., 45, K., Zavod. Lab., 38, 1190 (1972); AA, 24, 1274 (1973); CA, 79, 100183rn. 2817. (285) Kenney, J. E., Menon, M. P., ibid., 44, 2093 (324) Langmyhr, F. J., Thomassen, Y.. Massoumi, (1972); CA, 77, 172346~. A,, Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 460 (1973); CA, 80, 6640%. (286) Khanna. V. B.. Sood, B. M., Res. lnd., 17, 26 - - . - - -. (1972); CA, 78, 6 6 5 2 8 ~ . (325) Lennartz, G., Preis, G.. Deut. Edelstahlwerke (287) Kharlamov, i. P., Erernina, G. V., Zavod. Lab., Tech. Ber., 13, 5 5 (1973); CA. 79, 95374t. 40, 385 (1974); CA, 81, 2038%. (3261 Lesbats. A,. Tardv. M. R.. J. Radioanal. (288) Khristova, R., Panteleeva, M., Dimitrova, M., Chem., 17, 127 (1973); CA, SI, 328131. Mashinostroene, 22, 391 (1973); CA, 81, (327) Levi, L. I., Borisova, 0. M., Koziova, V. S., 20489s. USSR 393,878 (1973); CA, 80, 1 5 2 5 4 4 ~ . (289) Kikuchi, T., Bunseki Kiki, 10, 685 (1972); CA, (328) Li, T., Kang Tieh Yen Chiu 7972, 14, 16 79, 121515rn. (1972); CA, 79, 121455s. (290) Kilsby, P. E., 25th Proc. Chem., Conf., 15-26 (329) Lloyd, M. H.. Shanahan, C. E. A,, J. iron Steel (1972); CA, 81, 722272. lnst., 211, 62Bfr615 (1973); AA, 26, 1536. (291) Kipsch, D.,Freiberg Forschungsh. 6.,177 (330) Loch, G., X-Ray Spectrom., 2, 125 (1973); (1973); CA, 80, 62434e. CA. 79. 1 -0-0- 0- 6- -0 ~ (292) Kipsch, D., Neue Huette, 18, 494 (1973); CA, (331) Lugovoi, s. V., Odud, Zz., Zh. Anal. Khim.. 79, 73191d. 28. 950 119731: AA. 28. 2085. (293) Klirna, A., Schoies, P. H., Analyst (London), (332) Lukin, A: M., Petrova, ' G S., Etingen, N. B., 98, 351 (1973); AA, 25, 3801. Molot, L. A,, Arkhangelskaya, A. S.,Anal. (294) Kiirnecki, W., Mendera, J., Zesz. Nauk. PoliMetody Geokhlm, lssled., Mater. Gorkhim. tech, Czestochow., Nauki Tech. Hutn., 7, 115 Konf., 4th, 58 (1970); CA. 80, 127750b. (1972); CA, 79, 1 3 1 9 5 ~ . (330) Lumsden. J. B., Staehie, R. W., Ser. Met., 8, (295) Kniseley. R. N., Ames Lab. Report 1974, 1s1205 (1972); CA. 78, 101140rn. T-626; CA, 81, 5785417. (334) Lundan, A. I., Mattila, 0. P., Nucl. Tech. Basic (296) Koch, 0. G., Anal. Chim. Acta, 62, 462 Metal hd., R o c . Symp., 3 (1972); CA, 79, (1972); AA, 25, 193. 142521a _._ (297) Koch, 0. G., ibid., 84, 156 (1973); AA, 25, (335) Maienthal, E. J., Amer. Lab.. 5, 25 (1973); 2272. CA. 79. 61 130v. (298) Koch, 0. G., Fresenius. 2.Anal. Chem., 285, (336) Maimand, G., Analusis. I,420 (1972); CA, 29 (1973); AA, 25, 3799. 78, 52184t. (299) Koch, W., Buechei. E., Lemm, H.. Arch. (337) Mamuro, T., Mizohata, A,, Annu. Rep. Radiat. fisenhuettenwesen, 44, 301 (1973); AA, 25, Cent. Osaka Prefect., 13, 23 (1972); CA, 80, 3088. 10034e. (300) Ibid.,P 629; AA, 28, 1532. (338) Martin, M. J., Analyst (London). 97, 394 (301) Kochrnola, N. M.. Kaiosha, V. K., Pepenin. R. (1972); AA, 23, 4609. R., Gorokhov, K. I., Yuksa, L. K., lzv. Vyssh (339) Maruta, T., Takeuchi. T., Nippon Kagaku KaUcheb. Zaved., Gorn. Zh., 18, 3 (1973); CA. ishi, 3, 518 (1973); CA, 76, 1 5 4 5 2 6 ~ . 80,98600~. (340) Maruta, T., Takeuchi. T., Anal. Chim. Acta, (302) Kochrnola, N. M., Yuksa, L. K., Radchenko, 88, 5 (1973); AA, 28, 3255. (341) Maruta, T.. Takeuchi, T., Bunseki Kiki, 11, M. E., ibid., 17, 3 (1974); CA, 80, 1278270. 502 (1973); CA, 80, 77848s. (303) Koenig, P., Schrnitz, K., Thiernann. E., Arch. Eisenhuettenwesen, 44, 41 (1973); AA, 25, (342) Mateiciuc, V.. Aldea, L.. Constantinescu. M., Stadnicov, T., Chim. Anal. (Bucharest), 2, 842. 128 (1972); CA, 77, 134597~. (304) Koenig, P., Schmitz, K., bid., p 469; AA, 26, (343) Matherny, M., Pliesvoska, N.. Chem. Zvesti, 134. 27, 327 (1973); CA. 79, 87080d. (305) Kolaraczykova, J., Hutn. Listy, 28, 66 (1973); AA, 25, 852. (344) Matsurnoto, R.. Tetsu To Hagane, 59, 979 (1973); CA, 79, 73116h. (306) Kolaski, H., Siewierski, H., Wieczorek, E., Pr. inst. Hutn., 24, 363 (1972); CA, 79, 1 2 1 5 3 6 ~ . (345) Matsumura. T.. Morooka, R., Kotani, N..Goto, T., ibid., p 1159; CA, 79,61179t. (307) Koiesnichenko, L. F., Fushchich, D. I., Titarchuk, L. D., Porosh. Met., 13, 91 (1973); CA, (346) Mazharovskaya, G. S., Vasilenko, V. D., 79, 871272. Novak, V. P., Maitsev, V. F., lzv. Vyssh. (308) Korneev, V. A., Erina, I. I., Boronlna, G. G., Ucheb. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 16, Chernyshenko, 0. E.. Avto. Prom., 39, 37 190 (1973); CA, 78, 154511q. (1973); CA, 80, 4 3 7 0 5 ~ . (347) McEihaney, R. J., Morrow, R. W., Rep. Atom. (309) Kostromin, A. I., Akhrnetov, A. A,, Burygina, Energy Comrn. U.S., Y-1861 (1972); AA, 25, L. N., Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 315 (1972); AA, 2277. 25, 853. (348) Meisel, W., Kreysa, G., Z . Anorg. Allg. Chem., (310) Krapf. G.. Bandi. W. R., Melnick, L. M., J. Iron 395, 31 (1973); AA, 25, 839. Steellnst. London, 211, 890 (1973); CA, 81, (349) MeisBi, W., Kreysa, G., Z . Chem., Leipzig, 12, 53000d. 301 (1972); AA, 24, 1568. (311) Kravchenko. Y. P.. Lishanskii, G. Y.. Sven- (350) Meith, J., Marrero, M., Radiochem. Radioantitskii, N. S.,Yankovskii, A. A,, Zh. Priki. a/. Lett., 12, 163 (1972); CA, 78, 666182. Spektrosk., 18, 940 (1973); CA, 79, 61136b. (351) Melchekova, Z. E., Murashova, V. i., Zh. (312) Krishnaiah. K. S. R., Murty. S.V. S.S., Murty, Anal. Khim., 28, 105 (1973); CA, 78, 0. V. L. N., Tata lron and Steel-Tisco 7972, 13 174 l a . 19,99 (1972); CA. 7 9 , 2 6 8 3 1 ~ . (352) Meinick. L. M., Lewis, L. L., Holt, B. D., "De~I
I
-.
A N A L Y T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y , VOL. 47, NO. 5, A P R I L 1975
* 125R
termination of Gaseous Elements in Metals", Wiley, New York, NY, 1974. (353) Metters, E., Cooksey, B. G., Ottaway, J. M., Taianfa, 19, 1605 (1972); AA, 25, 190. (354) Mikhailova, T. P., Pechorina, S.i., Levchenko, L. M.. Zavod. Lab., 39, 1463 (1973); AA. 27, 696. (355) Mikhailova, T. P., Sryvtsev, V. A,, Klimashova, A. P.. lzv. Sib. Otdei. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1972, Ser. Khim. Nauk, 3, 96 (1972); AA, 25, 2276. (356) Miller, G. G., Zickefoose, R. L., U.S. 3,020,380, June 28, 1974; CA. 81, 85727n. (357) Minina, I., Shchemeleva. G. G., Bagdasarov, K. N., Zavod. Lab. Yugo-Vostoka SSSR, 4th, 3, 8 (1971); CA, 80, 115690~. (358) Morello, B.. Degregotio, P., Savastand, G., Appl. Scecfrosc., 28, 14 (1974); CA, 80, 1034982. (359) Murthy, A. R., Narashimha. R. A. S.,indian Stand., inst. Bull, 25, 20 (1973); CA, 79, 13 135d. (360) Musil, J., Halirova, D.. Hutn. Listy, 27, 437 (1972); AA, 24, 800. (361) Musket, R. G., Bauer, W., A. Appl. Phys., 43, 4786 (1972); AA, 25, 805. (362) Nadakarni, R. A,, Haldar, B. C., Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett., 10, 99 (1972); AA, 23, 4613. (363) ibid., p 183; AA, 23, 4611. (364) Nagata, N., Matsumura, T., Tetsu To Hagane, 59, 5007 (1973); CA, 78, 118856~. (365) Nakahara, T., Nishino, H., Munemori, M., Musha, S.,Buii. Chem. SOC. Japan, 48, 1706 (1973); CA, 79, 488842. (366) Nakahara, T., Munemori, M., Musha, S..Anal. Chim. Acta., 82, 267 (1972); AA, 25, 124. (367) Nakahara, T., Munemori, M., Musha, S.,Buii. Chem. SOC.Japan, 46, 1172 (1973); AA, 25, 3093. (368) Nakai, A,, Fugitani, M., Kanagawa-Ken Kogyo Shikensho Kenkyu Hokoku, 37, 65 (1973); CA, 80, 780333. (369) Nakashima, R., Sasaki, S.,Shibata, S.,Anal. Chim. Acta, 70, 265 (1974); CA, 81, 85547d. (370) Nakatani, M., Bunseki Kagaku, 21, 1624 (1972); CA, 78, 79348m. (371) Nasyrova, Z. B., Kosoiapova, S. N., Maksudov, N. K., Uzb. Khim. Zh., 17, 26 (1973); CA, 80,436952. (372) Natanson, K. Y , Karpov. Ya., Kovalev, K. S., Ivanova, R. V.. Nauch. Tr., Nauch-issied. Proekt. hst. Redkometal Prom., 47, 180 (1973); CA, 81, 328652. (373) Needham, P. B., Driscoll, T. J., Rao, N. G., Appi. Phys. Led., 21, 502 (1972); CA, 78, 20566c (374) Nenakhova, K. V., Khorkova, i. V., Korobova, i. A,, izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved.. Khim. Khim. Tekhnoi., 15, 306 (1972); AA, 24, 1574. (375) Nikoiaev, G. I., Podgornaya. 8. I., Zh. Priki. Spektrosk, 18, 911 (1972); AA, 25, 841. (376) Nikolaeva, E. R., Lakeeva, T. N., Agasyan, P. K., Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 497 (1972); AA, 25, 855. (377) Nikurashina. M. L., Eremenko, A. N., Frumina, N. S., Shevko, V. A,, Zavod. Lab., 38, 903 (1972); AA, 24, 1580. (378) Nikurashina. M. L., Frumina, N. S.,Anal. Metody Geokhim. issled., Mater. Geokhim. Konf., 4th. 5 8 (1970); CA, 8 0 , 1407903. (379) Nishida, H., Bunseki Kagaku, 22, 971 (1973); CA, 80, 1524329. (380) Nonova, D.. Evtimova, B., Taianta, 20, 1347 (1973); AA, 27, 699. (381) Norris, J. D., West, T. S., Anal. Chim. Acta, 59, 474 (1972); AA, 23, 4610. (382) Norwitz, G., Gordon, H., ibid., 69, 59 (1974); CA, 80, 115683~. (383) Nutter, A,, Hutn. Lisfy, 29, 365 (1974); CA, 81,44967~. (384) Oberhauser, R., Material Pruefung, 15, 85 (1973); CA, 78, 154563h. (385) Oda, S., Ohashi, Z.,Furuya, K., Kamada, H., Taianta, 19, 779 (1972); AA, 24, 146. (386) Ohls, K., Brauner, J., Friedhoff, P., Fresenius' Z . Anal. Chem., 285, 342 (1973); CA, 79, 12152 1k. (387) Ohls, K., Koch, K. H., Doenges, D., ibid., 261, 177 (1972); CA, 78, 1 1 2 3 8 ~ . (388) Ohls, K., Koch, K. H.. Becker, G.. ibid., 97 (1973); CA, 79,26729a. (389) Okamoto, G., Tachibana, K., Shibata, T., Hoshino. K., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi, 38, 117 (1974); CA, 81, 670651'. (390) Okochi, H., Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Metals, 15,
126R
124 (1973); CA, 80, 4 3 6 8 7 ~ . (429) Pribil, R.. Vesely, V., Hutn. Listy, 27, 439 (391) Olette, M., Cent. Doc. Siderurg., Circ. inform. (1972); CA, 77, 134676~. Tech., 30, 1921 (1973); CA, 80, 111182g. (430) Pruocheva Kh., Delllski, A,, Tsolov, Ts., Meta(392) Olivier C., Pierce, T. B., Radiochem. Radioaniurg/ya (Sofia), 29, 16 (1974); CA, 81, ai. Led., 17, 335 (1974); CA, 81, 8585511. 85602t. (431) Puri, R. K., indian J. Pure Appi. Phys.. 10, 841 (393) ibid., 23, 57 (1974); CA, 81, 9431w. (394) Onodera, M., Saeki, M., Yasunaga, M., /SA (1972); AA, 25, 3082. Trans., 12, 131 (1973); CA, 79, 148324k. (432) Purushottam, A,, Naidu. P. P.. Lal, S. S.,Ta(395) Onuchina, G. V., Ivannikova, Z. M., Nauch. /anta, 19, 1193 (1972): AA, 24, 2794. Tr. Vses. Nauch.-issled. Proekt. insf. Tugo- (433) Pushinov. Yu. V., Kazakov. B. I., Fiz-Khim. pavk Metal Tverd. Spiavov, 12, 134 (1973): Mefody Anal. Kontr. Prolzvod. Mater. Konf. CA, 80,90756e. Rab. Vuzov. Zav. Lab., 3, 105 (1972); CA, (396) Oproiu. M., Mefaiurgia (Bucharest), 24, 486 80,90720~. (1972); CA, 78, 3 7 5 5 7 ~ . (434) Puzankov, N. V., Dymov, A. M., Piskova, N. I., (397) Orths, K., Weis, W.. Giessereiforschung, 25, Puzankov, V. V., Tr. Khim.-Met. inst., 13, 196 61 (1973): CA, 80, 17900t. (1972): CA, 78, 118864~. (398) Orzechowska. J.. Zielinski, M., Feczko, J., Pr. (435) Puzankova, N. V., Dymov, A. M., Puzankov, Inst. Hutn., 24, 301 (1972); CA, 80, 61599. V. V., Gruzinov, V. K.. ibid., 21, 42 (1973); CA, 80, 78009f. (399) Orzechowska, J., Zielinski. M., Kulinski, Z., Hutnlk, 20, 572 (1973); CA. 81, 157799. (436) Ramakrishna. R. S.,Gunawardena, H. D.. Ta(400) Ostrobrod, B. G., Markman, A. L., Abdusala/anta, 20, 21 (1973); AA. 25, 784. mova, E. K., izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved.. (437) Rao, K. V., Rao, K. A,, Shankar, B. V., MetaiKhim. Khim. Tekhnoi., 18, 843 (1973); CA, iurgia Metal Form., 40, 329 (1973); AA, 26, 79, 100176m. 3256. (401) Ostrowski, S.,Zimma, D., Rozpr, Wansk. (438) Rao, P. D., At. Absorption Newsi. 11, 49 Tow. Nauk., Wydz. 3, 9, 153 (1972), CA, 80, (1972); CA, 80, 6 6 4 0 6 ~ . 66466q. (439) Razinger, B., Metalurgija, 11, 25 (1972); CA, (402) Ottaway, J. M., Pradhan. N. K., Taianta, 20, 78, 92006t. (440) Reed, D. J., Can. Mines Br. Invest. Rep., IRH 927 (1973); AA, 28, 2657. 73 (1973); CA, 80, 3 3 4 9 6 ~ . (403) Ozawa, T., Okutani, T., Utsumi. S.,Bunseki Kagaku, 22, 1592 (1973); CAS81, 85630a. (441) Reed, D. J.. Dalton, J. L., Gillieson, A. H., X (404) Padawer, G. M., Adler, P. N., U. S. NTiS, Ray Specfrom.,3, 15 (1974); AA, 27, 691. Aorep. No. 770856/3GA9 (1973): CAI 80, (442) Revel, G., Da Cunha Belo, M., Merlaux, J. P., 115737q. Schneider C., Hilleret, N., Bourguillot, R., Re(405) Pashchenko. E. N., Vasil'eva, L. A., Mal'tsev, port CEA-Conf-2130 (1972); CA, 79, 13180q. C V. F.. Volkova. N. P.. ZaVod. Lab.. 3% 1297 (4431 , . .- , .Rittionr . ...= - , .R.. S - . , Russell. .. - .. K.. -., Der. - - - Offon. (1973); AA, 27; 115. 2 283 035 July 1973; CA, 79,73302r. (406) Patil, S. P., Shinde. V. M., Anal. Chim. Acta, (444) Rbbinkon, ' J. W. Jr., Pehlke, R. D., Anal. 87, 473 (1973); CA. 80, 78087e. Chem., 46, 946 (1974); CA, 81, 2 0 5 6 5 ~ . (407) Patil, S. P., Shinde, V. M.. Anal. Len., 8, 709 (445) Romantseva, T. I., Ivanova, I. G., Fiz-Khim. (1973); AA, 26, 1535. Mefody Anal. Kontr. Proizvod., 3, 1 (1972); CA, 80, 115712~. (408) Pawaskar, P. E.. Reddy, G. R.. Das, M. S., indian J. Technoi. 10, 80 (1972): AA, 23,4614. (446) Romantseva, T. I., ivanova, I. G., izv. Vyssh. (409) Pednekar, S . P., indian insf. Technoi Bombay, Ucheb. Zaved., 179 (1973); CA, 80,22323m. 3, 26 (1971); CA, 80, 108784n. (447) Rooney, R . C., Pratt, C. G., Analyst, (London), (410) Peterson, E. A., U S . Nat. Tech. Inform. Serv. 97, 731 (1972); CA, 77, 147206~. 755809 (1972); CA, 78, 168225m. (448) Rossinskii, E. E., Aitukhov, V. G., Rozova, T. (411) Pichon. F., Baudrillard, F., Cent. Doc. sidT., Prir. Tekhnogen. Syr'e Kol'sk. Poivosfroerurg., Circ. infform. Tech., 30, 1539 (1973); va, 117 (1972); CA, 80, 5 1 6 9 9 ~ . CA, 80, 6038s. (449) Rudnevskii, N. K., Rezchikov, V. G., Zh. Priki. (412) Pierce, T. B., McMillan, J. W., Peck, P. F., Spekfrosk., 17, 738 (1972); CA, 78, 520661. Jones, 1. G., Nuci. instrum. Methods, 118, 115 (450) Ryder, P. L., Jackei, G., Z. Mefaiik., 83, 817 (1974), CA, 81, 5727%. (1972); AA, 24, 148. (413) Pilipenko. A. T., Skaravskii, Yu. F., Zh. Anal. (451) Salter, W .J. M., Micron, 4, 307 (1972); CA. Khim., 29, 716 (1974); CA, 81, 44960q. 81,44829d. (414) Pilipenko, A. T., Shpak, E. A.. ZUl'fgarOv, 0. (452) Sakaki, T., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi, 37, S.,Zavod. Lab., 40, 241 (1974); CA, 80, 645 (1973); CA, 79, 61174n. 20508~. (453) Sato, K., Funaki, S.,Bunseki Kagaku, 21, (415) Pilipenko, A. T., Solomeina. Z. G., Ukr. Khim. 1017 (1972); CA, 78, 37400s. Zh., 39, 1169 (1973); CA, 80, 66382j. (454) Sato, K., Funaki, S.,Bunko Kenkyu, 22, 143 (416) Pluschkeil. W., Pueckoff, U., Gateilier, C., 01(1973); CA, 80, 115667s. ette, M., SfahiEisen, 94, 539 (1974); CA, 81, (455) Savariar, C. P., Arunachalam, M. K., Harihar72205r. an, T. R . , Anal. Chim. Acta. 80, 305 (1974); (417) Podchainova, V. N., Yatsenko, V. A,, DoigoCA, 80, 152451n. rev, A. V., Zavod. Lab., 40, 243 (1974); CA, (456) Schiefer, P., Ow., 1,798,074, January 1974; 81,9380d. CA, 8 1 , 2 0 5 8 6 ~ . (418) Pokhodnya, I. K., Paltsevich. A. P., Automat. (457) Schmitz, L., Loose, W., Koch, K. H., FresenSvarka, 28, 18 (1973); CA, 79, 107123a. ius' Z . Anal. Chem., 268, 186 (1973); CA, 80, (419) Poiivanova, N. G.. Balabaenko. N. F., Veselo33535h. va, T. M., Fratkin. Z. G., Orlova, s. A., ZaVod. (458) Scholes, P. H., Br. Steel Corp. Open Rep. MG/CC/650/72 (1972); AA, 25, 1572. Lab., 38, 687 (1972); CA, 77, 134717n. (420) Poljakova, K., Hutn. Listy, 28, 515 (1973); (459) ibid., CDL/CAC.117/73 (1973); AA, 26, AA, 28, 867. 3150. (421) Poljakova, K., Cakon, M., ibid.. 27, 743 (460) /bid., MG/CC/528/72 (1972); AA, 23, 4606. (1972); AA, 24, 3473. (461) Schmitz, L., Loose, W., Koch, K. H., Z . Anal. (422) Ponomarenko, E. P., Suprunchuk, V. K., Chem., 266, 186 (1973); AA, 28, 1524. Domio, A. A,, Zhalybina, V. D., Zashch. Pok- (462) Schunke, R . H., Nuci. Sci. Absfr., 29, 4820 rytiya Metal, 7, 134 (1973); CA, 80, 127802~. (1974); CA, 80, 127780m. (423) Ponomareva, A. A.. Agrinskaya. N. A., (463) Schwartzendruber, L. J., Bennett, L. H., Zavod. Lab., 38, 790 (1972); CA, 77, Schoefer, E. A,. Deiong, W. T., Campbell, H. 172287e. C., Weld. Res. (Miam!) (1974); CA, 80, (424) Popa, A,, Farkas, L., Metaiurgia, 24, 321 111351m. (1972); CA, 78, 3 7 5 5 6 ~ . (464) Schwarz, W., Gassner, J., Berg-U. Hueffenm. (425) Popa, A,, Chirila, V., ibid., p 697; CA, 78, Mh., 117, 84 (1972); AA. 24, 141. 52212a. (465) Seah, M. P., Surface Sci., 40, 595 (1973); (426) Popov. V. A,, Rudenko, E. I., Yakovlev, P. CA, 80,64174~. Ya.. Zavod. Lab., 38, 908 (1972); AA, 24, (466) Segebade, C., Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 216 1581. (1973); CA, 80, 3 3 4 3 0 ~ . (427) Povolotskii, D. Ya., Vyatlin, G. P., Zolotar- (467) Shanahan, C.E.A., Proc. Chem., Conf. 25th evskii, B. N., Danilovich, Yu, A,, Tokovoi, 0. 48 (1972); CA, 81, 721482. K., Gaiyamov. R. N., Semkina, N. V., k v . (468) Shaw, F.. Ottaway, J. M.. Analyst (London), Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Chern., Met., 49, 99, 184(1974); CA, 81, 57875r. (1973); CA, 80, 147838q. (469) Shell, C. A,, Riviere, J. C., Surface Sci., 40, (428) Powell, 8. D., Westwood, H. J., Tapiin, D .M. 149 (1973); CA, 79, 118356e. R.. Mykura, M.. Met. Trans., 4, 2357 (1973); (470) Shesterova, I. P., Talipov, Sh. T., Ismailova, CA. 80, 6172f. V. K., Uzb. Khim. Zh., 17, 12 (1973); CA, 81,
__
'
A N A L Y T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y , VOL. 47, NO. 5, A P R I L 1 9 7 5
.
~
20504t. (471) Shinha, E. C., Roy, S. K., J. lnst. Chem., Calcutta, 46, 19 (1974); CA, 81, 72239e. (472) Shinmi, K., Nippon Kinzoku Gakkai Kaiho, 13, 143 (1974); CA, 80, 140861h. (473) Shiraiwa, T., Fujino, N., X Ray Spectrom., 3, 64 (1974); CA, 81, 72126r. (474) Shmanenkova, G. I., Mikheeva, L. M., Elfmova. G. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 2164 (1972); CA, 78,66503h. (475) Shmelev, B. A,, Starostina, L. I., Baranov, M. V Malikov. A F.. Tr. Tsentr. Nauch.-lssled. kst. Tekhnol. Mashinostr. Abst. No. 14085 (1973); CA, 80, 7 8 0 7 0 ~ . (476) Shubina, S. E., Trofmova, M. E., Shimnova, E. A,, Stand. Obraztsy Chern. Met., I,21 (1973): CA, 80, 7 8 0 6 5 ~ . (477) Sibirkova. V. T., Kitkina. M. G., Sedletskii, R. V., Zavod. Lab., 39, 137 (1973); AA, 25, 1569. (478) Skotnikov, S. A,, ibid., 38, 1469 (1972); AA, 25, 25. (479) lbid., 40, 405 (1974), CA, 81, 328219. (480) Skotnikov, S. A,, Lebedeva, G. V., ibid., 38, 1347 (1972); CA, 78, 1545412. (481) Slama, J., Hutn. Listy, 26, 365 (1973); CA, 79, 48950t. (482) Slickers, K., Schulze, H., Giesserei, 60, 147 (1973); CA, 78, 154546e. (483) Smirnova, V. A,, Batyrev., V. A., Zavod. Lab., 39, 699 (1973); CA, 79, 100133~. (484) Solomatin, V. T.. Artemova, T. N., Yakovlev, P. Ya.. Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 525 (1974); CA. 81, 328781. (485) Solomatin, V. T., Yakovlev, P. Ya., Artemova. T. N., Lapshina, L. A,, Zh, Anal. Khim., 28, 2197 (1973); CA, 80, 7 8 0 0 3 ~ . (486) Souilliat, J. C., Robin, J. P., Analusis, 1, 427 (1972); CA, 78, 5 2 0 2 2 ~ . (487) Stamp, C., McKenzie, P., Harrison, T. S., Metallurgia Metal form., 40, 222 (1973); AA, 26, 865. (488) Statham, R. F., Br. Steel Gorp. Open Rep. MG/CC/567/72 (1972); AA, 24, 1577. (489) Statham, R. F., Proc. Chern. Conf., 25th., 28 11972): - ~ ,CA. . 81. 7 2 2 2 3 ~ . (490) Steffen, R., Stahl Eisen, 94, 547 (1974); CA, 81. 72110f. (491) Steinnes, E., Radiochim. Acta, 17, 119 (1972); CA, 78, 23557m. (492) Stepanov, A. V., Chudina, R. I., Usova, L. V., Nauch. Tr.. Uses. Nauch.-lssled. lnst. Stand., 9, 52 (1972): CA, 78, 1 1 0 9 7 ~ . (493) Stepin, V. V., "Analysis of Ferrous Metals, Alloys, and Manganese Ores", 2nd ed., Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1971; CA, 79, 13230. (494) Stetter, A,, StahlEisen, 92, 1036 (1972); CA, 80, 74916k. (495) Stoch. H.. Nat. lnst. Met. Repub. S.Ah. Rep., 1609 (1974); CA, 81, 44984a. (496) Storms, H. A,. Amer. Lab., (6), 23, 26 (1974); CA, 80, 150129q. (497) Styblo, K.. Holek, T., Hutn. Listy, 28, 143 (1973); CA, 78, 143392a. (498) Sugimoto, K., Kishi, K., Ikeda, S., Sawada. Y., Nippon Kinroku Gakkaishi, 38, 54 (1974): CA, 80, 147989q. (499) Sukhoruchkina, A. S., Postnikov, V. A,, Usatenko. Yu. I., Vop. Khim. Khim. Teknol., 26, 44 (1972): CA, 78, 1 0 5 6 8 8 ~ . (500) Suzuki, N.. Kikkawa. A,, Hirokawa, K.. Bunko Kenkyu, 22, 247 (1973); CA, 80, 90875t. (501) Svedung, D.. Scand. J. Met., 3, 75 (1974); CA, 81, 9404q. ~
I
(502) Swaroop, B., Rev. Sci. lnstr. 44, 1387 (1973); AA, 28, 2082. (503) Szocs, E.. Chim. Anal. (Bucharest), 2, 199 (1972); CA, 78, 118901h. (504) Takahari, T., Bunseki Kagaku, 22, 1121 (1973); CA, 80, 66474r. (505) Takahari. T., Yamamoto, Y., Nakamura, M., ibid., p 383; CA, 79, 1 3 8 8 7 0 ~ . (506) Takahari. T.. Yamamoto, Y., Tetsu To Hagane, 60, 700 (1974); CA, 81,32812e. (507) Talipov, S. T.. Dzhiyanbaeva. R. Kh.. Abdisheva, A. V., Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 1550 (1972); CA, 77, 172322n. (508) Tamba, M. G.. Vantini. N., Analyst (London), 97, 542 (1972); AA, 24, 1576. (509) Tanino, M., Sato, T., Tetsu To Hagane, 59, 1971 (1973); CA, 8 0 , 8 6 0 9 8 ~ . (510) The Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd.. 8111. Pal. No. 1,327,150; Analyst. Abstr., 23, 2480 (1972), AA, 26, 140. (51 1) Thierig, D., Arch Eisenhuettenwesen, 43, 475 (1972); AA, 24, 142. (512) Thomlch, W., ibid., 44, 273 (1973); CA, 79, 38212q. (513) Tietze, E., Mikrochim. Acta, 658 (1972); AA, 24, 2185. (514) Tikhonov, V. N., lzv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 15, 1789 (1972). CA, 78,92166~. (515) Tikhonov, V. N.. Petrova, L. F., lzv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Khlm. Khirn. Tekhnol., 16, 798 (1973); CA, 79, 61190q. (516) Tikhonov, V. N., Budnichenko, V. A,, Zayod. Lab., 40, 381 (1974); CA, 81, 32823j. (517) Tominaga. T.. /mono, 45, 690 (1973); CA, 80, 2 2 3 3 8 ~ . (518) Toy, S. M., Phillips, A,, U.S. Pat. 3,732,076, May 1973; CA, 79, 13245q. (519) Tsolav, T. S., Ganev, P., Tr. Nauchnoizsled. lnst. Cherna. Met., 3, 251 (1972); CA, 80, 10048n. (520) Tsugane, F., Kamakura, M., Aoyama, F., Tetsu To Hagane, 59, 1592 (1973); CA, 79, 152566h. (521) Tsurumi, C., Ota. M., Furuya, K., Bunseki Kagaki, 22, 1597 (1973); CA, 80, 1035571. (522) Tsurumi, C., Mitsuhashi. H.. Furuya, K.. Fujimura, K.. BunsekiKagaku, 23, 143 (1974); CA, 81, 20501q. (523) Tulepova, I. V., Orlova, E. M., iodkovskii, S. A,, Tr. Tsent. Nauch.-/ss/ed. hst. Tekhnol. Mashinostr., 110, 58 (1972); CA, 80, 8 6 1 9 0 ~ . (524) Tulepova, I. V., Oriova, E. M., Ryutina, T. V., Zavod. Lab., 38, 1319 (1972); CA, 80, 66598t. (525) Tuma, H., Matasova, M., Hutn. Listy, 27, 213 (1972); AA, 23, 4605. (526) Tunney, A. A,, Hughes, H., Br. Steel Gorp. Open Rep., GS/TECH/251/1/73/C (1973); AA, 26, 1525. (527) Tunney, A. A., Br. Steel Gorp. Open Rep., GS/EX/2/73/C (1973); AA, 28,3246. (528) Tunney, A. A,. Hughes, H.. U.S.Nat. Tech. lnform. Serv. Rep. No. 217214/6, 73, 169 (1973); CA, 79, 46579e. (529) Turner, P. J., Papazian, J. M.. Metal Sci. J., 81, (1973); CA, 79, 871524. (530) Turner, P. J., Regan, E. J., Southon, M. J., Surface Sci.. 35. 336 (1973); CA, 78, 88896r. (531) Vaidyanathan, K. R., Res. lnd., 17, 104 (1972); CA, 81, 4 4 9 8 2 ~ . (532) Van Grieken, R.. Verh. K. Acad. Wet., 35,
(1973); AA, 26, 866. (533) Vashun, 2. N., Shevchuk, T. A., Ukr. Khlm. Zh., 39, 604 (1973); AA, 26, 136. (534) Vetters, H., Haerterei-Tech. Mitt.. 307 (1973); CA, 8 0 , 9 0 8 2 0 ~ . (535) Voronov, B. G.. Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 18, 1085 (1973); CA, 79, 87019r. (536) lbid., 19, 568 (1973); CA, 79, 15249811. (537) Vorsatz, E., Varga, F., Voros, Mrs. A,, B8nvasr Kohasz. Laook. Ontode, 23. 131 (1972); CA, 77, 1 3 4 7 1 8 ~ . (538) Wada, K.. Bunseki Kiki, 11, 117 (1973); CA, 80, 907811. (539) Wakamatsu, S., Tetsu To Hagane, 58, 1485 11972): CA. 77. 134768e. (540) ;bid., 59, l i 5 0 i 1 9 7 3 ) ; CA, 79, 6 1 1 8 9 ~ . (541) Walsh, A,, Appl. Spectrosc., 27, 335 (1973); AA, 26, 2527. (542) Watanabe, K., Kawagaki, K.. Bunseki Kagaku, 23, 510 (1974); CA, 81, 85702a. (543) Watt, J. S.. Howarth, W. J., At. Energy A d . , 16, 6 (1973); CA, 80, 176902. (544) Webster, R. K., Hughes, T. C., Gibbons, D., Memo. U.K. Atom. Energy Auth. Aere-M, 2607 (1973); AA, 26, 2654. (545) Westland, A. D., Bezaire, J., Anal. Chim. Acta., 66, 187 (1973); AA, 26, 3252. (546) Wilkinson. T.. Foster, W. W., Harrison, T. S., Metallurgia Metal Form., 40, 61 (1973); AA, 25, 1574. (547) Wright, P. W., Anal. Chem., 45, 101 (1973); CA, 78,52014n. (548) Yakovlev, P. Ya., Chabanenko, N. I., Vigutov. M. K.. Tumanov, A. K., Man'shikova, I. V., Sb. Tr. Chelyabinsk. Elektromel. Komb., 3, 257 (1972); CA, 79, 100215~. (549) Yakowitz, H., Ruff, A. W., Michaelis, R., Nat. Bur. Stand., ( U . S . ) Spec. Publ. No. 260 (1972); CA, 78, 75017e. (550) Yastrebova, A. K., Lokshina, S. E., Zavod. Lab., 39, 969 (1973); CA, 79, 152530s. (551) Yavoiskii. V. L., Luzgin, V. P., Frolov, A. G., Merker, E. E., Svyazhin, A. G., Grigorev, N. S., Mikhalev, V. I., Sb. Mosk. Insf. Stali Splavov., 70, 33 (1972); CA, 81, 28133s. (552) Zaboeva, M. I., Freidenzon, L. N., Shishkina, N. I., lzv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 17, 183 (1974); CA, 80, 1 5 2 4 2 1 ~ . (553) Zanotelli, W. A,, Jr., Report MLM-2066 (1973); CA, 80, 140837e. (554) Zel'bet, E. M., Laposhko, L. D., Kapyrin. A. A,, Tr. Vses. Nauch.-lssled. Konstr. Teknol. lnst. Podshipnik. Prom., 2, 70 (1972); CA, 79, 34200m. (555) Zhivopistsev. V. P., Bondareva, E. G.. Moskotina, V. D., Zh. Anal. Khim., 27, 2024 (1972); CA, 7 8 , 5 2 1 5 9 ~ . (556) Zhukova, M. P., Shemyakin, F. M.. Yakavlev, P. Ya., Zavod. Lab.. 39, 937 (1973); CA, 80, 33458k. (557) Zickefoose, R. L., Miller, G. G., Judge, J. R., U.S. 3,704,621, April 1972: CA, 78, 6115611 (558) Zimmerman, K. Stahl Eisen, 93, 765 (1973); AA, 27, 114. (559) Zitnansky, E., Radioisotopy, 13, 1134 (1973); CA, 79, 142611e. (560) Zitnansky, B., Jad. Energ., 20, 16 (1974); CA, 80,90805~. (561) Zuberbuehler. E., Metalurgija, 11, 13 (1972): CA, 78, 92004r. (562) Zueva, V. L., Proizvod Ferrosplavov, 1, 106 (1972); CA, 78, 118746m. (563) Zwittlinger. H., J. Radioanal. Chem., 14, 147 (1973); AA, 26, 1530.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 47, NO. 5, APRIL 1975
127R
