T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Feb., 1919
A STUDY OF THE FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED FROM VARNISH OILS AND FROM VARNISHES [PAPER NO. I ] By W. T. PEARCE Received June 15, 1918
This work was undertaken with the object of finding methods for estimating China wood and other oils t h a t are being substituted for linseed in oil varnishes. It was stated eight years ago t h a t a part of the above problem would be taken up by the Bureau of Standards, but inasmuch as nothing had been reported and as i t was of such importance t o the development of a reliable system of varnish analysis, we decided i t must be included in the program of varnish investigations begun in this laboratory in June 1917. We report here a p a r t of t h e work we have in progress. The linseed oil used was the raw oil boiled 2 hrs. a t 200' C. with the oxides of lead and manganese. The China wood oil used was clear and possessed a golden yellow color. . The soy bean oil was light and clear, and the menhaden and cottonseed were light clear oi1s.l The acid mixtures were in most cases obtained b y making up mixtures of the desired oils, saponiEying with alcoholic caustic potash, extracting t h e liberated acids with ether, and drying the solvent-free acids a t 110' C. I n other designated cases we used the f a t t y acids obtained from varnishes of known composition by Boughton's method.2
I21
Menhaden, I O O per cent, gave a small brown residue which in no way resembled the China wood jelly. Composition of the Mixtures from which the Acids were made Per cent Linseed, 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Menhaden, 100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soy bean, 100.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cottonseed, 100.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China wood, 100
................ ............. { .............
1 1
China wood, 50 Linseed, 50 China wood 33l/3 Linseed, 662/3 China wood, 20 Linseed, 80 China wood, 10 Linseed, 90 China wood, 5 Linseed, 95 China wood, 50 Menhaden, 50 $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
{ .............{
} .............
JELLY
FORMED
Not any Not any Not any Not any Large amount-1 in. in 6 tube Large amount--'/n in. in 6 tube Fair amount--'/a in. in 6 tube Small amount--'/E in. in 6 tube Very small amount
] . . . . . . . . . . . Not any ] '. { Fairtubeamount--'/a in. } ............. ~ ~ d & Very O small amount
5/s
test-
X s/s testX
S/R
test-
X
'/E
test-
in 6 X
S/R
test-
~,
' '
' ' ''
' ' '
' '
i............. { { i
China wood, 40 Menhaden, 30 Linseed, 30 China wood, 20 Soy bean, 40 Menhaden, 40
X
.............
Good amount--'/a tube
in. in 6 X s/s test-
Small amount--'/s tube
in. in 6 X s/j~test-
F a t t y acids from a varnish containing East India copal, rosin, and a n oil mixture made up of 2 ; per cent China wood, 2 5 per cent menhaden, and 50 per cent linseed gave a fair amount of jelly, about '/FJ in. in 6 X 3 / 4 test-tube. One containing roiin and China wood oil alone gave results previously found for 100 per cent China wood; and one containing Sierra Leone copal and linseed gave the negative test. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC3
I N D I C E S OF REFRACTIOK
The following readings were obtained: Composition of Mixtures from which the Acids were made Readings Per cent Calc. t o 20' C. Linseed, 100.. .................... 1.4666 ~ ~ ? ~ $ o 9% o d , 1.4707
China Good, Linseed 90 Linseed, China wood, 80 2o Linseed China dOod, 50 5o
] ................. ] ................. ] .................
1 .................
Difference
....
+0.0041
1.4775
+0.0109
1.4824
+O.OlSS
1.4895
+O .0229
These were repeated several times and fair checks were obtained in t h e cases where the acids came from the oils direct, but where they came from varnishes t h e values were not in good agreement. Readings were taken on mixtures of t h e other oils with linseed but the change in reading with t h e increase of the adulterating oil was too small t o be of any value.
Per cent Linseed, 100. Soy bean, 100. Cottonseed, 100. Menhaden, 100.. China wood, 100.. China wood, 50 Linseed, 50 China wood, 20 Linseed, 80
These oils were obtained from Toch Brothers. E. W.Boughton, Bureau of Standards, Technical Paper 65. 8 Proceedings of the Sezrenth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Sec. 1, p. 96. 1 2
xlor of oil large part is s..L'd; characteristic odor A small part is solid; no odor detected
1 ............... { A
] ............... { ~~~~a~~''p$~o ] ............... Solid; fishy odor large part is solid; odor China wood. 50 ...............{ A wood Soy bean, 50 small part is solid; no ...............{ A tected g;eyf(j 20 ] A small part is solid; no p&;n-~~~,'," ] ...............{ tected
of China odor deodor de-
ACKNOWLEDGXENT
The writer wishes t o express his thanks t o Dr. E. F. Ladd who not only suggested the work, but gave advice and encouragement while it was in progress. CHEMICALLABORATORY NORTHDAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE N. D. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
JELLY TEST
This was carried out as given by Boughton,3 except t h a t the fatty acids were used instead of the oils and the time of heating was increased t o 2 hrs. A 5 g. sample was used in each test. The results obtained b y using acids from the oils direct are found in table near t o p of next column. Mixtures of soy bean and China wood and cottonseed and China wood gave just as good results as linseed and China wood, while mixtures of linseed and soy bean and linseed and cottonseed gave no jelly.
PHYSICAL CHAdACTERISlICS
................... Liquid .................. Liquid ................ Liquid ............... Solid; fishy odor .............. Solid; chara,teristic
.
THEFORMATION OF AMMONIA AND AMINES IN CANNED SARDINES DURING STORAGE By F. C. WEBER AND J. B. WILSON Received June 17, 1918
I n the investigations conducted in the sardine industry of Maine b y this laboratory during the seasons of 1913 t o 1916, numerous determinations of ammonia were made in following the degree of spoilage of the fish. I n this phase of the work, two methods of determining ammonia, namely, titrating and nesslerizing the volatile alkaline material, were employed.
