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HERMANN WATTENBERG: A PIONEER IN A NEW FIELD OF EXPLORATION'," NORRIS W. RAKESTRAW Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
OPPORTUNITY knocks lightly, and unless one is quick
EARLY LIFE
t o answer, she may be off and away without a backward glance. But if the door is opened with eagerness who knows what favors she may bestow? However, opportunity, like inspiration, comes t o him who is prepared. How often we hear young men complain that they never had the "breaks," whereas they simply did not have the kind of doors upon which opportunity cared to knock. It would be foolish of course, t o say that virtue always has its just reward, but just as foolish t o believe that brilliant careers must wait upon the lucky strokes of chance. Nevertheless, life would be uninteresting if it were not for the unforeseen things that happen t o us. The course of our lives depends upon how we react to them. Still, our preparation to react is important, for any one of these events may determine the whole subsequent course of life. Hermann Wattenberg, a young German chemist, was thus prepared t o seize his opportunity when it came, an opportunity t o carve out a new kind of chemical career in a field in which there was virtually no competition. For 20 years this field expanded, but he retained a position of leadership in it, largely setting the standards of accomplishment and finally attaining the very pinnacle a few short weeks before his unfortunate death under violent circumstances. I want to tell you this story, not only because we can draw an inspiration and a moral from it but because Wattenberg's accomplishments are interesting in themselves.
He was born in Berlin on April 16, 1901, the eldest of three brothers. The family soon moved to Essen where they lived in comfortable circumstances. The father, Ernst Wattenberg, an engineer, died in 1906, and the mother moved the family to Hannover and subsequently remarried. However, the children came to love and respect their stepfather as their own. He was an artist, and the children were raised in an atrnosphere of art and music which became Hermann's avocation during his later scientific life. He had a good eye for beauty, a strong appreciation for all types of art, and a certain amount of musical talent. Nevertheless, his scientific bent appeared early, for as a boy he built himself a primitive laboratory and even made a lathe out of an old sewing machine. I n 1919 he was graduated from the Gymnasium and went to the University of Munich to study chemistry. His student years were not easy, for the family bad lost all its money during the war and the subsequent inflation. Nevertheless, his persistence overcame difficulties and he obtained his Ph.D., magna cum l a d e , in 1923, having specialized in inorganic and analytical chemistry under Honigschmid with two published papers to his credit. He took an industrial position, with the firm of RiederdeHaen, but quickly came t o realize that this was not the life for him. Returning to the University, he obtained an appointment as assistant to Professor von Wartenberg in the Technische Hochschule in Danzig. He settled into this position happily, but not for long.
Delivered under the title, "A career in chemistry," before the Northeastern Seetian of the American Chemical Society on the occasion of the James Flack Norris Award, in Boston, February 9, 1956. a Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, New Series, No. 847.
THE EXPEDITION
As early as 1919 the German Society for the Advance-
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ment of Science had been planning a large-scale oceanographic expedition. It was finally decided t o send it to the South Atlantic, concerning which there was already some qualitative information but where a thoroughgoing study with modem quantitative methods could yield much important knowledge about the structure and behavior of the ocean in general. The plan was t o involve scientific observations of all k i n d s physical, biological, geological, chemical. The last category had never received much attention on such expeditions, and the leader of the project, Dr. Alfred Merz, was insistent that for this purpose there should be chosen not an oceanographer who had learned a few chemical techniques but rather a well-trained pure chemist, adaptable enough t o apply his knowledge to the problems in the entirely new field of marine chemistry or chemical oceanography. Consultation with Dr. Fritz Haber, of well known repute, confirmed this opinion and the latter undertook t o find such a person. On Haber's inquiry, Professor Willstatter, head of the Chemical Institute in Munich, suggested Wattenberg who was accordingly offered the opportunity.
left unfinished on the ways at the end of the World War. It was more than two years before the ship returned to its home port. I n the meantime, some of the most important work in the history of exploration was accomplished. Wattenberg had of course taken part in the planning of the expedition and particularly in designing and constructing the chemical laboratory. There were no precedents t o follow; indeed, no one knew how much chemical work could be done on a long expedition. Consequently, the laboratory was outfitted for many possibilities, some of which were never realized. By the time he returned, Wattenberg was the most experienced-in fact almost the only-chemist who practiced his profession on the rolling deck of a ship. What he had learned in the solution of practical technical difficulties as well as the natural chemical problems in the ocean set the standards for the chemists who followed in his footsteps, or, t o use a better seagoing expression, in his wake. During the course of its travels the "Meteor" visited 310 "stations" or spots located in a predetermined pattern in the South Atlantic Ocean between the latiPREPARATION tudes of Cuba on the north and the Antarctic Continent This unexpected and flattering invitation was a com- on the south. Water, was taken a t these places for plete surprise to Wattenberg and he accepted with analysis from many depths to the bottom, as far as enthusiasm. During the next few months at the Kaiser four and a half miles below the surface. The conWilhelm Institute for Physical and Electrochemistry, stituents determined, and the number of respective of which Haber was the head, he worked hard to make samples analyzed, were as follows: dissolved oxygen, himself familiar with his new field of investigation. 6577 determinations; pH, 6549; phosphate, 3611 ; COXAlthough he had a strong feeling of responsibility for tension, 384; alkalinity, 354; iron, 17; samples taken for the confidence which had been placed in him, never- gold analysis, 1555. At a number of places the ship was theless, before the preliminary "shake-down" cruise anchored in the middle of the ocean while repeated in January, 1925, he often said that he did not know what observations were made for two or more days. he was going to investigate or how he was going t o The objectives of the chemical investigation, as investigate it! He found little help in the literature. they eventually became definite, can be arranged as Heretofore, chemical work done a t sea had been follows. The chemical analyses furnishing data inexceedingly sketchy; indeed, there was no clear con- volved in these objectives are given in italics. ception of the nature of the chemical problems in the ocean. Analytical methods were exceedingly difficult Objectives of the Chemical Program or altogether impossible to carry out on shipboard. I. Chemistry and the Life Processes in the Sea It was Wattenberg's task to plan a program of work and A. How is the distribution of living organisms (particularly microscopic plants) related to inorganic "nuto devise the methods for carrying it out. In this, his trients"? (Detemination of phosphate) ability to strike to the core of a problem without being B. Haw are the processes of respiration and organic d e diverted by inconsequentials stood him in good stead. composition shown in the water by: During the "shake-down" cruise he suffered so much 1. Consumption of oxygen? (Detwmination of dissolved oxygen) from seasickness that on his return he was sorely 2. Production of carbon dioxide? (Determination of tempted t o resign from the expedition. Ma1 de mer is COz-tension) an occupational hazard of oceanographers, however, 11. DepositionpH, of Calcium Carbonate and its discomforts are soon forgotten. Few people A. Is the ocean saturated with calcium carbonate? are chronic sufferers; most acquire a t least temporary B. What is the state of equilibrium between GO2.HC02; . and COs--? immunity. I n deciding t o continue, Wattenberg C. Under what conditionsis calcium carbonate deoosited? could not have foreseen how this decision was the (Detemination of pH, alkalinity, COrtension) important crisis of his lie. 111. Water Movements A.
DEPARTURE
The expedition set forth from Wilhelmshaven on Wattenberg's birthday, April 16, 1925, in the 1300-ton ship "Meteor," which for the purpose of scientific investigation had been built from the hull of a gunboat
IV.
Can the movements of water masses he followed by observing changes in the chemical composition of the water? (Determination of dissolved oxygen) Miscellaneous Chemical Observations A. (Detemination of i ~ o n ) B. (Collection of samples for analysis of gold. Carried out at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin)
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One must remember that these analyses had to be carried out under shipboard conditions, and consequently procedures were limited to simple titrimetric and colorimetric methods. I n those days colorimetry W&S done bv visual com~arison. The DH determinations, for example, were made by arranging a long series of buffer standards in tubes, adding an indicator solution, and comparing the individual working samples, similarly treated, with the standards by interpolation. This was the first occasion upon which any large number of phosphate determinations had been made a t sea. The colorimetric method used had been devised only a very few years before. This method also involved the preparation of a long set of tubes containing standard solutions, treated with molybdic acid and stannous chloride to develop color, and compared with the working samples one by one. These colorimetric methods which now seem primitive were nevertheless developed t o a high degree of A Chemist at Work et Sea precision by Wattenberg, and his results suffer little by comparison with those obtained by modern instruments, of this important material may be constructed. The value of this lies in the fact that about half of the sea which are often difficult to maintain a t sea. bottom is covered with sediments made up largely of PLANT NUTRIENTS calcium carbonate, and the conditions of this sediThe processes by which the microscopic organisms mentation were up to that time seriously in doubt. in the sea obtain their food had long been a matter of One of Wattenberg's most notable contributions was a great interest. The early conception was that the subsequent determination of the solubility product of minute plants drew their nutriment and built their own CaCO,, and by combining this with his analytical structures from organic materials dissolved in the results he was able to show that the greater portion of water. This idea was being seriously questioned and the ocean, particularly its upper layers, is very highly evidence was accumulating that inorganic compounds supersaturated with calcium carbonate. He was also of nitrogen and phosphorus were the important nutrient . led to the conclusion that in the bottom of the sea in factors, as they are in the growth of land plants. The many places calcium carbonate is undergoing solution. advent of a satisfactory method for determining These were new conceptions and are still the cause of phosphate in the sea water made possible a large-scale much controversy. investigation of this question, and one of the most VENTILATION OF THE SEA important outcomes of the "Meteor" expedition was One of the most interesting features of the ocean is the showing that the abundance of "plankton" (the collective mass of floating microscopic living organisms) the distribution of dissolved oxygen in it. Not only was closely related to the concentration of phosphate can this be easily and accurately determined by analyin the water. Surface areas often become depleted of sis, but i t participates in more different and more fundathis important nutrient, and life there becomes scarce; mental chemical processes than any other dissolved where the surface can be refertilized, as by the up-well- constituent in the water. Water a t the surface is ing of deep water rich in phosphate, organic pro- generally saturated in contact with the atmosphere, ductivity is invariably great. We now know that the while water in the depths is deficient, as a result of same is true of nitrate, and that "fertilizer chemistry" oxidation processes, or sometimes contains a surplus due is the same the world over, on land and sea. to photosynthesis. A peculiar phenomenon is the widespread occurrence of a depth of minimum oxygen CALCIUM CARBONATE concentration, the maintenance of which depends upon The modifications which Wattenberg brought about the balance between consumption and replenishment. in the titration method for alkalinity have made it the This has been, and still is, a fruitful subject for speculastandard procedure, although simpler and more rapid tion and investigation, and the 6000 or more detertechniques are now available since the advent of elec- minations which Wattenberg made are still an trometric methods for determining pH. The results important source of our knowledge about it. He was of this titration, along with the values for pH, make able to show a close relation between oxygen consumppossible the calculat,ion of the conditions of the whole tion and the production of carbon dioxide (from detercarbon dioxide equilibrium once the necessary con- minations of pH) and of phosphate. As a contrihutstants have been evaluated. From the carbonate con- ing influence in this process he was able to trace the centration thus determined and a knowledge of the movements of the principal water masses, which the solubility of CaCOa in sea water, the saturation picture oceanographers had discovered by other means in the
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Atlantic basin, in currents that move a t various depths from poles to equator in both directions and in both hemispheres. Transverse surface currents moving from east to west in the equatorial region were shown to produce an up-welling of deep water near the African coast, resulting in low oxygen and high phosphate concentrations near the surface with a consequent area of abundant l i e and high organic productivity.
literally "a fish out of water," hut the unique character of his work attracted great interest and respect and he was given the nickname "Seawater." Here he became acquainted with a young woman student whom he later married. They found mutual companionship not only in scientific interests but also in music and in their love for the outdoors. Together they tramped the mountains, in summer on foot and in winter on skis, and looked forward to the time when they could take their children on such trips. But this was to happen only once, when their eldest-horn was six. Eventually their family consisted of two sons and a daughter. Wattenberg's chemical work was finally collected in three volumes in the series of "Meteor Reports," a collection forming one of the most solid foundation malls for the oceanographic literature. The data and the conclusions have been the basis of literally hundreds of commentaries and secondary papers. MARKING TIME
LIFE AT SER
Wattenberg was the "Benjamin" of the expedition, the youngest member of the scientific staff. Notwithstanding this, his influence was great principally because of his quiet, even temper, good practical sense, and friendly companionship-qualities which are essential for happiness on such an expedition where men are crowded together for long periods. His laboratory and quarters were popular gathering places and his counsel and advice were sought and respected even by his older comrades. What characterized this expedition more than any previous one was the close cooperation between workers in several scientific specialties-physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, meteorologists-all concerned with common problems. When, after more than two years, the ship returned home the general picture of the scientific results was already apparent, for this was the first expedition of the k i d during which the results of the observations were completed and worked up as it progressed. Nevertheless, the analysis of the data, the drawing of conclusions, and the writing of reports occupied the staff for the next ten years or more. HOME AGAIN
These next years were diicult ones for Wattenberg in many ways. It was hard to settle down after such an experience as he had just had. He was given an appointment as a Fellow of the German Research Society, a position closely corresponding to our National Research Fellowships, and established himself in the Chemical Institute of the University of Munich to assemble the chemical results of the expedition. Among the other chemists in the Institute he was quite
,
But the future for a "marine chemist" or a "chemical oceanographer" was very uncertain. There was no post for such a person a t any German university. Wattenberg had never given up his hope for a teaching position in some higher academic institution, hut he felt sure that he could never qualify for one on the basis of the kind of chemical research he had been doing. No appointment committee would understand or appreciate it. So he began to use his spare time for researches in pure chemistry, although he continued to dream of a laboratory or institute of some kind patterned after his experience on the "Meteor" in which scientists of many kinds could live and work together, investigating the further mysteries of the ocean. He took part in several minor expeditions, two of them into the cold waters near Iceland and Greenland, and he spent some time as a visitor in marine laboratories in England, Norway, and Finland. He was appointed to a German commission for the scientific investigation of the sea and cooperated with chemists from England and Finland in a very important study of the carbon dioxide equilibrium in the ocean. Meantime, many well-meaning friends tried to bring him hack to the field of pure chemistry, offering him attractive positions a t other universities. But he had been caught by the glamor of the sea and refused to leave it. AT LAST !
h f t to ~ i . h t : ~ ~ ~ wattenberg. t ~ 1 ~ 3 4 th. . you of wattenberg.. ~ ~
Eventually the "break" came. Through Dr. Albert Defant, one of his elder colleaeues on the "Meteor" and then head of the Institut fiir~eereskundein Berlin, fl he was able to qualify for an academic appointment, first in Berlin and later at the University of Kiel. On such occasions it is required that a candidate for appointment deliver a "habilitation" lecture, intended to demonstrate his aualifications for the appointment. Wattenberg's sibject for this was B ~ U C ~h ,H ~~ I ~~ . ~ . ~ - I~H . ~ ~ ~ ~ . the nutrient content of the sea ~to the ~university i 05~ K ~ t~ "The I ~ relation ~ ~between t
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and plankton." I well remember Defant's pleasure in describing the skill with which Wattenberg parried the criticisms which were directed at his new but welldocumented ideas. I n 1934 he was installed as head of the Laboratory of Marine Chemistry in the University of Kiel, and for the next several years his principal field of activity was in the local waters of the neighborhood. Nevertheless, in his own words, "One cannot draw boundaries in the ocean, and there is scarcely a phenomenon in it which does not exert its influence far and wide." He also carried out fundamental studies on solubilities and on trace elements in sea water. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea charged him with the responsibility for collecting and publishing the best available methods for determining the imuortant nutrient constituents of sea water. his work is still the only comprehensive treatise on this subject, although it failed to standardize procedures and is when he was appointed head of his Institute in Kiel. now rather out of date. I n his inaugural address he said, "Real marine science But these were the happiest years of his life. He is not the incidental study of the plants, animals, and was able to indulge in two of his hobbies: gardening sediments in sea water, but rather the understanding and photography. On returning from his frequent of a whole organism whose parts and functions cannot trips to sea, he loved to spend time with his plants or be separated." This was his philosophy and his long hours in his darkroom. He could concentrate on objective, and by this time he had become an oceahis work in the laboratory to the exclusion of every- nographer as well as a chemist. thing else, with no regard for time, but when finished On July 24 he and his wife mere visiting friends. On he could turn completely to the next thing, whether work their departure, he went to the laboratory to finish or diversion. He was patient and considerate with some work. This was the second critical decision of students and co-workers, teaching by example rather his life, and the last, for unfortunately he chose just the than by word. He never gave way to anger or loud time when a bombing attack came over the city to words, but was always ready to help with gentle, destroy the docks and military installations. The incidental remarks. Although his habit of life was laboratory in Kitzeberg was too close to the harbor to quiet and unassuming, his decisions were clear and escape this and was totally obliterated, along with its definite, and he was not easily influenced by others in recently appointed director. For more than a day it such cases. smoldered. At the same time the Wattenbergs lost These many qualities, along with his scientific their home and everything in it. Only she was spared, accomplishments, led to his promotion, first to "ex- with what she carried with her. traordinary" (associate) and later to "ordinary" (full) Thus was a career in chemistry cut short, as were professor in the University and in its Oceanographic many careers, by the violence of war. Institute (Institut fiir Meereskunde) established in CONCLUSION 1937, of which he became head of the Hydrographic and Chemical Division. At last he saw the fulfillment And what can we learn about the choice of a career of his dream of such an institute in which all the from the consideration of this one? The study of the scientific disciplines cooperated in the study of the sea is not unique in its opportunity; it is but one of many fields in which the principles and practices of ocean. chemistry can be applied to the solution of natural And then came the War. problems. Indeed, it is not very different from the WAR ! application of chemistry to industrial problems. The Military mobilization must have been nearly as story does illustrate, however, how one can expand a indiscriminate in Germany as in this country, for he was single opportunity into a life of interesting and profirst sent with the troops as an ordinary soldier to the ductive activity, provided one is prepared with the Polish front. But later his scientific attainments were necessary technical background and personal qualities. put to the better service of his country and he became Not every young chemist can attain the Nobel Prize, a scientific consultant to the navy, with the eventual but there are other lasting rewards than the highly title and rank of "Oberregierungswt der Reich." I n publicized ones. Solving problems which no one has this capacity, between 1940 and 1944, he took part in attempted before, serving as a model for those who many operations from Norway to the Mediterranean. follow in a new sphere of activity, contributing to the advancement of a whole new branch of applied science, There is no record of these. The culmination of his career came in May, 1944, working at tasks of one's own choosing, inspiring
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others by one's own quiet example, persisting in following a dream until it comes true, establishing a happy home with a devoted family, living a full and wellbalanced life with the love and respect of those around one-these are some of the accomplishments and characteristics of the career we have just been considering. It is the kind of l i e to which anyone might aspire; what more can one ask? For its sudden termination a t the very time when it seemed destined to be most fmitful we must blame the terrible violence of warfrom which God grant we may henceforth be spared. PUBLISHED WORKS OF HERMANN WATTENBERG 1922 "Potentiometriache Titration des Kupfers" (with E. ZINTL),Be?., 55, 3366. 1923 "Patentiometrisehe Titration von Amen und Antimon" (with E. ZINTL),Ber., 56,472. 1926-27 "Vier Beriehte iiber die chemischen hbeiten wiihrend der 'Meteor'-Frthrt," 2. Ges. f. Erdkunde, 1926, 66, 264; 1927, 137, 307. 1928 "Die chemischen. Arbeiten der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition," 2. Ges. J. Erdk., Erg. Heft In, 97. 1929 "Die PhosphaL und Nitratuntersuchungen der 'MetedExpedition," Cons. P m . Rapp. et Pme. Verb., 53, 90. "Eine einfache Methode zur direkten Bestimmung von Ammoniak in Seewasser mit Nesslers Reagen~," Cons. P e m . Rapp. et PTOC. Verb., 53, 109. "Die Durohliiftuug des Atlantischen Ozeans," J. du Cons. Penn., 4 , 68. 1930 "Plankton und Phosphat in der OberEichenschicht des Ann. d. Siidatlantisoheu Ozeans" (with E. HENTSCAEL), Hyd~ographie,58, 273. "Uber die hydrographischen, chemischen und biologischen Verhiltnisse an der Meeresober&iche swischen Island und Griinland. Ergebnisse einer Fahrt mit der Vermessungsschiff 'Meteor' im August 1929" (with G. A N D E. HENTSCAEL), Ann. d. Hydmg., 58, BOENECKE 233. "Uber die Bestimmung der Alkalinitat des Meerwaasers. Uber den Kalkgehalt des Ozeanwassera. I. Mitt.," Ann. d. Hydmg., 58, 277. "Uber ewei Bildungsweisen von Natriumnitrit und Kaliumnitrit." Bey.. 63. 1667. 1931 "Uber die ~oiiichkeitvon CaCOs im Meerwasser (Vorliuf. Mitt.)," Die Natum~ssensch.,19, 965. "Die Bestimmung von Phosphat, Nitrat, Nitrit, Ammoniak und Silikat im Meerwaaser," Ann. d. Hydrog., 59, 95. Correction, 428. "Uber den Kalkgehalt des Ozeanwaasers. 11. Mitt.: Die Verteilune im Atlantischen Osean." Ann. d. Hydrog., 59, 273. "Beziehungen zwischen Kdkgebalt des Meerwassera und Plankton," Cons. P m . Rapp. et Pwc. Vwb., 75, 67. "Der ehemische Aufbsu des Atlantisohen Ozems," Finska Samfundets Meddelanden, No. 2 (Helsingfors). 1932 "Liquid carbon dioxide in the depths of the ocean," Nature, 130,26. "Beitrage zur Ozeanographie des Oberiiacbenwaasera in der Danemarkstrasse und Irmingersee. 11. Teil" E B. F#YN),Ann. d. Hydrog., (with G. B ~ H N E C KAND 60. 314.
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BUCA, H. W. HARVEY,AND S. GRIPENBERG), Cons. Penn. Rapp. et Proc. Verb., 79, 1. 1933 "Dm chemische Beobachtungsmaterial und seine Gewinnung," "Meteor"-Wwk, Bd. 8, T1. l , l . "uhw die Titrationsalkdinitat und den Kalsinmkwbonatgehalt des Meerwassers," "Meteor"-Werk, Bd. 8, T1. 2, 122.
"Untersuchungen iiber den Kohlensauredruck nnd die Wasserstoffionenkonzentratiou des Meerwassers," "Meteorn-Werk, Bd. 8, T1. 3, 233. "Was enthalt die Tiefsee an Nihrsbffen fiir das tieriscbe und pflanzliche Leben?" TieJseebueh (Meer in volkstiiml. Darstell. 3. Bd. Berlin). "Aufgaben der ohemisehen Meeresforschung," Z. f. d. ges. Natum%sscmch.. 6. "Kdkaufliimng u h d ~ a s s e r b e w e ~ u nam g Meeresboden," Ann. d. Hydrog., 63, 387. "uber die Sattigung des Seewasserrr an CeCOa und die anorganogene Bildung von Kalksedimenten" (with E. Ann. d. Hyd~og.,64, 23. TIMMERMANN), "Kohlensaure und Kdeiumcarbonat im Meere," F o r t Jorseh. d. M i n e d . , Kristallog. u. Petrog., 20, 168. "Der iahreazeitliche Gaue des Gehalteltes des Meerwansem an f'lanktonnahrstoffenin der Kieler Bucht im Jahre 1935" (with H. MEYER),Kzeler Meeresforschungen, 1, ~~~
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264
"Methoden eur Bestimmung von Phosphat, Silikat, Nitrit, Nitrat und Ammoniak im Seewasser," Cons. Penn. Rapp. et Proe. Verb., 103, 1 . "Die LOslichkeit von Magnesiumkarhonat und StrontiumKGlw ktarbonat in Seewasser" (with E. TIMMERMANN), Mewesf., 2, 81. "Die chemischen Arbeiten auf der 'Metem-Fahrt, Febr./ Mai 1937," Ann. d. Hydrog., 65, Sept.-Beiheft, 17. "Die Bedentung anorganischer Fsktoren fiir die A b b gemng van Kalzinmkarbonat im Meere," Geol. d. Meem u. Binnengewisser, 1. "Zur Chemie des Meerwassers: uher die in Spuren vorkommenden Elemente," 2.f . anwg. u. allg. Chem., 236, 339. (HGnigsohmid-Festschrift). "Untersuehungeu iiber die Farbe und Durchsichtigkeit des Seewassers. I," Kieler Meeresf., 2, 293. "Die Verteilung des Sauerstoffs im Atlantischen Onem," "Meteo7"-Werk, Bd., 9, 1. Lief., 1. "Chemie des Meeres" (Balneologe). "Das Institut fiir Meereskunde Kiel" (with A. REMANE), Kieler Meeresf., 3, 1. "Uber den Kupfergebalt des O~eanwassers" (with K. KALLE),Die Naturvissensch., 26, 630. "Uber die Bestimmung der Titrztionsalkalinitat des SeeMeeresf., 3,258. wassers," (with H. W ~ G )Kieler , "Die Entstehung der sauerstoff-en Zwisehenschicht im Ozean," Ann. d . Hyd~og.,67, 257. "Einige Ergebnisse der Untersuchungafahrten mit dem Reicbsforschungsdampfer 'Poseidon' in der Westlichen Ostsee 1938," Ber. d. Dtsch. Wiss. Komm. f . Meeresf.. .. N. F., 9, 541. "Der hydrograpbiscbe Zushnd der Ostaee im Sammer 1939. Ergebnisse der 'Triton'-Fahrt vom 27 Juli bis 10 August 1939," Ann. d. Hydrog., 68, 185. "Uber die Grenzen zwisehen Nord- und Ostseewaaser," Ann. d . Hydrog., 69,265. "Die Verteilung des Phosphats im Atlantischen Osean," "Meteor"-Wed, Bd., 9, 2. Lief. "Das Vorkommen des Eisens im Meer," Arch. f. LagerstdttenJoraeh.,75, 36. "Zur Chemie des Meerwaasers. Neuere Unterwchungen uber geliiste Gaae," 2.J. anmg. u. allg. Chm., 251, 71. "Erganzung eu der Mitteilung: Zur Chemie des Meerwassers. Uber die in Spuren vorkommenden Elemente," 2.J. anorg. u. allg. Chem., 251, 86. "Geochemie des Weltmeeres," Kieler Bliitfw, 3, 143. "Neue Wege eur Messung dea Salzgehaltes und der Temperatur des Meerwassers" (with J. JOSEPH),Ann. d. Hydrog., 71, 240. '%ntwurf einer natiirlichen Einteilung der Ostsee," Kieler Meeresf.. 6. 10. "Die SaI&b&verteilung in der Kieler Bucht und ihre Ahhbgigkeit von Strom- und Wetterlage," Kieler
