Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules by Scalable Fabrication and

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Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules by Scalable Fabrication and Interconnection Optimization Mengjin Yang, Dong Hoe Kim, Talysa Klein, Zhen Li, Matthew O. Reese, Bertrand Tremolet de Villers, Joe Berry, Maikel F.A.M. van Hest, and Kai Zhu ACS Energy Lett., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01221 • Publication Date (Web): 02 Jan 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 2, 2018

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ACS Energy Letters

Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules by Scalable Fabrication and Interconnection Optimization Mengjin Yang,a,§ Dong Hoe Kim,a,§ Talysa R. Klein,b Zhen Li,a,* Matthew O. Reese,b Bertrand J. Tremolet de Villers,a Joseph J. Berry,b Maikel F. A. M. van Hest,b Kai Zhua,* a

Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401,

United States b

Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United

States §

These two authors contributed equally to this work.

* Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract To push perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology toward practical applications, large-area perovskite solar modules with multiple sub-cells need to be developed by fully scalable deposition approaches. Here, we demonstrate a deposition scheme for perovskite module fabrication with spray coating of a TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) and blade coating of both perovskite absorber layer and spiro-OMeTAD-based hole transport layer (HTL). The TiO2 ETL remaining in the interconnection between sub-cells significantly affects the module performance. Reducing TiO2 thickness changes the interconnection contact from a Schottky diode to ohmic behavior. Owing to interconnection resistance reduction, the perovskite modules with a 10-nm TiO2 layer show enhanced performance mainly associated with much improved fill factor. Finally, we demonstrate 4-cell MA0.7FA0.3PbI3 perovskite module with a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.6% measured from an aperture area of ~10.36 cm2, corresponding to an active-area module PCE of 17.9% with a geometric fill factor of ~87.3%.

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Organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials have gained tremendous attention in recent years as a promising candidate for next-generation low-cost photovoltaics (PV). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has surged rapidly from 17% can be achieved in the near future.

Conclusions In summary, we demonstrated an approach to scaling up PSCs that includes monolithic interconnects and results in a highly efficient 4-cell perovskite module with a stabilized module PCE of 15.6% measured from an aperture area of ~10.36 cm2, corresponding to an active-area module PCE of 17.9% with a geometric fill factor of ~87.3%. The n-i-p device structure of the modules was fabricated with a fully scalable deposition scheme coupled with the standard scribing scheme used for conventional thin-film PV modules. The TiO2 ETL was deposited by spray pyrolysis, whereas the perovskite absorber layer and spiro-OMeTAD-based HTL were both deposited by blade coating. Key to the module development is control of the monolithic interconnection contact (FTO/TiO2/Au)—from a non-ohmic to ohmic behavior—by adjusting the TiO2 ETL thickness without causing significant shunts. The interconnection between subcells strongly affects the FF of module performance. Because the interconnection is absent in small-area laboratory devices, different considerations of device optimization are needed when transitioning from small-area lab-scale cells to modules, even when the same stack layers are used in both types of devices. Future material/structure innovations to fully resolve the interconnection issue will have great impact to the development of perovskite modules.

Acknowledgement The work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. We acknowledge the support by the hybrid perovskite solar cell program of the National Center for Photovoltaics, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office. K.Z., D.K., M.v.H., and T.R.K acknowledge the support by the U.S.

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Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program.

Supporting Information Available: Device fabrication and experimental details; Microscopic image of P1, P2, P3 scribing; SEM images of different thickness TiO2 and spiro-OMeTAD surface; Corrected J-V curve after eliminating TiO2 resistance; Comparisons of the MAPbI3 and MA0.7FA0.3PbI3 devices.

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