Highly Transparent and Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors

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Functional Nanostructured Materials (including low-D carbon)

Highly Transparent and Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Ultra-Long Silver Nanowire Conductive Networks Xing Liu, Dongdong Li, Xin Chen, Wen-Yong Lai, and Wei Huang ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10138 • Publication Date (Web): 24 Aug 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 27, 2018

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Highly Transparent and Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Ultra-Long Silver Nanowire Conductive Networks Xing Liu,†,§ Dongdong Li,†,§ Xin Chen,† Wen-Yong Lai,*,†,‡ and Wei Huang†,‡ † Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China. ‡ Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China. *E-mail: [email protected] §

X. Liu and D. Li contributed equally to this work.

KEYWORDS: flexible supercapacitors, transparent supercapacitors, silver nanowires, ultralong, all-solid-state

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ABSTRACT: Ultra-long silver nanowires (Ag NWs) are preferred for enabling transparent conductive networks with low sheet resistance, high transparency, and excellent mechanical flexibility, which offer great merits in achieving high-performance and flexible energy storage devices. Herein, a new type of polyol process was proposed for the synthesis of ultra-long Ag NWs. Uniform Ag NWs with the average length of 75 µm were obtained. Transparent conductive films (TCFs) based on the as-prepared Ag NWs exhibited low sheet resistance of 15.2 Ω sq-1 at 84% transmittance with a negligible change of sheet resistance after bending. Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on the resulting Ag NW TCFs showed high transparency (>50%), good mechanical flexibility and high cyclic stability with only slight areal capacitance decays after 100 times of bending (~25%) and 5000 charge-discharge cycles (~15%). The results manifest the great potentials of the resulting TCFs based on ultra-long Ag NWs for flexible and wearable energy storage applications.


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1. INTRODUCTION Electrochemical energy storage in the form of supercapacitors have been widely considered as the promising power supply source for future flexible and portable electronic devices, due to their high power capability and long cycling stability.1-6 The latest progress of next-generation flexible electronics may also require the ultimate form of power source with high flexibility and transparency for both functional and aesthetic reasons, especially for wearable electronics, and smart windows, etc.7-9 As the core component, transparent conductive films (TCFs) and their structures undoubtedly play critical roles in controlling their performances.10,11 Among various TCFs, indium tin oxide (ITO) has been widely employed in various optoelectronic devices (e.g. organic light emitting diodes, solar cells, and touch screen displays, etc.), due to its high optical transmittance (>90%) and low sheet resistance ( 600). XRD spectra (Fig. 1c) show four typical diffraction peaks at 38.2°, 44.5°, 64.5°, 77.4° corresponding to the (111), (200), (220) and (311) crystalline planes of the face-centered cubic lattice. The statistics of the length distribution given in Fig. 1d show that the as-prepared nanowires are mainly in the range of 70-90 µm, exhibiting narrow size distribution. The results demonstrate superior advantages of shorter and simpler synthesis process as compared with those grown by previous one-step/multistep methods,24,29 which are much more favorable for further large-scale production. To understand the possible mechanism, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the stirring process and the injection rate of AgNO3 solution in the synthesis of Ag NWs. As shown in Fig. 2(a), un-uniform Ag NWs with the average length of 30 µm were obtained when a low injection rate of 0.03 mL/s was adopted for AgNO3 solution. As the injection rate of AgNO3 solution increases to 0.06 mL/s (Fig. 2b), the average length of Ag NWs increases to 50 µm, and the size distribution tends to be homogeneous. When the injection rate of AgNO3 solution increases to 0.17 mL/s, uniform and ultra-long Ag NWs with the average length of 75 µm can be prepared (Fig. 1). Further increase the injection rate of AgNO3 solution to 1.00 and 3.30 mL/s (Fig. 2c and 2d), the average length of Ag NWs reduces, and a large number of nanoparticles are observed in their final products. This indicates that the injection rate of AgNO3 is a critical factor that affects the morphology of Ag NWs (inset, Fig. 2d), and excessive and low injection rates are both unfavorable for the formation of seed crystals and their subsequent growth process. Fig. 3a-3d) shows the SEM image of Ag NWs synthesized at



different stirring time before statics. It can be seen that the Ag NWs become shorter and thicker when longer stirring time were used (inset, Fig. 3d). This suggests that the absence of stirring for a certain time (Fig. 1) is essential for growing Ag NWs with desirable length and uniformity.

Fig. 2 SEM images of Ag NWs synthesized at different injection rates of AgNO3: (a) 0.03 mL/s, (b) 0.06 mL/s, (c) 1.00 mL/s, (d) 3.30 mL/s (inset: the average length of Ag NWs synthesized at different injection rates of AgNO3).


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Fig. 3 SEM images of Ag NWs synthesized at different stirring time: (a) 15 min, (b) 30 min, (c) 60 min, (d) 90 min (inset: the average length of Ag NWs synthesized at different stirring time). According to the above analysis, it is believed that an appropriate injection rate of AgNO3 and a specific static process both play the key role in controlling the length and uniformity of Ag NWs, and the corresponding mechanism can be surmised as follows. When the reaction was performed at low injection rates of AgNO3 solution (such as 0.03 mL/s), the nucleation would occur in an intermittent mode due to the slow accumulation of the monomer, and thus short and un-uniform Ag NWs were obtained during the subsequent growth process (Fig. 2a). In contrast, when high injection rates (such as 3.3 mL/s) were adopted, massive seed crystals were formed instantly, but their subsequent random growth led to irregular length and large diameter of Ag NWs (Fig. 2d). Based on above analysis, a relatively moderate injection rate of AgNO3 solution (~ 0.17 mL/s) was thus explored to improve the nucleation and growth processes of Ag NWs. Through this



adjustment, the monomer accumulation was accelerated, which improved the crystallization process of Ag NWs. Simultaneously, the growth of Ag NWs based on the existing nuclei was also effectively regulated by a long-time static. As a result, uniform Ag NWs with the average length of 75 µm were obtained (Fig. 1). The as-prepared Ag NWs shown in Fig. 1 were subsequently spin coated on PET substrates for fabricating the flexible TCFs. As a comparison, Ag NWs with average length and diameter of 30 µm and 120 nm were also employed. It can be seen in Fig. 4a and 4b that the Ag NW TCFs are highly transparent and can offer high conductivity as demonstrated by a lighted light-emitting diode (LED). Fig. 4c shows the optical transmittance and sheet resistance of the Ag NW TCFs before and after PEDOT:PSS deposition. A sheet resistance as low as 15.2 Ω sq-1 at 84% transmittance was obtained for the long Ag NWs, which is superior to the shorter Ag NWs with a higher sheet resistance of 19.7 Ω sq-1 at 78% transmittance. The sheet resistance versus transmittance of long Ag NWs also represents fairly excellent properties among different metal nanowire-based TCFs (Fig. S1). After coating a PEDOT:PSS layer, both reduced transmittance (62%) and surface roughness can be observed (Fig. S2-S4), but the sheet resistance was improved to 10 Ω sq-1. To test the mechanical flexibility of the as-prepared TCFs, the changes of sheet resistance with bending times (at the bending angle of 180°) were investigated. As shown in Fig. 4d, the sheet resistances of the TCFs only show a slight raise (less than 15%) after 100 times of bending for the long Ag NWs, suggesting their higher mechanical flexibility as compared with the short Ag NWs which have increased by 21%.


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Fig. 4 Photograph of (a) Ag NW TCFs and (b) a lighted LED with the Ag NW TCFs as the circuits. Optical transmittance and sheet resistance (c), and flexible tests (d) of the Ag NW TCFs.



Fig. 5 (a) Schematic diagram of flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor. (b) CV curves of the supercapacitor with device area of 2.25 cm2 at various scan rates. (c) GCD curves of the supercapacitor with device area of 2.25 cm2 at various current densities. (d) CV curves of the supercapacitor with various device areas at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1. (e) GCD curves of the supercapacitor with various device areas at a current density of 0.025 mA cm-1.


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To demonstrate the as-prepared Ag NW TCFs for potential application in wearable energy storage devices, flexible and transparent all-solid-state supercapacitors with a symmetrical structure of PET/Ag NWs/PEDOT:PSS/H3PO4/PVA/PEDOT:PSS/Ag NWs/ PET were fabricated. As shown in Fig. 5a, the supercapacitors utilized H3PO4/PVA as the electrolytes and Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS films as the electrodes. A high transmittance of ~51% was obtained for the resulting supercapacitors (Fig. S5), demonstrating great potential applications in wearable electronics. Fig. 5b and 5c show nearly rectangular CV curves even at a high scan rate of 400 mV s-1 and symmetrical triangular GCD curves at various current densities, demonstrating excellent capacitive behaviours of the supercapacitors (Fig. S6). The CV and GCD curves of the supercapacitors with various device areas are shown in Fig. 5d and 5e. It can be seen that the current density and the discharging time gradually decreased with increasing the device areas from 1 to 4 cm2, indicating a slight attenuation of the supercapacitor performance with the increase of the device areas. Fig. 6a and 6b show the decreased areal capacitance of the supercapacitors with increasing the device areas at various scan rates and current density, attributing to the higher internal resistance of the supercapacitors with larger device areas (Fig. S7 and S8).



Fig. 6 (a) Areal capacitance calculated from CV data of the supercapacitors with various device areas. (b) Areal capacitance calculated from GCD data of the supercapacitors with various device areas.

Fig. 7 (a) CV curves of the supercapacitor with and without bending at a scan rate of 300 mV s-1 (inset: photograph of the supercapacitor under bending). (b) Capacitance retention after different bending times at the angle of 60°. (c and d) Cyclic stability tests of the supercapacitors. Cycling stability and flexibility are important parameters for the practical application of supercapacitors, especially in wearable electronic devices. As shown in Fig. 7a, an ignorable change of the CV curves was observed when the supercapacitors were highly bent (the areal capacitances were 0.273 and 0.271 mF cm-2 for the supercapacitors with and without bending, respectively). It retained over 75% of the original areal capacitance


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after 100 times of bending (Fig. 7b and Fig. S9), which suggest a high flexibility of the resulting supercapacitors. In addition, 5000 charge-discharge cycles were performed for the supercapacitors (Fig. 7c and 7d), which demonstrated only slight areal capacitance decays (less than 15%) and thus a high cyclic stability of the resulting supercapacitors. 4. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have presented a facile methodology for the synthesis of ultra-long Ag NWs (~ 75 µm in length) with uniform sizes. The nucleation and growth processes can be effectively controlled by adjusting the stirring process and the injection rate of AgNO3. When a moderate injection rate ~ 0.17 mL/s of AgNO3 solution was adopted, the crystallization process of Ag NWs was improved, and simultaneously the growth of the existing nuclei was effectively regulated by a specific static process. Flexible TCFs based on the ultra-long Ag NWs showed low sheet resistance of 15.2 Ω sq-1 at 84% transmittance and high mechanical flexibility with a negligible change of sheet resistance after bending. Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on the resulting Ag NW TCFs showed high transparency (>50%), good mechanical flexibility and high cyclic stability with only slight areal capacitance decays after 100 times of bending (~25%) and 5000 charge-discharge cycles (~15%). The results manifest the great potentials of the resulting TCFs based on ultra-long Ag NWs for flexible and wearable energy storage applications.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information. AFM images, SEM images, optical transmittance, specific capacitance, areal capacitance, impedance spectroscopy, GCD curves of the supercapacitors. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.



AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: [email protected] (W.-Y. Lai) Author Contributions §

X. Liu and D. Li contributed equally to this work.

Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2014CB648300, 2017YFB0404501), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21422402, 21674050, 61704085), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20140060), Program for Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professors (RK030STP15001), the Leading Talent of Technological Innovation of National Ten-Thousands Talents Program of China, the Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovative Teams of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (TJ217038), the Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the NUPT “1311 Project”, the 333 Project of Jiangsu Province (BRA2017402), the Natural Science Foundation of Universities from Jiangsu Province (17KJD510004), and NUPTSF (NY216025 and NY217073). REFERENCES


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Highly Transparent and Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors

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