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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
We have seen many places in southeastern Georgia, in t h e old denuded turpentine belt, where land is very, very cheap, and where agriculture does not seem t o thrive, a n d yet alongside of every home was t h e sorghum patch. I n t h a t very section, with its increasing number of modern packing plants, t h e scrawny, wire-grass-fed cattle a n d t h e “razor-back” hog are being rapidly replaced by a finer grade of stock. This seems t o be getting away somewhat from chemistry, b u t there is chemistry in every point of i t , and in these days when t h e problem of feeding t h e world lies SO largely at our door and when chemists are daily asking themselves what they can do t o help, t h e industrial possibilities of sorghum seem t o call for serious attention. All in all, i t is a promising field if t h e problems of marketing are satisfactorily solved a n d if chemists give t o t h e matter t h a t same effective work which in t h e past two years has astonished t h e nation. It would be a n interesting outcome if sorghum should prove t o be t h e Cinderella of American agriculture. I n t h e article on Storax, Dr. Jordan points out t h e full equivalency of t h e exudate of t h e “sweet gum” tree with t h e oriental storax, hitherto imported, t h e price of which, because of present restricted importations, has increased thirtyfold. If we add t o this t h e further fact t h a t t h e imported product is grossly adulterated with rosin, Burgundy pitch, castor oil a n d extracted storax, t h e relative cost of t h e storax itself is still further enhanced. I n t h e midst of this period of scarcity of this product let us remember t h a t there is in t h e South a source of this material amply abundant t o supply all of our needs. Again problems of collection and of marketing must be solved, b u t there has never been a more suitable t i m e in our history for such exploitation. Cannot our chemists, locally concerned, gain publicity a n d organized effort for such undertakings? Thereby t h e y will bring US t h a t much nearer t h e goal of national self-containedness. THE COLOR TRADE JOURNAL Clad in bright and artistic robes, illustrative of t h e industry i t seeks t o serve, there has come t o our desk t h e initial number of t h e Color Trade Journal. Its editor, Dr. J. Merritt Matthews, needs no introduction t o American chemists. His name is associated with every phase of t h e fight for a self-contained American dyestuff industry. I n close touch with both t h e producers a n d consumers of dyestuffs, he
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Vol. 9, No. 8
brings t o its editorial management a wholesome point of view which should make his journal a strong influence in t h e thoughtful development of industrial policies essential t o t h e f u t u r e welfare of our domestic industry. The wide-awake and aggressive character of its manager, Mr. C. C. Bennett, gives assurance t h a t this will be no humdrum periodical, b u t progressive, fearless, clean-cut and devoted t o t h e interests of the industry as a whole. T h e hearty welcome hereby extended t o this new publication is based, not simply upon its own meritorious features, b u t also upon t h e happy feeling t h a t its very existence is indicative of t h e rapid yet solid a n d substantial progress made by American chemists and chemical manufacturers in a n industry whose absence, a short while ago, formed t h e basis for shallow-minded reproof of our chemists, b u t whose present magnitude constitutes conclusive proof of their energy, scientific skill a n d business daring. THE NEW ADVERTISING MANAGER
Mr. M. A. Williamson has resigned t h e office of Advertising Manager for t h e American Chemical Society. Mr. Williamson has re-entered t h e service of t h e Norton Company, with headquarters in New York City, and carries with him t h e best wishes of all with whom he has been associated during t h e present year. To fill t h e vacancy t h u s created, t h e Advertising Committee, after a careful survey of t h e field, has unanimously elected Mr. G. W. Nott, of New York City. Mr. Nott has been connected for several years with t h e advertising office of t h e Society’s publications a n d is already familiar with t h e details of t h e work, t h e field t o be covered, and t h e ideals which have governed this important p a r t of t h e Society’s activities. It is a pleasure t o commend Mr. Nott to our advertisers, confident t h a t his resourcefulness will make t h e advertising pages of t h e Society’s journals of increasingly greater value t o t h e American chemical industries, which now show, according t o t h e latest available figures, a total capitalization of $ 2 0 7 , 3 54,000. It will be of interest t o t h e members of t h e Society t o learn with what practical unanimity our advertisers have recognized t h e justice of t h e recent action of t h e Committee in advancing t h e rates because of increased cost of publication and greater circulation of t h e journals.
EXPORTS PROHIBITED BY GREAT BRITAIN-TO JULY 14, 1917
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Items not marked are prohibited to all destinations. Items marked * are prohibited to all ports and destinations abroad other than in1 British Posses&ns and Protectorates. Items marked t are prohibited to all destinations in foreign countries in Europe and on the Mediterranean and Black Seas, other than France and French Possessions, Russia, Italy and Italian Possessions, Spain and Portugal, and to all ports in any such foreign countries, and to all Russian Baltic ports. C, Compounds; E, Extracts; P. Preparations; syn, synthetic; n. 0.p., not otherwise prohibited; n. 0. s. p., not otherwlse specifically prohibited.
ORGANIC-COAL-TAR COALTAR, all products obtainable from & derivatives thereof, suitable for use in the manufacture of dyes & explosives, whether obtained from coal tar or other sources, & mixtures & preparations containing such products or derivatives
*Acetanilide Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) & P t A1ypin Amidol & M *Amidopyrine tAniline ?Anthracene oil &M&P Antipyrine (phenazone) & P
*Benzoates *Benzoic acid, syn Benzol & C & P Carbolic acid & C & P Dimethylaniline Dyes & d y e s t u f f s manufactured from coal-tar products, & articles containing such dyes or dyestuffs
DERIVATIVES
*Guaiacol carbonate
*
Hydroquinone & M Indigo, syn Metol & M Methylaniline *Methyl salicylate
Naphthalene & C & P Neo-salvarsan Nitro-toluol Novocain & P Phenacetin & P Picric acid & components Pyridine
Saccharin *Salicylic acid & P *Salipyrine *Salol & P Salvarsan ?Santonin & P Toluol & C & P Triphenyl phosphate Xylol 82 c & P
Aug., 1917
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y INORGANIC
Aluminum & alloys & manufactures nitrate oxides & M powder t salts (except nitrate & sulfate, aluminoferric, & ammonium alum) sulfate *Alumina-ferric *Alunite *Ammonia & salts, simple or compound (except nitrate, perchlorate, sulfate, & sulfocyanide) *Ammonia, liquefied *Ammonia liquor *Ammonium alum Ammonium nitrate perchlorate sulfate sulfocyanide *Antimony & alloys t compounds (except sulfides & oxides) sulfides oxides ?Arsenic C & M tArsenica1 ore *Asbestos & articles *Barium peroxide sulfate Basic slag *Bauxite tBismuth & salts (except nitrate) Bismuth nitrate Bleaching powder tBorax & M tRoric acid tBoron C *Bromine *Bromides, alkaline Bronze powder *Cadmium & alloys *Cadmium ore Calcium carbide t silicide t sulfate sulfide +Cerium alloys (except ferro-cerium) *Cerium oxids & salts Chlorates, all metallic tchlorides. metallic & metalloidic, n. 0.P. *Chlorine *Chrome ore Chromium acetate chlorate nitrate compounds (except acetate, chlorate & nitrate), & h.I tClay china ;otters' & ball *Cobalt & alloys nitrate ore oxides & salts (except nitrate), & M Copper refined or un: re'fined, u n wrought, wrought. or partly wrought of all kinds & descriptions, including brass, bronze, yellow metal, & all other alloys of copper ?Copper compounds (except a c e t a t e , iodide, nitrate, sulfate & suboxide), & M Copper acetate * iodide nitrate * suboxide & M sulfate ore, regulus, matte, concentrate, & precipitate "Cresol (saponified) Cresol, C ,& P (except saponified cresol) & nitro-cresol Creosote & creosote oils (except wood tar oil), & M & P Cryolite Electrodes, carbon for electric furnaces
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ORGANIC-NOT
*Emery & corundum & Potash, caustic, & manufactures articles thereof, carborun- Potash muriate, nitrate dum, alundum, (saltpeter), sulcrystolon, & all fate, & crude other artificial manurial potash abrasives & manusalts, & M confactures thereof taining any of *Ferro-cerium same *Ferro-chrome *Potash salts & M n. 0 . Ferro-manganese P. Ferro-molybdenum *Ferro-nickel Potassium carbonate & *Ferro-titanium M Ferro-tungsten chlorate & M *Ferro-vanadium cyanide & itf tFelspar perchlorate tFluorine compounds, permanganate n . 0. p. prussiates & M tGold paint containing Radium compounds tin sulfide tRbodium & alloys *Graphite, & M & manufactures t Rhodium compounds *Hydrobromic acid tRock crystal *Hydrochloric acid tRuthenium & alloys *Hydrogen peroxide & manufactures INSULATING MATERIALS:tRuthenium compounds t Electrical insulation. tSalt, rock & white C intended for (except table salt) t Leatheroid *Selenium t Oiled cloth & tape Silica bricks t Vulcanized fibre tSilicon t Zinc-barium pigments Silicon-manganese made from zinc *Silicon-spiegel salts (except zinc Soda, caustic oxide) & barium tSoda lime sulfate *Sodium ?Iodine & C & P t bicarbonate tIridium & allovs & C , ~ . . ~ carbonate Iron & iron articles concyanide & M taining chrome, cohyposulfite (thiosulbalt, molybdenum, fate) & M nickel, tungsten, or peroxide vanadium prussiates & M Iron ore salicylate & P t oxides t silicate & M pyrites t sulfate & bisulfate scrap (nitre cake) t sulfates t sulfide Lead & alloys, & manuf. Spelter & spelter dross of, compounds & Spent oxide hi *Spiegeleisen ore Strontium C & M Lead-coated sheets Sulfur & P tLithium & C chlorides dioxide, liquefied *Manganese & ore n. 0 . p. tsulfites. metallic, n. 0. &oxide & M, & P P. Magnesite & bricks Sulfuric acid & M caustic or lightly fuming (oleum) calcined. & dead Superphosphates burnt tTalc, all forms Magnesium & alloys incl. French chalk * chloride & M Tantalum, alloys & ores sulfate & M Thermometers Mercury C & P (except ni- tl'hiosulfates, metallic, n. 0. p. trate) & M Thorium & alloys nitrate Mica block & splittings *Thorium oxide & salts sheets waste, powder *Tin & alloys, n. 0.s. p. chlorides g articles contain- *t compounds (except ing mica chlorides & oxide *Mica & (splittings & of tin) powder), micanite. & articles made * ore oxide & M & P from & insulating materials contain- Titanium & alloys & ores ing them Titanium compounds *Molybdenum Tungsten (except tung*Molybdenite sten filaments for *Molybdic acid & salts tMonazite sand electric lamps) & alloys *?\Tickel& alloys & ore nitrate *Tungsten compounds * oxides & salts (ex- *Tungsten fi 1a m e n t s cept nitrate) & M for electric lamps Nitrates *Tungsten ores (incl. all metallic ferberite, hubnerite, Nitric acid ' scheelite, & woltOsmium & alloys framite) & manufactures tultramarine & M tOsmium compounds Uranium & alloys & ores tPalladium & alloys & manufactures ?Uranium compounds tPalladium compounds *Vanadium Perchlorates tVanadium compounds all metallic Phosphate rock (apa- Zinc & alloys & manufactures of & dust tites, phosphate of ashes lime & alumina) chloride & M *Phosphorus & C ore Pipes, cast iron oxide Platinum, alloys & * sulfate & M manufactures consulfide taining Platinum salts Zirconium & alloys * minerals *Plumbago
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COAL-TAR DERIVATIVES
Acetates, all metallic Acetic acid anhydride Aceto-celluloses Acetones & C & P t Adrenaline Aeroplane dope Alcohol, absolute Alcohol, methylic & esters Amyl acetate & other amyl esters Anti-tetanus serum *Artificial silk *Asphalt *Asphalt, coal t a r *Beeswax *Bitumen, liquid or solid tBone black Bones (except fishbones), any form Bone ash Candles manufactured wholly or partly of paraffin wax or tallow 'Cand~e~~-.escept above) Carbon, Brazilian Carbon disulfide tetrachloride & P Carbon, gas Carbons, suitable for searchlights Casein & P Celluloid tCelluloid. a r t i c 1 e s wholly or partly manufactured of "Celluloid" sheet, noninflammable. & similar transparent material nonsoluble in lubricating oil, petrol or water tCharcoal *Chloral & C & P Collodion Cyanamide Dextrine, & articles, M & P Diethylbarbituric acid (veronal) & veronal sodium Ether, acetic formic sulfuric Eucaine hydrochloride, eucaine (b e n z amine), lactate, & P Explosives *Fats, all animal & vegetable, & articles & M. n. 0. p.
*Fatty acids & articles & M *Fish glue tFormates, n. 0. p. tFormic acid aldehyde Fusel oil (amyl alcohol) *Gelatine (finings & other kinds) Glucose, & articles, M & P *Glue *Gluestock of all kinds, including animal hoofs, untanned hides & pelts n. 0. s. p., fish bladders & fish skins Glycerine, & P n. 0.s. p. Green oil, & M & P Guanos tHalogen derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons (except carbon tetrachloride) *Hexamethylene tetramin (urotropin) & c.'? p tInsecticides n. 0. p. *Isinglass Lactates n. 0. p. Lactic acid Lubricants, mineral, & articles & M *Lubricants n. 0. s. p. & articles Mannite Manures, compound organic Milk sugar (lactose) Mineral jellies Molasses Motor spirit *Oil fuel, exceptbyoil fuel allowed the
Albumen ?Algin & C tAloe juice tAloes t Anchusin tApiol Banana flour & P meal & P Belladonna & P Belladonna alkaloids & salts & P *Caffeine & salts *Camphor tcanadensis (hydrastin) Wantharides *Capsicum Capsicum, oleo-resin of ?Cascara sagrada *Cinchona bark *Citrates *Citric acid Cocaine & salts & P *Colchicum & P t Digitaline Emetin & salts *Ergot of rye ?Ergotine tExalgin *Gentian root *Gum arabic Gum damar *Gums containing caoutchouc tGums, n. 0. p. *Henbane & P Indigo, natural Ipecacuanha root tJak Levulose tLicorice roots t juice
*Resinous substances Linseed oil containing caout*Logwood (chips, E & P) chouc tLycopodium tRhubarb (medicinal) Manna tMenthol tSaffron Molasses & articles, M t Sen ega *Senna leaves & pods & P *Shellac tNux vomica & P Starch & articles. M & tNux vomica alkaloids P & salts & P *Stramonium (leaves & OILS, VEGETABLE& seeds) ARTICLES & MIXTURES: Tanning extracts & coconut substances for use cottonseed in tanning ground n u t palm kernel *Tar, vegetable *Tar wood All other vegetable oils (except essen- *Ta&aric acid cream of tartar, & tial oils) alkaline tartrates t Oils, essential *Thymol & P (except turpentine *Traeacanth gum oil) *Tixipentine coil *Wood-tar oil & spirit), & *Oils, vegetable, n. 0. p. articles Oleaginous kernels, nuts, seeds, & tVanillin products, n. 0.s. p. tvarnishes. n. 0 . p. 'Varnishes containing Opium & P shellac, oil, or Opium alkaloids turpentine, n. 0. p. & salts & P *Varnishes containing *Pepper shellac, oil, turt Pilocarpine pentine, or turpentine substitute *Quinine & salts Resins, resinous sub- *Vinegar containing not more than 6 per stances (except cent acetic acid such as contain Vinegar essence & caoutchouc), & similar P containarticles containing 6 per cent ing over resins & resinous acetic acid substances
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Oleomargarine *Osseine & concentrated size toxalates, n. 0. p. *Oxalic acid
tPepsin ?Peptone Petroleum fuel, gas & lighting oil Petroleum spirit & articles Petroleum & P n. s. p. &M Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) tPitch & M & P Prussic acid & solutions Pyrogallic acid & M Soap containing over 1 per cent glycerine tSoap (ex,cept soft). containing 1 per cent or less of glycerine *Soap (soft) containing 1 per cent or less of glycerine Spermaceti Spirits, methylated, & M tsulfocyanides n. 0. p. Sulfonal tSulfur cyanates Tallow & artides Tar, coal *Theobromine sodium salicylate Trional Trioxymet hyIene Customs & Excise Commissioners Of *Turpentine substitute & articles *Urea & C exporting ship o i l fuel, shale tVaccines waqtr tValerianic acid *Oiiir&imal, n. 0. s. p. Walerianates n. 0 . p. & articles & M OILS: tBlast furnace *Waxes, animal, mineral, vegetable, & com*fish & seal, n. 0. P. & posite waxes, n. 0 . M sea-elephant, & M P. sperm, & M Whale bone meal *tar, n. s. p. & articles Yeast wbale, & M
fho:
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T H E J O U R N A L OF I X D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
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Vol. 9, NO. 8
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ORIGINAL PAPERS ART OF COLORING GLASS By H. ROSENTHAL
A number of writers have recorded t h e beautiful tints a n d colors t h a t some glass assumes when exposed t o sun a n d weather, particularly mentioning t h a t among t h e fragments of glass found in t h e ruins of some of t h e eastern countries pieces of almost solid turquois-blue were discovered and t h e glass windows of old homes a n d parts of glass bits a t t h e seashore were tinted with these beautiful colors.* Thomas Garfield3 quotes a series of experiments covering t h e coloring of glass b y t h e action of t h e sunlight upon glass. Lillman’s American Journal4 and t h e Journal of the Society of Arts5 mention glass turned gold color a n d also glass turned t o purple.6 This reference was made b y Dr. Faraday in t h e Chemical Research, 189, page 142. Pelorge’ states t h a t all glass is changed b y t h e action of t h e sun, tests being made by covering p a r t of t h e glass with paint a n d exposing for several years t o t h e sun’s action under various conditions; when t h e paint was removed, t h e result was varying depth of color on t h e same piece of glass. Of glass examined for color or examined edgewise, t h e tints which some of t h e glass assumed varied from greenish, yellowish, blue-green, brown, yellow t o deep purple. The report also states very definitely t h a t optical glass was exposed for a period of two years t o t h e sun without any noticeable change. B u t t h e suggestion was made t h a t if this could be exposed for a longer length of time, some reaction could be looked for. An interesting point is brought out b y one of t h e observers, v i z . , t h a t photographers experience a noticeable change in their time of exposure when taking photographs under skylights. As t h e glass in t h e skylight becomes old, anything from one year or more, t h e time of exposure has t o be increased, and experiments along this line show t h a t t h e change of color in t h e skylight glass absorbs a n appreciable amount of t h e actinic rays which can be easily substantiated by examining t h e spectrograms of t h e purple lenses. PURPOSE O F THE PAPER
This paper describes experimental work done in t h e a r t of coloring glass b y artificially produced short wave lengths of light using t h e ordinary quartz mercury arc, a n X-ray tube, t h e Coolidge X-ray tube, a n d t h e n a special X-ray t u b e for producing negative electrons. I n order t o show t h e position of t h e rays “termed” short wave lengths of light, Fig. I is presented. The 1 Presented a t the regular meeting of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society, Chemists’ Club, S e w York City, June 8,
1917.
Fox, PhiIa., Crookes, England. Philosophical Magazine, 4 series, 8 6 7 , July t o December issue. 4 September and November, 1867. 5 February 1854. 6 This reference was made by Dr Faraday in the Chemtral Research, 1859, page 142. Comples rendus. January, 1867. 2
a
chart indicates t h e wave lengths of radiations ranging from t h e visible part of t h e spectrum t o X-rays a n d t h e gamma rays of radium.
FIG.I-CHART
SHOWING WAVE
LENGTHS OF
RADIATIONS
The numbers across t h e t o p give their respective wave lengths in Angstrom units. The Angstrom unit is equivalent t o 1 0 - l ~ meter. The numbers immediately below represent t h e number of octaves which these rays range over. The region of about six octaves, beginning a t 4 and ending a t I O , represents t h e unmapped portion. This separates t h e extreme ultraviolet from t h e commencement of t h e very soft X-rays. T h e most easily absorbed X-rays, whose wave length has been determined, are t h e characteristic rays of aluminum with a wave length of 8 . 4 h;. u. Passing up through several octaves of X-rays, t h e limit indicated by t h e line “N” is reached; these represent the hardest, i . e., t h e most penetrating X-rays, which have so far been produced. The line “ M ” represents t h e medium penetrating ray. I t will be noticed t h a t some of t h e gamma rays, as produced by t h e disintegration of t h e radium atom, are of longer wave lengths t h a n some of t h e shorter X-rays. D a t a discussed in this paper were obtained a t t h e writer’s laboratory a t Camden, N. J., several years previous t o t h e granting of patent, and since then, through t h e courtesy of Dr. Coolidge and Dr. Whitney of t h e Research Laboratory of t h e General Electric Company a n d D r . Luckiesh, of t h e Nela Research Laboratories; also some records were made b y t h e Bureau of Standards, Washington, including some assistance given by Drs. Fisher a n d H u t t o n , of Philadelphia, t h e object of which is t o show what has been done with t h e method of coloring glass and what are some other characteristics of t h e glass so colored. HISTORY O F DEVELOPMEKT
The first experiments, about eight years ago, were carried on with an ordinary X-ray tube a n d induction coil and the faint color of t h e glass was noticed after about two days’ treatment. As t h e designs of t h e high tension apparatus were improved t h e period of treatment was very much lessened. I n t h e meantime experiments were also made with other sources of rays, such as t h e incandescent burner and t h e quartz mercury arc, b u t it was not until the development of t h e special water-cooled, self-rectifying tube b y Dr. Coolidge t h a t i t was possible t o obtain t h e needed energy for producing results in a definite way. The term color has been used t o designate the tint or kind of hue white glass assumed after treatment,
