Immunoassays for Residue Analysis

516

IMMUNOASSAYS FOR RESIDUE ANALYSIS

Subject Index

Downloaded by UNIV OF WEST FLORIDA on August 30, 2013 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: May 5, 1996 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1996-0621.ix002

A A A L toxins, development of ELISA, 330-337 antibody production, 334 detection methods, 333 experimental procedure, 333 future work, 334,337 immunogen synthesis, 334,335/ selectivity, 334 sensitivity, 334,336/337/ similarity to fumonisins, 331-333 structural congeners, 330-332 Acetylcholinesterase, deactivation by pesticides, 168 Acetyldeoxynivalenol detection by ELISA, 314-320 acetylation procedure, 316 advantages, 320-321 comparison to G C - M S and HPLC, 318-320 cross-reactivity, 317,318i current detection methods, 314 efficacy of acetylation, 318 experimental procedure, 315-317 food contamination, 314 Affinity chromatography, mycotoxin detection, 303,304* Africanized bees, detection using monoclonal antibody based immunoassays, 288,290 β-Agonistic drug(s), use as growth promoters, 60-62 β-Agonistic drug immunoassays blank values, 66-67 comparison to G C - M S , 68-71 cross-reactivity toward β-agonists, 65-66 dose-response curves, 65,67/ experimental procedure, 61-65 Agrochemical immunoassays, detection and removal of sample matrix effects, 29-41 Alachlor, detection using EIA-SFE coupling, 422-437,439-449 Aldicarb, detection using EIA-SFE coupling, 439-449

Aldrin, detection using EIA in dairy products, 176 Alkaloids, potato, structures, 488,489/ Allergy, analysis, 226-227 Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici, toxin production, 330-337 Animal tissues, mercury immunoassays, 388-393 Anti-anti-idiotype antibodies, generation, 298,300r Anti-citrinin antisera, production, 324 Anti-idiotype antibodies, generation, 298,300r Antibiotic(s), solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay for detection of residues in milk, 450-461 advantages, 461 antibody production procedure, 454 antigen conjugate synthesis, 453 assay protocol, 454—455 capillary tube surface preparation, 453 cross-reactivity, 457,458/ Cy-5 dye advantages, 457,460 experimental description, 451 fluorescence measurement procedure, 454 principles, 451-453 safe/tolerance levels of β-lactam antibiotics, 455 sensitivity, 457,459/ Antibodies against histamine, production and characterization, 413-419 composition, 3-5 nature of conjugation to large carrier protein, 5-6 production, 6-7 Antibody-based immunoscreening, mycotoxins, 302 Antigen-antibody interaction, description, 5 Antigenic proteins, definition, 221 Applications of immunoassays, 4,421-499 Aqueous extraction procedure, 113 Assay kits, companies, 500-511

In Immunoassays for Residue Analysis; Beier, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.

517

INDEX

Atrazine detection E I A - S F E coupling, 439^49 immunoassays, 21,24-25 recombinant antibody immunoanalysis, 471^483


Β Baculovirus, recombinant antibody expression, 475 Benomyl residue in commodities detected by EIA, 150-165 acetone extraction scheme, 157-158 calculations, 160,163 commodity field samples, 151-152 comparison to HPLC, 163,164/ experimental description, 150-151 extraction-hydrolysis, 156 field-treated samples vs. spikes, 156-157 immunoassay protocol, 152-153 optimized acetone extraction scheme immunoassay analyses, 158-162 preliminary experimental test procedure, 153-155 Bergapten detection using immunoassay, 202-214 human exposure, 206 levels in healthy vegetables, 203,205* metabolism in humans, 206 Bifenthrin, structure, 137r Bile, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71 Bioallethrin hapten synthesis, 135-138/ Biocatalysts, description, 464 Bioreceptors, description, 464-465 Bioresmethrin hapten synthesis, 135-140/ Biosensors, definition, 464 Biospecific interaction analysis, sulfamethazine detection, 463-470 Biotoxin detection, bioassays, 404-412 Blood, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71 Bowman-Birk proteins, 219-220 Brevetoxin detection, bioassays, 404-412 Broad-specificity organophosphate assay, development, 132,134 Bromobuterol, detection using immunoassays, 60-71

C Capillary electrophoresis, fumonisin detection, 333 Carbamates, detection using EIA-SFE coupling, 422-437 Carbaryl, detection using E I A - S F E coupling, 439-449 Carbendazim detection EIA-SFE coupling, 439-449 immunoassays, 25-26 Carbofuran, detection using E I A - S F E coupling, 439-449 Ceftiofur detection methods, 82,84-85 molecular modeling, 82-96 Cephalosporins, cross-reactivity studies, 82-96 Ceramide synthase, inhibition by fumonisins, 370-371 α-Chaconine, structure, 243,244/261,262/ Cheddar cheese, dieldrin detection, 181,183/185* Chemotherapeutic residues, health concerns, 463 Chicken liver tissue, salinomycin detection by immunoassay, 109-121 Chlorphyrifos, hapten preparation, 129 Chloφhyrifos-methyl, detection using immunoassay, 130,134 Chromatographic methods, extraction technique, 18 Cimbuterol, detection by immunoassays, 60-71 Citrinin, detection by EIAs, 322-327 Citrinin-glucose oxidase conjugate, production, 324 Citririm-horseradish peroxidase conjugate, production, 324 Claviceps, fungi, 231,232r Cleanup, immunoassays for food analysis, 25-27/ Clenbuterol enzyme-linked immunoassays, β-agonist detection, 60-71 Cloning, antibodies against mycotoxins, 305 Coccidiosis, source of infection, 99 Coccidiostats, dispensing methods, 100



518


Coding genes, antibody molecules, 3-5 Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry, methylmercury detection, 388 Cold vapor atomic fluorescence, methylmercury detection, 388 Colorimetric assay, ergot alkaloid detection, 234 Colorimetric technique, glycoalkaloid detection, 257 Commercial EIA kit, efficacy for staphylococcal enterotoxin detection in foods, 273-280 Competition direct and indirect ELISAs description and comparison, 8-12 dieldrin detection in dairy products, 176-185 fumonisin detection, 371 glycoalkaloid detection and quantification, 243-254 histamine antibody detection, 413-419 molecular modeling of ceftiofur, 82-96 monoclonal antibody based, hydrolyzed fumonisin Bj detection, 349-355 mycotoxins, 299-301,304* β-Conglycinin, using enzyme-linked immunoassay, 227-228 Conjugation, antibody molecules to large carrier protein, 5-6 Corn oil and grain, atrazine detection, 21,24 Cost effectiveness, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 49 Cy-5 dye, advantages for antibiotic residue detection using solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay in milk, 457,460 Cyanazine, detection using EIA-SFE coupling, 439-449 λ-Cyhalothrin, hapten synthesis, 145 Cypermethrin, detection by immunoassays, 145 D Dairy products, dieldrin detection using enzyme-linked immunoassay, 176-185 DDT, toxicity, 167-168

Deltamethrin, hapten synthesis, 139,141-143/,145 Deoxynivalenol, detection methods, 314 Desfuroylceftiofur, molecular modeling, 82-96 Detection, sample matrix effects in agrochemical immunoassays, 29-41 Detection levels, immunoassays for food analysis, 17-18 Diazinon, detection using immunoassay, 130 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, detection using EIA-SFE coupling, 439-449 Dieldrin detection by enzyme-linked immunoassay EIA-SFE coupling, 422-437 in dairy products, 177-184 in human milk samples from Egypt, 171,173-174 Diflubenzuron detection using enzyme-linked immunoassay in human milk samples from Egypt, 171-172,174 environmental contamination, 168 Dilution, immunoassays for food analysis, 24-25 Direct enzyme immunoassays, citrinin detection, 322-327 Dislodgeable foliar residues, extraction techniques, 18 Diuron, analysis using recombinant antibodies, 475,478 Domiati cheese, dieldrin detection, 181,182/,184r

Egypt, pesticide detection using enzymelinked immunoassay in human milk samples, 167-174 Electrospray ionization M S for detection of A A L toxin and fumonisin, 333 Enzyme-linked immunoassay(s) A A L toxin detection, 330-337 advantages, 422 benomyl residue detection, 150-165 citrinin detection, 322-327



INDEX

519

Enzyme-linked immunoassay(s)—Continued description, 7 fumonisin detection, 341-355 glycoalkaloid detection, 243-254 hexazinone detection in water, 187-199 monoclonal antibody based, 349-355 neurotoxic shellfish toxin detection, 404-^12 proteinaceous antinutritional compound detection in soya oilseed products, 219-228 psoralen detection, 207,208/ salinomycin detection, 99-121 staphylococcal enterotoxin detection in foods, 273-280 Enzyme-linked immunoassay-SFE coupling advantages, 433,436-437 alachlor detection, 428-429 C 0 charging system for dual vessel pumpless extractor, 429,431,432/ comparison to conventional chemical analysis methods, 436-437 continuous SFE system, 429,430/ detection level, 433 dieldrin detection, 429,430/ dynamic extraction results for meat products, 433 effect of methanol on sensitivity, 428-429 experimental description, 423,426 extraction efficiency, 431,432/434/ pesticides detection in soil and food, 439-449 postextraction cleanup, 431,433-435/ SFE, 423-426 static system, 426-428 Equine leukoencephalomalacia, caused by Fusarium, 368,370 Ergonovine monoclonal antibody, ergot alkaloid detection, 236,239,240/ Ergot alkaloid(s) detection methods, 232-234 food toxicants, 231 immunoassay, 234-241 occurrence, 232 pharmacologic effects, 231-232 structure, 232,233/ 2

Ergotamine polyclonal antibody, ergot alkaloid detection, 236-240/ Ergovaline, detection using immunoassay, 235-236 Extraction solvent, role in matrix effect, 34,35/ Extraction techniques for food analysis, 18-19 F False negatives and positives, definition and description, 48-49 Fenitrothion, coupling through aromatic nitro group, 125,128 Fenoterol enzyme-linked immunoassays, β-agonist detection, 60-71 Fenpropanate, structure, 137r Fenvalerate, structure, 137i Fish residues, immunoassay analysis, 388-420 Fluorescence histamine detection, 413-414 potato glycoalkaloid detection, 256-269 Food analysis using immunoassays, 17-28 benomyl residue EIAs, 150-165 contamination, deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol, 314 efficacy of commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay kit for staphylococcal enterotoxin detection, 273-280 EIA-SFE detection of pesticides, 439-449 insect contamination detection using immunoassays, 281-290 natural toxicants and phytoprotectant detection using immunoassay, 202-214 role in matrix effects, 32,34,35/ Formats of immunoassays competitive EIA, 8-14 enzyme-linked immunoassay, 7 role in matrix effects, 34,36 Fruit, insect contamination detection using immunoassays, 287-288 Fumonisin(s) biochemical similarity to A A L toxins, 332-333



520


Fumonisin(s)—Continued detection methods, 333,341,343,350,359,371 examples, 358-359 inhibition of ceramide synthase, 370-371 mode of action, 349 molecular modeling, 368-381 structural similarity to A A L toxins, 331/,332 structures, 330,331/,341,342/,368,369/ toxicity, 341,359,368,370 Fumonisin Β immunoassays for corn confirmation of identity, 361 derivatization procedure, 360 enzyme-linked immunoassay, 360-366 experimental materials, 359 extraction procedure, 359 monoclonal antibody affinity column method, 360,365f,366 strong anion-exchange method, 360,364-366 Functional lectin immunoassay, proteinaceous antinutritional compound detection in soya oilseed products, 219-228 Fungicides, detection using immunoassays, 124-199 Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, toxicity, 368,370 Fv fragment, structure, 486,487/ λ

GC, advantages and disadvantages for glycoalkaloid analysis, 245 GC-MS acetyldeoxynivalenol detection, 317-320 fumonisin detection, 359,371 Glycin max, identification and characterization, 219 Glycoalkaloid(s) analytical methods, 245,257-258 cholinesterase inhibition, 245 description, 243 detection and quantification, 245-253 occurrence in foods, 256

Glycoalkaloid(s)—Continued pest and disease resistance, 257 postharvest synthesis initiation, 256-257 potato, immunoassays, 243-254 structures, 243,244/ toxicity level limitations in potatoes, 243,245 Grain, insect contamination detection using immunoassays, 281-290 Grapes, carbendazim detection, 25-26 Gravimetric technique, glycoalkaloid detection, 257 Groundwater, need for preservation and remediation, 187-188 Growth regulators, regulation, 60 Η Hapten(s) description, 3 design, molecular modeling of ceftiofur, 82-96 Hapten-protein conjugate, role in antibody production to small molecules, 5-6 Hapten synthesis for immunoassay experimental description, 124 organophosphate haptens, 125-134 synthetic pyrethroids type I, 135-136,138-140 type Π, 135,137,139,141-145 Hexazinone ELISA accuracy, 193,195* analytical procedure, 190-191 antisera production procedure, 190 comparison with HPLC, 193,195* conjugation 191 cross-reactivity, 193,196* experimental description, 188 immunogen preparation, 190 metabolites, 188,189/ plate vs. tube kits vs. HPLC, 193,196-199 quantitation procedure, 191 reproducibility, 193,194-195* standard curves, 191-193 standard preparation, 190 water samples, 188,190



INDEX

521

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) A A L toxin detection, 333 acetyldeoxynivalenol detection, 317-320 advantages and disadvantages for glycoalkaloid analysis, 245 benomyl residue detection, 155,163,165* fumonisin detection, 333,341-347,350 glycoalkaloid detection and quantification, 243-254 hexazinone detection, 191,193,195* paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin immunochemical detection, 401,402/ reference assay procedure, 102 salinomycin detection, 109-121 sulfamethazine detection, 466,468/ High-performance thin-layer chromatography, mycotoxin detection, 305 Histamine detection methods, 413-414 toxicity, 413,417/ Histamine antibody immunoassay analytical procedure, 416 antiserum production procedure, 415 conjugate choice, 416 conjugate preparation procedure, 414-415 detection limit, 416,417/ experimental description, 414 immunogen synthetic procedure, 414 procedure, 415,418* recovery, 418-419 sensitivity and specificity, 416,418* Hit-and-run assay, mycotoxin detection, 303-304 Holy fire, cause, 231 Honey, streptomycin detection using immunoassays, 74-81 Human milk samples from Egypt, pesticide detection using enzyme-linked immunoassay, 167-174 Hybridoma(s) antibody production, 6-7 comparison of technology to recombinant antibodies for pesticide immunoanalysis, 471-472

Hydrolyzed fumonisin B monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunoassays direct enzyme-linked immunoassays, 353-355 experimental description, 350-351 hybridoma production procedure, 352 immunization procedure, 351 indirect enzyme-linked immunoassays, procedure, 351-352 {

Immunoanalysis, pesticides using recombinant antibodies, 471-483 Immunoassays A A L toxins, 330-337 acetyldeoxynivalenol detection, 315 advantages, 281 β-agonistic drug detection, 60-71 agrochemical, 29-41 applications, 3-4,421-499 contaminants in food, 202 ergot alkaloid detection, 231-241 fish residues, 388-420 food analysis, 17-28 food contaminants, 202 fungicide detection, 124-199 insect contamination of food products, 281-290 insecticide detection, 124-199 mercury detection in seafood and animal tissues, 388-393 mycotoxins, 294-385 natural toxicants and contaminates, 202-291 pesticide detection, 124-199 potato glycoalkaloids, 256-269 potential for testing of insect contamination of grain, 281-282 residue analysis, 2-15 salinomycin detection, 99-108 sample preparation, 12-14 streptomycin detection in honey, 74-81 veterinary drugs, 60-121



522


Immunochemical analysis advantages, 44—45 paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin, 395^02 toxicant and pesticide detection, 471 use as screening test methods, 44 Immunochromatography, mycotoxin detection, 303 Immunogen, synthesis, 334,335/ Immunogenic proteins, definition, 221 Immunoglobulin G antibodies, composition, 486,487/ Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay citrinin detection, 322-327 procedure, 171 Insect contamination of food, 281-290 Insecticides detection using immunoassays, 124-199 environmental contamination, 167 Ionophores, 109-112 Isoflavones comparison to estrogens, 207,221/ estrogenic activity, 207 immunoassays, 210 metabolism, 209-210 relative estrogenicity, 207-208 Κ Kidney, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71 L β-Lactam antibiotics, detection methods in milk, 451 Lectin analytical and functional methods, 225-226 binding, 220 function, 219 structure-binding relationship, 220-221 Legume seed trypsin inhibitors, immunochemical analysis, 225 Linear furanocoumarins, See Psoralens

Linearity, immunoassays for food analysis, 21,24 Liquid chromatography citrinin detection, 322 glycoalkaloid detection, 257 histamine detection, 413-414 Liver, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71 Liver tissue, chicken, salinomycin detection using immunoassay, 109-121 M Mabuterol, detection using immunoassay, 60-71 Malathion, detection using immunoassay, 132 Mapenterol, detection using immunoassay, 60-71 Matrix effects assay format, 34,36 change in assay sensitivity. 31,33/ decrease in assay absorbance, 31 definition, 31 extraction solvent, 34,35/ food sample nature, 32,34,35/, immunoassays for food analysis, 19-28 instrument, 32 precision and accuracy problems, 32,33/ Matrix interference, See Matrix effects Maximum residue levels, antibiotic substances in milk, 463,464r Mercury contamination of rivers, lakes, and oceans, sources, 388 Mercury immunoassay in seafood and animal tissues comparison with cold vapor atomic absorption, 392/393 detection limit determination, 390,393 experimental description, 388,389 extraction procedure, 389,391,393 hydrogen peroxide, 391 procedure, 390-392/ safety level, 388,393 Methanolic extraction, procedure, 113-114 Methylmercury detection levels, 388



INDEX

523

Metolachlor, detection using EIA-SFE coupling, 439-449 Microbiological methods, use as rapid screening tests, 53-54 Microtiter plate sensitization, dieldrin detection in dairy products, 176-185 Milk antibiotic residue detection using solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay, 450-461 antibiotic substances, detection methods, 463-464 samples from Egypt, pesticide detection using enzyme-linked immunoassay, 167-174 sulfamethazine detection by surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor assay, 463-470 Molecular modeling ceftiofur, 85-89,94,96/ fumonisins, 371-381 molecular modeling, 85-94 monoclonal antibodies, 94,95* Monoclonal antibodies comparison to polyclonal antibodies, 5 paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin detection, 398^400* production, molecular modeling of ceftiofur, 82-96 Monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunoassays disadvantages, 485 hydrolyzed fumonisin B 349-355 insect contamination in foods, 281-290 Muscle, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71 Mycotoxin immunoassays, 294-358 affinity chromatography, 303,304* anti-anti-idiotype antibody generation, 298,300* anti-idiotype antibody generation, 298,300* antibody-based immunoscreening tests, 302 antibody production, 296-299 cloning of antibodies, 305 r

Mycotoxin immunoassays—Continued criteria, 295 experimental description, 295 HP T L C , 305 hit-and run assay, 303-304 immunochromatography, 303 mycotoxin-protein conjugate preparation, 295-296 quantitative immunoassays competitive ELISAs, 299-301,304* radioimmunoassays, 298-299 time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, 305 See also Citrinin, Fumonisins Mycotoxin-protein conjugate, preparation, 295-296 Myosin immunoassays, insect contamination detection of food products, 281-290 Ν National Exposure Research Laboratory, technique regulation, 439 Natural pesticides, production, 202-203 Natural toxicants and contaminates, immunoassay analysis, 202-291 Natural toxicants and phytoprotectant immunoassay in food bergapten, 203,205*,206 experimental description, 203 future work, 213-214 isoflavones, 207-211 potato glycoalkaloids, 210-213 psoralens, 203-208 xanthotoxin, 203,205*,206 Neuroblastoma assay, neurotoxic shellfish toxin detection, 40Φ-412 Neurotoxic shellfish toxin bioassays, enzyme-linked immunoassay, 405-412 Noncompetitive indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay dieldrin detection in dairy products, 176-185 procedure, 169,171 Nutrients, factors affecting availability, 219


524



Ο Oilseed products, soya, proteinaceous antinutritional compound immunoassay, 219-228 Organochlorine compounds environmental and food contamination, 176 toxicity, 167-168 Organophosphate assay, development, 132,134 Organophosphate haptens phosphorothiolothionates, 132-134 phosphorothionates, 125-132 Organothiophosphates, antibody production, 129-131/

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin immunochemical analysis analytical methods, 395 experimental description, 397 mimunoaffinity chromatography, 401,402/ monoclonal antibodies, 398-400* polyclonal antibodies, 397-398 quantitative test, 399,401 Paraoxon, detection using immunoassay, 134 Parathion coupling through aromatic nitro group and other positions, 125,128-129 detection using enzyme-linked immunoassay in human milk samples from Egypt, 167-174 Penicillins, cross-reactivity studies, 82-96 Pénicillium islandicum, antibody-based immunoscreening tests, 302 Permethrin, hapten synthesis, 135,139 Pesticide detection E I A - S F E coupling, 422-437 environmental and food contamination, 176 immunoanalysis, use of recombinant antibodies, 471-483

Pesticide detection—Continued immunoassays, 124-199 in aquifer systems, 187-188 methods, 177 Pesticide enzyme-linked immunoassay in human milk samples from Egypt antibody production procedure, 169 antigen preparation procedure, 168-170/ deflubenzuron levels, 171-172,174 dieldrin levels, 171,173-174 enzyme-linked immunoassay, 169,171 experimental description, 168 parathion levels, 171-172,174 Pesticide enzyme-linked immunoassaySFE coupling advantages, 448 enzyme-linked immunoassay, 442,444 experimental materials, 440-442 food, recoveries, 444,448,449* potential benefits, 439-440 soil, 444-447f SFE procedure, 441,442*,443* Phenothrin, hapten synthesis, 135,139 Phosphorothiolothionates, broad-specificity organophosphate assay development, 132-134 Phosphorothionates coupling through aromatic nitro group, 125,128 coupling through phosphate ester, 129-132 other derivatization positions, 128-129 structures, 125,127/ Phytoprotectant immunoassay in food, 203-214 Pirimiphos-methyl, detection using immunoassay, 130 Plant protease and amylase inhibitors, function, 219 Poisoning toxins, paralytic shellfish, 395-402 Polyclonal antibodies comparison to monoclonal antibodies, 5 paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin detection, 397-398 Polyether antibiotics, activity, 99



INDEX

525

Polyether ionophore antibiotics anticoccidial activities, 109 detection methods, 111,112* examples, 109,110/ Polymerase chain reaction, function, 485 Potato alkaloids, structures, 488,489/ Potato glycoalkaloids activities, 210 detection and quantification, 243-256 detection methods, 210,212 immunoassays, 212,257-269 recognition by recombinant single-chain variable portion of monoclonal antibody, 485-498 solanidine analysis, 261,266,268* solanidine linkage to proteins, 261,263*,265/ spirosolane analysis, 266-267 structure(s), 210,211/261,262/264/ structure-activity relationship, 212-213 tomatine conjugate synthesis, 269 Poultry feed, salinomycin detection using immunoassays, 99-108 Priority pollutants, environmental contamination, 167 Protein interactions, applications, 421-499 Proteinaceous antinutritional compound immunoassay in soya oilseed products allergy analysis, 226-227 analytical and functional methods for lectins, 225-226 experimental procedure, 222-223 immunochemical analysis of legume seed trypsin inhibitors, 225 immunoreactivity level analysis, 227-228 total antigenicity content, 228 trypsin inhibitory activity measurement, 223-224 Psoralens development of enzyme-linked immunoassay methods, 207,208/ D N A adduct formation, 205 function, 203 human exposure, 206 interaction with cytochrome P-450,206 levels in healthy vegetables, 203,205*

Psoralens—Continued pharmacology, 205 photosensitization, 206 Pyrethroids, synthetic, See Synthetic pyrethroids Q Quality assurance and quality control programs, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 50 R Ractopamine, detection using immunoassays, 60-71 Ra&oimmunoassays, mycotoxins, 298-299 Rapid test methods for regulatory programs advantages, 44-45,51-52 disadvantages, 45,52-53 future perspectives, 57-58 integration into multiresidue regulatory programs, 54-56 other systems, 53-54 performance characteristics, 48-50 potential impediments, 56-57 types, 45-47 Recombinant antibodies, pesticide immunoanalysis, 471-483 Recombinant single-chain variable portion of monoclonal antibody recognizing potato glycoalkaloids development, 493-495 enzyme-linked immunoassay protocol, 491 experimental description, 488 messenger R N A isolation procedure, 488 monoclonal antibody production, 488 phage production, 488,491 production procedure, 488,490/ soluble antibody development, 495-497 soluble antibody production, 491,492/ specificities using enzyme-linked immunoassay, 491,493 Regulatory programs, rapid test methods, 44-58



526


Removal, sample matrix effects in agrochemical immunoassays, 29-41 Residue analysis advantages and disadvantages of classical analytical methods, 2-3 immunochemical methods, 2-15 Retina, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71 RIDASCREEN enzyme-linked immunoassay acetyldeoxynivalenol detection, 314-320 fumonisin, 341-346 staphylococcal enterotoxin detection in foods, 274-280 Ruggedness, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 49 S Safety, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 50-51 Salbutamol enzyme-linked immunoassays, β-agonist detection, 60-71 Salinomycin detection methods, 111,112r development as coccidiostat, 109 toxicity, 109,111 use as coccidiostat, 99-100 Salinomycin competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay, procedure, 101-102 Salinomycin enzyme-linked immunoassay kit, validation, 102 Salinomycin immunoassays in chicken liver tissue, 114-120 in poultry feed, 100-108 monoclonal antibody production, 100 Sample matrix effects in agrochemical immunoassays description, 31-33/ experimental materials, 30-31 factors determining extent of interference, 32,34-36 immunoassay procedure, 36-40 residue-matrix combinations, 30 Sample preparation for immunoassays, 12-14

Saxitoxin immunochemical detection, 395-402 Screening test methods, development, 44 Seafood tissues, mercury immunoassays, 388-393 Sensitivity, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 49 Shellfish poisoning toxins, 395-400 Shellfish toxins, neurotoxic, 405-412 Single-chain Fv phage displacement, 486,488 Soil, enzyme-linked immunoassay-SFE detection of pesticides, 439-449 Sol-129, detection and quantification of glycoalkaloids, 243-254 α-Solanine, structures, 243,244/ Solanidine linkage to proteins, 261,263r,265/ quantification using fluorescence polar ization immunoassay, 261,266,268r structure, 261,262/264/ Solanidine hemisuccinate immunogen, 258-259 Solasonine, structures, 243,244/ Solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay, antibiotic residue detection in milk, 450-461 Soluble antibody, development, 495-497 Solvent exchange, immunoassays for food analysis, 25 Solvent tolerance, immunoassays for food analysis, 19-23 Soya glycinin, detection using enzymelinked immunoassay, 227-228 Soya oilseed products, proteinaceous antinutritional compound immunoassay, 219-228 Soya proteins, gastrointestinal adverse responses, 221-222 Soybean, identification and characterization, 219 Specificity, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 47 Sphinganine inhibition by A A L toxins and fumonisins, 332 structure, 350



INDEX

527

Spike recovery, immunoassays for food Surface plasmon resonance based analysis, 21 immunosensor assay, sulfamethazine Spinganine, structure, 331/,332 detection, 463-470 Spirosolane Synthetic pyrethroids immunoassays, 256-269 type I, 135-136,138-140 structure, 261,264/ typen, 135,137i,139,141-145 St. Anthony's fire, cause, 231 Systematic error, rapid test methods for Stable phosphorothiolothionate analogues, regulatory programs, 48 use in immunoassays, 134 Staphylococcal enterotoxins detection methods, 273 Τ efficacy of commercial EIA kit for detection in foods, 273-280 Test methods, rapid, regulatory programs, immunoassay kits, 273-274 44-58 toxic levels, 273 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Staphylococcus aureus, toxic levels, 273 citrinin detection, 322 Strawberries, carbendazim detection, 25-26 fumonisin detection, 333,350,359,371 Streptomycin immunoassays in honey glycoalkaloid detection, 257 advantages, 79 Thionophosphates, 125-132 comparison of SPE and SPETime-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, irnmunoaffinity chromatography, 80-81 mycotoxin detection, 305 contamination, 74 Titrimetric technique, glycoalkaloid detection limit, 76,78-80 detection, 257 experimental procedure, 74-79 Tomatine solid-phase extraction procedure, 79 activity, 245 structure, 74,77/ conjugate, synthesis, 269 Structural features immunoassays, 256-269 molecular modeling of ceftiofur, 82-96 immunogen, synthesis, 260 role in antibody binding, 94,95i structure, 245,246/ Sugar cane, atrazine detection, 24-25 succinylation procedure, 259-260 Sulfamethazine by surface plasmon Tomato, glycoalkaloid detection and resonance based immunosensor assay quantification, 243-254 applications, 470 Toxicants, natural, and phytoprotectant assay principle, 466 immunoassay in food, 203-214 biosensor classification, 464—465 Toxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning, comparison to HPLC, 466,468/ immunochemical analysis, 395-402 experimental description, 464 .s-Triazines, immunoanalysis using limit of detection, 466,467/470 recombinant antibodies, 471-483 precision, 466 1,1,1 -Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)surface plasmon resonance detection, 465 ethane, toxicity, 167-168 typical response for limited number of Trypsin inhibitory activity, measurement, analyzed samples, 466,469/ 223-224 Supercritical fluid extraction Type(s), rapid test methods for regulatory advantages, 422-423 programs, 45-47 coupling with analytical techniques, 423Type I pyrethroids coupling with EIA, 428^37 bioallethrin, 135,136,138/ description, 18-19 bioresmethrin, 135,136i,139,140/ In Immunoassays for Residue Analysis; Beier, R., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.


528


Type I pyrethroids—Continued permethrin, 135,136,139 phenothrin, 135,136,139 Type Π pyrethroids conjugation through middle of molecule, 142,144/ coupling at aromatic moiety, 139,141-143/ at cyclopropane moiety, 145 synthesis of metabolite analogues, 142,145

W

Urine, detection of β-agonists using immunoassays, 60-71

X

Variable portion of monoclonal antibody, Fv fragment, structure, 486,487/ Velpar, See Hexazinone ELISA Versatility, rapid test methods for regulatory programs, 50 Veterinary drugs, detection using immunoassays, 60-121

Water, hexazinone detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 187-199 Water-immiscible solvents, use of prepared extracts, 40 Water-miscible solvents, simple treatments of prepared extracts, 37-39 Western blot, proteinaceous antinutritional compound detection in soya oilseed products, 219-228

Xanthotoxin detection using immunoassay, 202-214 human exposure, 206 levels in healthy vegetables, 203,205* metabolism in humans, 206

Yogurt, dieldrin detection, 181,182/184-185

Production: Amie Jackowski Indexing: Deborah H. Steiner Acquisition: Michelle D. Althuis Cover design: Peggy Corrigan and Ross C. Beier Printed and bound by Maple Press, York, PA


Immunoassays for Residue Analysis

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