INDUSTRY
&
BUSINESS
Industry Eyes Are on Sulfur Prices Pasco raises prices $2.00 a ton; U.S. Frasch producers are expected to follow by cutting "competitive allowances" By raising its prices on sulfur (C&EN, Dec. 26, 1960, page 17), Pan American Sulphur may have given the entire sulfur industry a welcome Christmas present. Freeport Sulphur already has indicated that it intends to "remain competitive," and other U.S. Frasch producers are expected to follow suit. The upshot will be relief from the narrowing profit margins about which sulfur companies have been loudly complaining for the past several years. "Remaining competitive ,, doesn't necessarily mean that posted sulfur prices ($24 per ton for dark sulfur and $25 for bright, f.o.b. Gulf Coast port) will be changed. Instead, "competitive allowances," which U.S. companies admittedly have given to customers in order to compete with lowerpriced Mexican imports, will be slashed. These allowances, trade sources say, run about $3.50 along the East Coast, though some observers believe they are even steeper. Pasco's new posted prices are $22.50 and $23.50 for dark and bright sulfur, f.o.b. Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Pasco also boosted prices at Tampa, Fla., where it has a bulk and molten sulfur
terminal, by $2.00. But the company hasn't specified what these new levels actually are, and this stymies other companies in being specific about their pricing plans. Higher Costs. Economics forced Pasco to raise prices. Rising equipment and labor costs, coupled with the sulfur price cuts over the past several years, had much to do with it. Moreover, in 1959 Pasco also drew an increase in royalty payments to the Mexican government, which cut another $1.17 per ton out of its profits. Pasco, however, didn't start the price hike on a world-wide basis. Earlier, the French producer, Societe Nationale des Petroles d'Aquitaine, which recovers its sulfur from sour natural gas in the Lacq field, boosted its prices $1.00 to $2.50 per ton, according to trade sources. Reason, as one observer puts it, is that "the traffic will bear it." Actually, there's little reason why U.S. Frasch producers won't follow Pasco's lead, if only in "competitive allowances." Added profits which would come from a price increase far outweigh the advantage any one company would receive from the extra ton-
BRIGHT SULFUR PRICES HAVE CHANGED this way over the past several years—until last month's increase: 1954
Last price increase, up to $28 per ton for domestic consumers, $31 per ton for export market.
1956
Pressure of IVlexican sulfur forces U.S. Frasch producers to drop $3.00 differential, putting both domestic and export prices at $28.
1957
Domestic and export prices drop to $25.
Since then—Posted prices remain unchanged, but "competitive allowances" (up to $3.50 per ton) bring prices still lower. 44
C&EN
JAN.
2,
1961
nage it might sell (if any) at the lower rate. Plenty of signs show how lowei price tags have affected sulfui companies. Over the past few years, several expensive-to-operate domes have been shut down; others have had production cut back in favor of the more economical ones. And even these were less vigorously worked, as producers nibbled away at existing stocks. Marketing, too, has become more expensive. The trend toward molten shipments has added to the costs of producers, and new barges, ships, and terminals have been put into operation over the past couple of years. Long Time Coming. Why have sulfur prices been so long in starting upward? First, there has been (and, to some extent, still is) a world-wide surplus of sulfur. Mexican production increased the supply, and sulfur recovered from oil refineries and sour gas fields rose from practically nothing until it now accounts for about 25% of the elemental sulfur supply. The Lacq field in France can now turn out over 1 million tons per year. U.S. refineries have been installing sulfur recoveiy units at a rapid pace. And Canadian sour gas offers a tremendous potential, although it has yet to make itself felt on the world market because of prohibitive transportation costs. But now demand is on the upswing again. This, coupled with dwindling profits, made the time ripe for the price increases. Moreover, the potential markets for the relative newcomers in Mexico and at Lacq are now more clearly defined. No one expects the new price levels to cut into tonnage sales. Most sulfur customers are more concerned with an assured source of the material at stable prices than they are with actual price levels. The reason, of course, is that contracts for their own products usually have escalator clauses that are tied to sulfur prices. But the year-end price hikes do raise some big questions. One is the effect on Canadian sulfur. Although the $2.00 per ton increase probably won't completely offset the Canadians' shipping penalty, it will ease it. As a result, more Canadian sulfur may be heading for market, especially if further price advances come along. The other question: How high will prices go? Nobody is anxious to predict, but one expert says he wouldn't be surprised to see another $2.00 to $3.00 advance sometime this year.
Distributors Gain Status at Monsanto New marketing policy widens use of distributors for small-volume sales of chemicals Chemical distributors are slated for a bigger role in Monsanto's marketing efforts under a new company-wide program. The prime reason is to capture a larger share of the $3 billion-ayear small-volume business for chemicals. Monsanto's plan calls for widening its distributor setup to sell products from all of the firm's divisionsLion Oil, organic chemicals, plastics, agricultural chemicals, and inorganic chemicals. To do this, it will integrate and coordinate all divisional distributor efforts into a new formal program that it hopes will make distributors more effective. The program is modeled after one used by the firm's inorganic chemical division since 1956. Portions of the program, where applicable, will apply also to products sold through the company's overseas division, but not, at least now, to products sold by subsidiaries or partially owned companies. Monsanto's move toward closer ties with distributors was prompted by the need to take a new look at the potential of the less-than-carload market. Previous marketing efforts to serve this segment were inadequate. Also, an evaluation of the internal costs of handling less-than-carload and other small-volume business with a marketing organization geared to volume spotlighted the need for greater use of distributors. The value of chemical distributors has long been underestimated by the chemical industry, which has been geared to selling in volume, Monsanto feels. With small orders accounting for 10 to 12% of the industry's volume (the chemical industiy's total sales should top $27.5 billion for 1960), the distributor's role deserves serious consideration. Monsanto's new thinking is toward a cooperative marketing effort, with the company going after large-scale customers and distributors soliciting small-volume purchases in a local"area. Under this approach, distributors will be considered as part of the sales organization and a local source of supply. In Monsanto's case, this means changing its distributor policy to include all its divisions. An earlier program, which involved using distribu-
tors to move less-than-carload amounts of materials produced by its inorganic division (such as calcium and sodium phosphate), had been successful. Hence, the decision to widen distributor usage. An initial step was to screen the hundreds of products sold by Monsanto for those frequently ordered in small amounts. (This is still in progress.) If distributor handling is found to be practical, the sales policy relating to the particular product is being rewritten to embrace distributor sales. Products now moving this way include styrene monomer, animal feed additives, plasticizers, resins, and packaging materials. Excluded from the distributor program are products which have a short shelf life or those which have inherent obsolescence, such as those in which customers may switch from one product to another because of color or change in formulation or packaging. Monsanto distributors will operate under a nonexclusive contract, subject to annual renewal. Under its terms, the distributor usually agrees to buy so many pounds of product over a given period of time. Products are purchased in carload or larger lots and then resold—more effectively by the distributor than by a large company,
Monsanto feels. The product is sold in its original package if possible, and, if not, it is at least identified to the eventual user as a Monsanto material. Distributors buy chemicals at truckload prices and sell at less-than-carload prices plus freight. Distributors attend product clinics and receive newsletters, promotion, and technical literature. Also, they are tied into regional and national advertising programs. Small orders received by Monsanto are often relayed to a distributor for filling. To implement and coordinate this program, Monsanto has created a new position, manager of distributor relations, in its central marketing staff. The post is held by Edward F. Lynch, Jr. Managers of distributor sales have been appointed in each of the operating divisions. According to Mr. Lynch, the aim is a multidivisional approach to company distributor relationships. The company eventually wants to have its distributors represent more than one of its divisions in a particular marketing area or industry. Monsanto's shift indicates that the distributor is emerging as a more vital link to market areas in which chemical producers are not equipped to operate. In the chemical industry's early days, distributors were used often, but as the industry grew their role was reduced. Monsanto figures that the use of distributors is a mature marketing approach in times of rising costs and that distributors will become increasingly important as an extension of its sales force.
PRODUCT CLINIC. Edward F. Lynch, Monsanto's manager of distributor relations, mans a beaker at a clinic where distributors learn more about company products JAN.
2: 1 3 6 1 C & E N
45
BRIEFS Aluminum consumption during 1961 should continue at near record levels, Aluminum Co. of America president Lawrence Litchfield, Jr., predicts. "We hope the pricing low point was touched last year and that firmer prices, at higher levels, can be estab lished during 1961," he adds. U.S. shipments of aluminum to domestic and foreign customers totaled about 2.3 million tons in 1960, an amount topped only by 1959's record 2.5 mil lion tons, Mr. Litchfield estimates.
Air Pollution Foundation, which will soon disband (C&EN, Dec. 26, 1960, page 26), has made grants of $50,000 in cash and $40,000 in equipment to Stanford Research Institute for con tinued research in atmospheric chem istry. The University of California re ceived $10,000 in cash from APF for studies on air pollution, and South west Research Institute got $5000 worth of equipment for continued studies on automobile exhaust. When APF disbands in May, its remaining assets will go to Caltech for additional research in air pollution.
Wallace & Tiernan's proposed merger with ethical drug producer R. J. Strasenburgh Co. (C&EN, Oct. 3, 1960, page 25) in exchange for 400,000 shares of W&T stock has been ap proved by company stockholders. The shareowners also voted a two-for-one split of W&T shares.
Marquette Cement Mfg. Co. will ac quire all of the outstanding stock of Green Bag Cement Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of Pittsburgh Coke & Chemical. Marquette will issue 150,000 shares of its common to PC&C, which plans to keep the stock as an in vestment. Marquette has cement pro ducing plants in the South and Mid west. Green Bag's plant is on Neville Island, near Pittsburgh, Pa.
Perkin-Elmer and Hitachi, Ltd., of Tokyo have formed a jointly owned company, Hitachi Perkin-Elmer, Ltd., to coordinate the two companies' ac tivities in scientific instruments throughout the Free World. Devel opment, manufacture, and sale of in struments will be handled by the par ent companies and their affiliates.
Hitachi produces electrical and elec tronic products, power plant equip ment, household appliances, locomo tives, and many other items in Japan.
Minnesota Mining has made its sub sidiary, Zenith Plastics Co., Gardena, Calif., an operating division of 3M. Zenith makes reinforced plastic com ponents for the military, aerospace, and marine industries and products for industrial and consumer markets.
NEW FACILITIES Heisler Corp., Wilmington, Del., has set up a development laboratory for plastics and elastomers compounding and powdered resins. It is being equipped to undertake large scale contract studies.
Standard Oil (Ohio) has dedicated a $300,000 addition to its research center in Warrensville Heights, Ohio. The addition provides room for 36 more scientists and 11 office and serv ice employees. Continued on page 48
C&EN PROGRESS REPORT .'(Λ,ΐ.'Λ Ϊ,*Λ-Α Λ
Here are companies making news last month, adding to the chemical process industries by . . PLANNING . . . Company and Site Cosden Petroleum Corp. Big Spring, Tex. W. R. Grace & Co. Baton Rouge, La.
Plant or Unit Polystyrene
Hercules Powder Co. Parlin, N J .
Polyethylene
Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. G ram mercy, La.
Aluminum fluoride
Monsanto Chemical Co. Avon, Calif.
Phenolsulfonic acid
Standard Oil Co. (Ind.) Amoco Chemicals Corp. Texas City, Tex. Stauffer Chemical Co. Westend, Calif.
Hydrocarbon resins
46
C&EN
JAN
2,
1961
High density polyethylene
Sodium sulfate
Remarks Capacity of 20 million pounds a year will be raised to 35 to 40 million pounds Expansion to boost capacity by 5 0 % to 75 million pounds a year is scheduled to start in spring 1961; completion expected in early 1962 When its new polypropylene unit at Lake Charles, La., goes on stream, Hercules will be able to double its high density polyethylene capacity at Parlin to 60 million pounds a year Building of $1.4 million plant to start in mid-1961 and be completed in the third quarter of 1962 Plant, slated to start operations in March 1961, will increase company's ca pacity 5 0 % Completion, expected in 1961, will double Amoco's hydrocarbon resins capacity New unit, expected to be in operation early in 1961, will increase plant ca pacity to 200,000 tons a year
Sun Oil Co. Marcus Hook, Pa.
Propane, propylene, butane, and gasoline
Texaco, Inc. Port Arthur, Tex. Union Carbide Corp. Linde Co. Fontana, Calif.
Benzene Liquid hydrogen
On stream: November 1961. Capacity: 14.4 million cubic feet of dry gas, 7100 barrels of liquefied propane and propylene, 13,200 barrels of liquefied butane, and 18,000 barrels of gasoline a day On stream in the second quarter of 1962. Capacity: 30 million gallons a year On stream: mid-1962. Capacity: 26 tons a day
STARTING CONSTRUCTION . . . Allied Chemical Corp. Orange, Tex.
High density polyethylene
Borden Chemical Co. U.S. Rubber Co. Monochem, Inc. Geismar, La.
Acetylene and vinyl monomer
Copolymer Rubber & Chemical Corp. Baton Rouge, La.
Butadiene
Great Lakes Chemical Corp. Houston Chemical Corp. Arkansas Chemicals, Inc. El Dorado, Ark. Heyden Newport Chemical Corp. Garfield, N J .
Bromine
Lasco Industries Borane Chemical Corp. Montebello, Calif. Monsanto Chemical Co. Monsanto, III. Socony Mobil Oil Co. Beaumont, Tex. Swift & Co. Hammond, Ind.
Epoxy-silicone polymers, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, and polyesters
Tennessee Gas Transmission Co. Tennessee Oil Refining Co. Chalmette, La.
chloride
Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate
2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Butadiene Epoxidated chemicals Benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene
Original planned capacity of 11 million pounds a year has been raised to 25 million pounds. Completion: 1961 Capacity of $50 million complex will be 80 million pounds of acetylene and 150 million pounds of vinyl chloride monomer a year when completed in 1962 Expansion scheduled for completion in July 1961 will boost capacity to 55,000 tons a year Completion date: early 1961
Plant is expected to be on stream early in 1961 with capacity of 12 million pounds a year Plant will have a capacity for 2 million pounds of polymers and intermediates a year Completion: January 1961 Capacity: 15,000 tons of butadiene a year. Completion expected in 1961 Expansion will increase epoxidation capacity by 8 million pounds a year when on stream in early 1961 Bechtel Corp. will build a catalytic reformer (capacity: 6000 barrels a day) and an o-xylene unit (capacity: 22 million pounds a year). Badger Mfg. Co. will build an aromatics extraction unit (capacity: 2200 barrels a day of benzene, toluene, and xylenes) and an ethylbenzene fractionator (capacity: 20 million pounds a year). Completion is slated for mid-1961
STARTING PRODUCTION . . . Celanese Corp. of America Pasadena, Tex. Continental Oil Co. Ponca City, Okla. Crown ZeNerbach Corp. Bogalusa, La. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Orange, Tex. Hummel Chemical Co. Newark, N.J. Monsanto Chemical Co. Anniston, Ala. National Starch and Chemical Corp. Meredosia, III.
High density polyethylene Cyclohexane Dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl mercaptan High density polyethylene Hexanitroethane, hydrazinium, nitroformate, trinitromethane Parathion and methyl parathion Polyvinylidene chloride
Expansion of present capacity by 10 million pounds a year Capacity: 20 million gallons a year Annual capacity: 10 million pounds of dimethyl sulfide, 5 million pounds of dimethyl sulfoxide, 1 million pounds of methyl mercaptan Capacity: 50 million pounds a year
Expansion has boosted capacity 5 0 % to 18 million pounds a year Capacity: 14 million pounds a year J A N . 2, 1961 C&EN
47
FINANCE American Viscose will pass voting rights on the 3,540,000 shares of Mon santo stock it will get in exchange for its 50% interest in Chemstrand (C&EN, Oct. 24, page 28) directly to its own stockholders. The shares, which will represent 1 3 % of Monsanto's outstanding stock, will be held in escrow by a Wilmington, Del., bank for at least 10 years, if the deal is approved.
JUDGE OF
Y O U BE T H E
CENTURY 1050 L.P.
WHITE OLEIC ACID QUALITY We say it can't be equalled for heat or color stability, and our customers agree. But why take anyone's word for its properties? Judge them for yourself in your products, WRITE FOR BULLETIN OR CONSULT CHEMICAL MATERIALS CATALOG PAGES 159-161
'il W A R E H O U S E STOCKS IN Atlanta, Ga.
Charlotte, N. C.
Belleville, N . J .
Chicago, HI.
B r o o k l y n , Ν. Υ.
Greensboro, N. C.
Cambridge, Mass,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Air Products will pay a 3 % stock dividend next month. No similar dividend was paid last year. Corn Products will increase its quar terly dividend by 5 cents to 60 cents a share with its Jan. 25 payment. And stockholders will be asked to approve a two-for-one split of the common stock at the next annual meeting. W. R. Grace & Co.'s lower earnings this year will be no fault of its chemi cal operations. Executive vice presi dent Alexander T. Daignault estimates that 1960 profits will be about 10% under last year's $3.04 a share, largely as a result of unprofitable steamship operations. But sales of Grace's chem ical divisions will total about $225 mil lion, more than 10% above last year, and their earnings will be up about 15%. Chemicals will account for about 50%; of company operating reve nues and over 70% of earnings, Mr. Daignault told the Washington Society of Investment Analysts. Polyethylene sales doubled this year, he adds; poly ethylene operations are "essentially at the breakeven point today" and should start earning money in 1961.
INTERNATIONAL
HARCHEM
HARCHEM D I V I S I O N
CENTURY BRAND
WALLACE & TIERNAN, INC. S5
MAIN
STREET, BELLEVILLE PLANT IN CANADA;
FF5*3 Ά
IN D O V E R .
9, N E W J E R S E Y OHIO
HARCHEM L I M I T E D , TORONTO
American Cyanamid's international di vision has purchased the plant and assets of Plasticos do Brasil, S.A., former licensee for Formica products in Brazil, and will operate it as Formica Plasticos, S.A. The new company, in which Cyan am id's capital investment was $2 million, will make Formica plastics at Sao Paulo. Algemene Kunstzidje Unie, N.V., Arnhem, the Netherlands, and Pitts-
48
C&EN
J A N . 2, 1961
burgh Plate Glass International, S.A., Geneva, Switzerland, will jointly build a glass fiber plant in the Netherlands. A new company, in which AKU and PPGI will each have a 50% interest, will be formed to run the plant, the location of which will be revealed later. Operation is expected to start in 1962, with the output to be sold in the Netherlands and abroad.
Available
Corn Products' Brazilian affiliate, Refinancoes de Milho, will build a $10 million corn wet-milling plant at MogiGuacu, 100 miles northwest of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Meissner Engineers, Inc., will engineer and supervise construction. Building will begin next March and be completed by August 1962.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. has acquired a minority interest in Fibreglass South Africa (Pty.), Ltd., maker of thermal insulation materials. Plans for the South African firm include building new facilities at Springs, Transvaal, to make glass fibers for the electrical and reinforced plastics industries.
Pfaudler Permutit has formed a new company, Pfaudler Permutit Beneficiamento De Fluidas, LTDA, located in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The new firm will handle engineering, subcontracting, and importing details for Permutit's water conditioning equipment for the Brazilian market.
Shell Oil of Canada, Ltd., plans a gas processing and sulfur manufacturing plant for the Pincher Creek district of southern Alberta. The plant will have an initial capacity of 100,000 cubic feet of processed gas, 1000 tons of sulfur, and 3500 to 4000 barrels of liquid products a day. Gas will be delivered to Alberta and Southern Gas Co., Ltd., for export to the U.S.
WET
OR
DRY
The WORKHORSE CATALYST for POLYMERIZING SYNTHETIC RESINS
Lucidol Benzoyl Peroxide In dry form, Lucidol Benzoyl Peroxide has long been the quality standard of the industry. It is available, for those who prefer it, in wet form ( 2 0 - 2 5 % water). The peroxide net weight per package is the same. The applications are identical — polymerization of vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, methylmethacrylate, styrene and unsaturated polyesters — and for copolymerizations of the same monomers. Write for Data Sheet or Consult Chemical Materials Catalog Page 179 for further data.
LUCIDOL Sun Oil Co., Ltd., plans to build a $700,000 hydrodesulfurizer unit at its Sarnia, Ont., refinery. Slated for operation by mid-May 1961, the unit will have a capacity of 2600 barrels of heating oil a day. Sulfur will be removed from the oil as hydrogen sulfide, which will then be burned in the refinery's heaters.
DIVISION
WALLACE & TIERNAN, INC. 1740 MILITARY ROAD BUFFALO 5, NEW YORK
JAN. 2, 1961 C&EN
49
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The impact of business recession on employment is beginning to show up in broader areas, both industrial and geographical. Employment in manu facturing dropped by 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 in November, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics says, double the amount normal for this time of year. And, BLS points out, reduced em ployment, which had earlier been con fined largely to primary metals and transportation equipment producers, now extends into other industries. Meanwhile, the Department of Labor has added nine more major industrial areas to its list of those with " s u b stantial labor s u r p l u s " ( 6 % or more of the labor force). That's 19 more than were so listed a year ago (al though 3 2 less than the number of areas in this category in November 1958). Unemployment increased last autumn in about 6 0 % of the nation's 150 major industrial areas. In the chemical industry, produc tion workers have boen declining slightly since last spring. November's total of 5 3 6 , 5 0 0 was the lowest for the industry in over a year as em ployment last fall dropped below year earlier levels for the first time in 1960. Another sign of weakness on the
employment front in November was a further drop in the manufacturing workweek to an average of 39.3 hours. At that level, November tied with last April for the shortest work week since the summer of 1958. Weekly hours in the chemical indus try, while holding relatively steady in recent months and still higher than in any other manufacturing industry except paper, likewise have fallen un der the level of 12 months earlier. Unemployment in November rose no more than was expected from seasonal factors. But at 4.0 million, it was 6 . 3 % of the labor force. And even more workers probably will be looking for jobs in the months ahead. At the latest meeting of the Na tional Industrial Conference Board's economic f o r u m , the consensus of 14 economists was that unemployment would hit 4.8 million in 1961's second quarter and still be slightly higher than now at the end of the year. Nevertheless, panel members agreed, the current recession will not con tinue through 1 9 6 1 . They see the year as one of neither boom nor great recession. Twelve months from now, they predict, gross national product will be about 3 % higher, while in dustrial production will be up slightly.
EMPLOYMENT NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 900
Chemicals and Allied Products
(Thousands)
1960
A Division of
PALL
Corporation
30 Sea Cliff Ave., Glen Cove, N.Y.
50
C&EN
JAN.
2,
1961
1959
850
800
ALL EMPLOYEES
^
600
PRODUCTION WORKERS
550
SEND FOR FREE CATALOG
MICRO METALLIC
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JANUARY
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