ply Meets Demand FRANK TALBOT, National Security Resources Board, Washington, D. C.
AT
T H E close of World JYar I1 the inorganic cheniical industry was confronted with the necessity of rebuilding facilities which had deteriorated as a result of the continuous high rate of operation during the war. It was also necessary to build many additional new facilities to supply the demand for inorgsnic chemicals needed for industries that had expanded over war and prewar levels. At the same time, many surplus government plants for the manufacture of inorganic chemicals were made available and have largely been disposed of to industry and returned to commercial operations. These additional inorganic chemical facilities are now in operation, and as a result present capacity to produce many inorganic chemicals is several times larger than the prewar levels. Activity ih inorganic chemicals in 1949 declined from the record levels established in 1948. Production of many of the basic inorganic chemicals decreased during the first 6 months of 1949, when the level of operations in consuming industries and manufacturing industries in' general declined from previous high levels. Sulfuric Acid
Production of sulfuric acid in 1949 showed a continuation in the trend to contact acid. The output of contact acid in 1949 increased 3.3% to 7,512,478 short tons compared with
7,269,744 short tons in 1948. On the other hand, production of chamber acid in 1949 was 2,668,359 short tons compared with 2,961,340 short tons in 1948, a decrease of about 10%. Gross production of acid (including fortified spent acid) in 1949 was 10,865,744 short tons, a small decline from the 1948 production of 10,950,097 short tons.
-SULFURIC
--+
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
June 1950
Louisiana.. . . . . South Carolina. . . . . . . . Other.. ........ West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total U. S.. ...
Total Production 183,151 2,288,498 855,608 1,432,890 2,418,801 1,135,991 133,244 624,377 525,189 5,062,336 184,333 241,789 462,049 165,981 4,008,184 827,380 10,780,166
The principal raw material for sulfuric acid is native sulfur from Texas and Louisiana. Demand for native sulfur has become so great that increased exploration is necessary to maintain sufficient reserves. Our future sulfur position is difficult to estimate, although current production of about 5,000,000long tons a year is now adequate.
."
ESTABLISHMENTS 110
114
South 1 Wort 1 - 1
Production by Geographic Areas, 1947
Producing Establishments New England.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Middle Atlantic. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Illinois.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 South.. .................... 92 Alabama.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
TION OF THE INDUSTRY lndurtriol lnomnic CLemkalr
Northeort 1 North Central - 1
ACID
Quantity in short tons. Based on 100% HzS04. Gross quantities including spent sulfuric acid fortified in contact units. Source: Bureau of the Census
985
I09
---59
EMPLOYEES Northenst 1 - 1 North1 Centrnl i
1
South WtSt
15,787
22,m
1
20,493
6,696
SALARIES AND WAGES Northenst North Ctnlml
1
-
south IWest
W770
1
$72,439
,
$54291
122,613
VALUE OF PRODUCTS SHIPPED Ilerthmt ; North Centrnl 1 South West
$22T,Tos
$2119,011
$273,023
S 91,313
EXPENDITURES FOR NEW PLANT AND EQUIPMENT NorthenstNorth Centrnl South West Soum
1
C8IIsuI of b n l i l u n i for
$22,789
119,048
$~S,IEI
$1~,6111.
1917
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
986
Recovery of sulfur from hydrogen sulfide in sour gases should be of increasing importance, particularly in the western part of the United States, where the use of sulfuric acid for superphosphate manufacture is likely to expand because of increased demand for fertilizer in that area. Hydrofluoric Acid
Anhydrous hydrofluoric acid finds use for alkylation of petroleum fractions to produce high-octane gasoline. Another use is in the manufacture of fluorinated refrigerants. Hydrofluoric acid is used in the synthesis of organic fluorine compounds and as the source of fluorine in the manufacture of that element. Plastics, including Teflon and Kel-F, are important derivatives of fluorine which are likely to expand. Consumption of fluorspar in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid decreased in 1949. In 1946 consuinption of fluowpar for hydrofluoric acid was 83,900 tons. In recent years consumption for acid production was as follows: 100 363 Shor!, tons
1947 1948 1949
107:280 89,151
”
Chlorine and Alkalies
Chlorine production of approximately 1,765,000 short tons in 1949 reached a new high and was about 3.5 times as large as the 1939 production. Notwithstanding the increased output of chlorine in 1949, the demand continues to exceed the supply, largely because of the increased requirements of chlorine for chemicals. At the beginning of 1950, capacity to produce chlorine is estimated as in excess of 2,000,000 tons a year. Consumption has remained a t a high level, with most of the output being used in the manufacture of other chemicals. I n 1940 about 413,000 short tons of chlorine were used for this purpose, in 1944 over 1,000,000 tons, and in 1949 about 1,400,000 short tons. Some of the chemicals
Vol. 42, No. 6
requiring large tonnages of chlorine include ethylene glycol, carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated benzenes, trichloroethylene, bromine, ethylene dichloride, and vinyl chloride. In the pulp and paper industry chlorine is required for bleaching the various types of chemical pulps, rags, and waste paper. Certain pulp and paper mills make their own caustic soda and chlorine, but most of the smaller mills find that this is not possible because of the large capital outlay that can be justified only if a company uses a large quantity of chlorine and caustic soda and can sell the surplus at a profit. At the close of 1949 the rapacity of the domestic pulp and paper industry was almost 50% greater than a t the end of 1939, Approximately 235,000 short tons of chlorine a year are now being utilized in the pulp and paper industry. The use of chlorine for water and sewage treatment has expanded greatly over prewar levels and there is a definite trend toward the use of increased quantities of chlorine for water treatment. This is also true of sewage and industrial waste treatment. Although about 40.000 tons of chlorine were used in 1940 for water and sewage treatment, it is expected that in 1950 about twice this quantity will be utilized for this purpose. While the production of electrolytic caustic soda more than tripled from 1939 to 1949, reaching 1,656,400 short tons in 1949, the production of lime-soda caustic of 566,000 shoit tons in 1949 was at about the same level as in 1939. It is now estimated that electrolytic caustic soda capacity of about 2,000,000 tons a year will supply an increasing percentage of caustic soda requirements in the future, while lime-soda caustic will likely decrease below even present levels of production. The soda ash industry in the United States has an estimated capacity in excess of 5,000,000 t,ons a year. There was a considerable drop in the production of soda ash from the record high of approximately 4,900,000 tons in 1948 to about
N I T R I C ACID
S O D I U M BICARBONATE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
50% H.PO.
millions of shod tons
millions 01 ShorI l o a
thiurondt of ihorl
,I
Ions
IO I
0
I939
IOUICI: U.5. l u r i i u of tho Census
I947
1948
1919
S O D I U M CARBONATE
’Irrm11833 1939
I947
1948
1949
I939
I947
1941
I949
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
S O D I U M CHROMATE
and BICHROMATE
4
1
I939
1947
1941
15
l93t
1949
1941
I948
194)
1939
mlllions of dolt Ions 1.1
31
100
n
400
I
100
I
1919
1947
1948
1949
0
1947
I948
S O D I U M SULFATE
$ O D I U M SILICATE lhouronds of short tons
b
millions of short tons
lhousonds ol dolt tons
millioni of ihorl lam
0
1949
I939
1947
1911
I949
SULFURIC ACID m i l h i of iholt Ions
1W
1447
1941
1141
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
June 1950
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Synthetic Anhydrous millions of short tons
Production by Chemical Compound Source1 Bureau of the Census Unit 1939 1947 Ammonia,
synthetic
. .. . . .
I
.
1,117,212
1,089,786
1,194,057
Short tons
n.a.
1,047,792
988,342
1,018,706
1.0
1000 lb. 1000 lb.
.I
n.a. 41,349d
n.a.
soda) Electrolytic process Liquid, 100% NaO Solid, 100% NaOH Lime-soda process Liquid, 100% NaOR.. . . Solid, 100% NaOH Sodium phonphate Monobasic, 100% NeHaPOi Dibasic, 100% NazHPO4... Tribasic, 100% NEzPO~ Meta, 100% NaPOa. . . Tetra, 100% N ~ P z O Sodium silicate, solubl cate
Anhydrous, refined, 100% Na9SO4.. . , , . . . . . . . . . . Glauber's salt, 100% NEZSO4 1OHaO . . , , , . . . Salt cake, crude, coml.. . . . Sulfuric acid Total, 100% HzSO4. . . . . . Chamber process I
I
I
394,053 47,187 608,337
390,878 1,078,185 24,784e 13,412" 682,934 605,356
0
1939
n.a. ma.
n.8.
71,734 77,537
72,529 88,291
n.a. 356,894 514,401 123,831
243,880 723,165 1,446,865' 425,105
244,084 758,818 1,621,031 443,651
254,160 807,581 1,766,598 483,363
55,182
67,736
55,673
74,076
Hydrofluoric acid, 100% (anhydr. and tech.). . 1000 Ib. 14,842 . Million cu. ft. 11.8. 1000 lb. 59,569 Nitric acid, 100%. Short tons 167,740 Million n.a. cu. ft. Short tons n.a. From phosphorus Short tons n.a. n.a. From phosphate r Short tons lo00 02. n.a. Silver nitrate, 100% Sodium carbonate Ammonia-soda process Total wet and dry (98Short tons 2,826,000 Short tons n.a. Short tons n.a.
.
1949u
310,822
1000 Ib. 1000 lb. Short tons Short tons
., , .
.
1948
Short tons
Short tons
Chlorine..
1.5
anhy-
1000 lb. 1000 Ib. Calcium phosphate Monobasic, 100%.
981
AMMONIA
1,038,414 555,176 483,238 40,232
1,215,937 606,251 609,416 50,894
4,519,144 4,575,452 3,916,016 2,194,395 2,317,575 2,050,775 1,641,452 1,534,730 1,324,924
121,858
281,132
297,474
203,264
150,913'
181,145
160,915
153,787
Short tons
58,164
87,874
95,975
75,656
CARBON DIOXIDE
1939
Short tons Short tons
532,914
Short tons Short tons Short tons Short tons Short tons
n.a. n.a. 32,382 116,731
n.a. 48,691
1911-
-48
1949
1918
1949
CHLORINE millions of short tons 2.0
1.1 1.0 .5
0
n.a.
1949
millions of pounds
1,227,847 730,751 597,096 41,025
Short tons
512,492
1948
21,936 27,840 29,510 20,394? 30,187 15,4766 1,190,060 1,132,819 1,129,521 15,948 14,466 13,793
Short tons
Short tons Short tons
I941
1,386,995 247,257
1,587,831 303,971
1,656,492 257,418
747,247 244,992
769,697 256,951
566,230 16S,086
14,214 83,340 89,055 30,662 56,169
12,344 86,455 80,198 35,045 66,369
12,722 129,041 70,367 27,823 78,376
1939
1941
HYDROCHLORIC ACID thouvndr of short tons 600
400 200
Short tons
n.a.
478,747
483,856
446,202
Short tons
n.a.
135,088
169,018
136,276
Short tons Short tons
.n.a.
n.a.
197,963 627,331
183,630 656,438
152,878 537,843
0
Short tons 4,795,002 10,574,941 10,950,097 10,884,761 Short tons 2,120,964 3,325,687 2,961,340 2,668,626
Short tons 2,674,038 7,249,054 7,988,757 8,216,135 Short tons n.a. 6,632,711 7,269,744 7,511,228 Short tons n.a. 616,343 719,013 704,907 Note: n.a. signifiaa information is not available. " 1049 figures preliminary. b Includes material t o be further procossed to granular ammonium nitrate. Excludes by-product coke-oven production which is regorted by Bureau of Mines. d Proportion of eatinrate 6%. Figures for artial yea; only. Com lek data cannot be shown without disclosing operatibns,of individual asta%lishments. I Total prorfuction including quantities liquefied for use, storage, or shi ment. 0 Molybdate orange production in 1939 included, in olironre yellow. h Includes quantities &verted to manufacturing of caustic sods and Rodiuni bicarbonate, and quantities imcessed to finished li ht,and dense.sFda aqh i Liquid productipn figuren re resent total production for each proress, inoyuding quantities late; evaporated to solid raustic antreported ar tiiidi.
1939
1941
1948
1949
HYDROFLUORIC ACID millions of pounds
60 40 20 0
1939
1947
1941
1949
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
988
4,100,000 tons in 1949. While ammonia soda ash production declined about 15%, natural soda ash production declined about 32%. Substantial declines in the consumption of soda ash took place in the manufacture of glass and caustic soda, and in exports. Nitrogen Following World War I1 a substantial part of the synthetic nitrogen fertilizers produced in government-owned plants was exported by the Army to Germany, Japan, and Korea. Exports of nitrogen fertilizers in the near future will return to a commercial basis. The Army has indicated that the three plants now in operation to supply ammonia for army fertilizer will be closed down during the first half of 1950. The Spencer Chemical Company has purchased the Ohio River Ordnance Plant a t West Henderson, Ky. This plant, which had been operated by Solvay Process Company for the Army, was closed down April 20, 1950. The Morgantown Ordnance Plant was closed down on May 20,1950. The San Jacinto Ordnance Plant is expected to operate for the Army through June 30, 1950, and if leased may continue in operation after that date. New synthetic ammonia capacity is expected to be available during the next year a t the Dow plant in Freeport, Tex., and at a new facility to be built by the Mississippi Chemical Company in Mississippi. A large amount of research has been in progress for the production of cheap hydrogen from coal and coke for use in the FischerTropsch procese for synthetic liquid fuels. This latter process requires low-cost oxygen on a tonnage basis. This development may contribute to a substantial reduction in the cost of producing hydrogen for ammonia from coke; as a result the coke process should become more competitive on a cost basis with synthetic ammonia from natural gas.
-NITROGEN Consumption for Fertilizer Purposes Quantity in short tons. Based on N. Crop year ended June 30. Source Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture Region 1939O 1947 1948 1949 16,369 New England., , . . . , . , . Middle Atlantic.. . . . . . . 33,872 South Atlantic.. . . . . . , , 163,525 South Central., . . , . . . , . 88,263 East North Central.. . . , 17,505 West North Central.. . . 1,819 Western.. . . . . , . . . . . . . 30,005 Territories. . . . . . . . , , , . 33,065 Continental U. S... . . . . . 351,359 Total U. S.. , . . . . . . . , 384,424
24,818 63,175 241,605 193,658 65,358 25,153 131,110 38,711 744,877 783,588 (1 Government distribution not included.
26,851 67,1,49 259,131 219,858 80,102 37,580 125,947 40,101 816,618 856,719
25,097 70,697 276,325 251,579 86,337 48,698 118,864 42,347 877,599 919,946
Phosphorus Phosphorus production in recent years has greatly expanded as the result of the installation of new furnaces and the rebuilding of some older furnaces. Output in 1939 wa$ 43,000 short tons, in 1947 was 85,000 short tons, and in 1949 probably was close t o 100,000 short tons. Most of the phosphorus produced is burned to the pentoxide and hydrated to phosphoric acid. In 1949 the production of phosphoric acid from phosphorus was 21% larger than in 1948. On the other hand, production by the wet process showed a small decline. I n recent years sodium acid pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate have attained increasing importance. Sodium acid pyrophosphate as well as nionocalcium phosphate is used in self-rising flours and prepared
Vol. 42, No. 6
baking mixes. The use of sodium tripolyphosphate with synthetic detergents has helped to make it possible to use these compounds in the washing of cotton goods. Some of these compounds contain a substantial percentage of sodium tripolyphosphate. In January 1950 the production of 7504 short tons of sodium tripolyphosphate for that month was reported for the first time. Sodium phosphoaluminate is reported to be finding interesting uses in the paper industry as an aid in sizing and filler and fiber retention. Dicalcium phofiphate is expected to find increased use in cattle feeds.
OXIDE
-PHOSPHORIC
Consumption for Fertilizer Purposes Quantity in short tons. Based on available P2O6. Crop year ended June 30. Source: Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Region
193g5
1947
New England., , , , . . . , Middle Atlantic. . . . . , , . South Atlantic. . . . . . . , , South Central., . , . . . . , , East North Central.. . . , West North Central.. . . Western. , , . . . . , , . . , , , Territories. . . . , . , . . . . . Continental U. S... . . . . . Total U. S.. . . . . . . . . ,
31,581 58,021 135,276 238,919 261,503 550,425 114,246 372,988 101,736 551,874 19,333 132,459 32,133 12 1,460 14,049 19,983 695,808 2,026,146 709,857 2,046,129 Government distributio n not inciu dcd. ,
1948
1949
62,477 240,063 511,854 443,881 609,721 180,852 118,536 22,508 2,167,384 2,189,892
58,602 233,984 487,642 442,446 403,812 186,743 107,605 20,875 1,920,834 1,94 1,709
Calcium Carbide and Oxygen
There was a reduced demand in 1949 for acetylene for welding and cutting operations. During that year acetylene consumed in chemical operations such as vinyl plastics declined from 1948 levels. As a result calcium carbide output in 1949 declined about 12% from 1948 levels. Production of high-quality oxygen also used with acetylene in welding and cutting operations declined about 7% in 1949 from 1948 levels. Low-purity tonnage oxygen (which can be considered as a distinct and separate industry from high-quality oxygen) is now produced a t several plants, including those for serving the steel industry, an ammonia plant, and plants producing chemicals such as ammonia methanol, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde from natural gas. The tonnage oxygen industry is expanding rapidly. It is expected that the two units a t the Carthage Hydrocol plant in Rrownsville, Tex., each with a reported capacity of 1000 tons a day of tonnage oxygen, mill be in operation in 1950.
-POTASH Consumption for Fertilizer Purposes Quantityin short tons. Bared an KzO. Crop year ended June 30. Source: Bureau of Plant Industry, U. 5. Department of Agriculture
Region
1939"
New England.. . . . . . 27,424 Middle Atlantic.. . . . , . . 61,717 South Atlantic.. . . . . , , . 168,628 South Central.. . . . , . . . . 50,878 East North Central., . . . 54,476 West North Central.. . . 3,930 Western., , , , . , . . . . . . . 8,407 Territories. . , . . . , , , , . 23,588 Continental U. S... . . . , . 375,460 Total U. S.. . . . , , , . . . 399,048 a
1947
44,013 106,168 301,958 121,965 193,624 36,206 22,657 31,883 826,591 858,474 Government distribution not included. t..
1948
1949
45,847 109,268 291,074 139,681 234,815 44,679 23,290 32,071 888,654 920,725
47,278 121,607 326,908 171,892 288,242 62,316 24,289 30,541 1,042,532 1,073,073
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
June 1950
989
INORGANIC CHEMICALS Production of Selected Compounds, 1947 Quantity in short tans except as noted.
Aluminum compounds Alums Ammonium-aluminum sulfate Potassium-aluminum sulfate.
Crystal, 20.7% AleOa. Anhydrous, 38.6% Ala
Value in thousands of dollars.
5,018 23,106
5,167 $ 24,239
n.a.
n.8.
374 835 1,863
11,243 209,608 11,412
9,325 212,624 11,106
304 338 2,163
1,142,665 1,145,613 50,544 8,458 8,774 730 539,449 536,877 12,937 35,409 35,589 3,741 11.8. n.a. 2,159 n.a. 8.8. 1,821 15,699 14,850 1,270 n.8. 526 n.a.
Calcium hypochlorite, 70% Clz. , Bleaching powder and lime bleach, 35-37% C b . . . . . . . . . Sodium hypochlorite, 15% Ch.. Copper sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrocyanic acid, 100%. ........ Hydrogen peroxide, 27.5 .wt. Iodine, resublimed. ........ Iron compounds Ferric chloride, 100%.
........
Sourcer Census of Manufactures, 1947
Shipments Value Quanf.0.b. tit# Plant
Total Production Quantity
116
135 231 41,494 2,210
205 36,449 746
608 859 3,306 234
23,452 186,743
11,044 178,471
1,925 5,367
74,498 299,104 286,521
11,571 299,106 77,299
n.a.
11.8.
245 4,920 390 4,249
10,955
9,968
2,840
24,129 163,711 87,807 5,083 23,955 441 15,515
22,243 964 156,419 16,743 69,623 9,604 1,072 1,053 22,631 6,863 373 1,133 15,137
892
75,619 52,399 725 Inolude sodium antimonate. b Data for arsenates and arsenites are included under the metallic radical groupin Excgdes quantities of liqiiid used to produce solid aalcium chloride.
Lead compounds Lead arsenate, acid and basic, . Lead nitrate, 100%. Lithium compounds. Magnesium compounds. ......... Manganese sulfate, 100%. . . . . . . Mercury compounds, 100% Mercuric chloride.. . . . . . . . . . . . Mercurous chloride. Mercuric oxide, yellow, Mercuric oxide, redd.. . . . . . . Mixed acid, nitric and sulfuric. . . Nickel sulfate, 100%. .......... Phosphorus compounds Phosphorus, elemental whiteyellow, and red, technical. . , Oxychloride, 100%. Pentoxide, 100%. . . . . . . . . . . . . Potarsium compounds Chlorate, 100%. .............. Iodide, 100%. ............... Silver compounds' Cyanide, 100%. Nitrate, 100%. Silica gel, all grades.. ........... Sodium compounds Bisulfate, niter cake, 100%. . , , Borate, technical'. Chlorate, 100%. .............. Hydrosulflte, 100%. . . . . . . . . . . Hydrosulide, sulfhydrate, 100% Silicofluoride, 100% ..........
Total Production Quantity
Shipments Value
15,503 796
9,365 $3,527 761 286 n.8. 1,640 n.a. 6,980 17,447 1,125
..........
............ .......... .......
11.8.
n+. 18,340 656 13 242 177 243,960 8,879
89,843 8,712
375 72 402 75 3,818 2,072
85,940 7,301 8,780
57,898 5,931 5,828
13,636 1,063 911
10,253 630
10,619 589
2,173 2,163
619 38,336
678 40,131
11.8.
n.a.
408 17,865 5,673
..........
............. ............... ...........
f.0.b. plant
Quanfit#
41,663 308,542 20,459 12,685 11,732 17,996 39,245 36,364 19,023
113 16 225 16
43,848 177,984 17,538 11,739 11,643 15,377 38,680 36,053 18,375
1,706 7,289 2,443 4,625 758 1,945 3,367 1,854 1,128 1,919
lulflte, 100%- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thiosulfate, hypo, 100~o. Strontium compounds. .......... n.a. n.8. Sulfur compounds Dioxide, 100%. 44,869 27,207 2,270 Chloride, technical.. .......... 4,896 3,375 190 Stannous chloride, 100%. 333 315 370 S6dium tungstate, 100 434 379 1,022 Zinc sulfate, 100%. . , 14,347 12,319 1,312 d Includaa regular and battery grades of red mercuric oxide. e Reported in thousands of ounoes. f Exclude quantities shipped and produced by eRtah~iRilmentaprimarily engaged in mining.
......
.............. .......
Consumption by Selected Industries, 1947 Quantity in ahort tons.
Inorganic Chemicals Ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . 666,968 Chlorine. ............. 90,219 Hydrochloric acid. . . . . 77,168 Nitric acid . . . . . . . . . . . 865,961 Salt cake. . . . . . . . . . . . 58,062 Soda ash ............. 1,948,150 Sodium hydroxide.. . . 193,424 Sulfuric acid.. . . . . . . . 1,162,595 Commodify
i I
Organic Chemicals 106,219 877,922 253,355 447,703 42,887 579,726 1,559,485
Source1 Bureau of the Cenrur
pulp, soap Paper, and and Related Paperboard Products
...
.. ... . . I
Class
...
...
...
... ... ...
6i9,647 259,447 160,006
156i559
83,639 1,438,810
246,961
a , .
. . I
V I .
... ...
Cleaning Preparations
Petroleum Products
... ... ... ,.. *.. ...
... ... ... ...
242,309
149,283 1,180,526
4 . .
...
Ferfilizer
...
...
... ... ... ... 3,399,451
YES, REPRINTS ARE AVAILABLE Reprints of this special 72-page section "Facts and Figures for the Chemical Process Industries" are available at 75 cents per copy from
SPEClAL PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT, American Chemical Sodety, 1155 Slxteenlh SI., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.
I
